Digital Commons Network^™

Nitric Acid Scavenging By Mineral And Biomass Burning Aerosols, A Tabazadeh, M Z. Jacobson, H B. Singh, O Brian Toon, J S. Lin, R B. Chatfield, A N. Thakur, R. Talbot, Jack E. Dibb

Earth Sciences

The abundance of gas phase nitric acid in the upper troposphere is overestimated by global chemistry-transport models, especially during the spring and summer seasons. Recent aircraft data obtained over the central US show that mineral aerosols were abundant in the upper troposphere during spring. Chemical reactions on mineral dust may provide an important sink for nitric acid. In regions where the mineral dust abundance is low in the upper troposphere similar HNO₃ removal processes may occur on biomass burning aerosols. We propose that mineral and biomass burning aerosols may provide an important global sink for gas phase nitric acid, …

Completion Report: Arkansas State Plant Board Pesticide Ground Water Monitoring Project - Phase Vi, T. Nichols, P. Vendrell, K. Steele, H. D. Scott, C. Armstrong

Arkansas Water Resources Center Technical Reports

No abstract provided.

Robust Course-Boundary Extraction Algorithms For Autonomous Vehicles, Chris Roman, Charles Reinholtz

Graduate School of Oceanography Faculty Publications

Practical autonomous robotic vehicles require dependable methods for accurately identifying course or roadway boundaries. The authors have developed a method to reliably extract the boundary line using simple dynamic thresholding, noise filtering, and blob removal. This article describes their efforts to apply this procedure in developing an autonomous vehicle.

Accurate Classification Of Juvenile Weakfish Cynoscion Regalis To Estuarine Nursery Areas Based On Chemical Signatures In Otoliths, Simon R. Thorrold, Cynthia M. Jones, Peter K. Swart, Timothy E. Targett

OES Faculty Publications

We investigated the ability of trace element and isotopic signatures in otoliths to record the nursery areas of juvenile (young-of-the-year) weakfish Cynoscion regalis from the east coast of the USA. Juvenile C. regalis were captured with otter trawls at multiple sites in Doboy Sound (Georgia), Pamlico Sound (North Carolina), Chesapeake Bay (Virginia), Delaware Bay (Delaware) and Peconic Bay (New York), from July to September 1996. One sagittal otolith from each specimen was assayed for Mg/Ca, Mn/Ca, Sr/Ca and Ba/Ca ratios using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), while delta 13 C and delta 18 O values from the other sagittal …

Field Trip Guide: Illinois River Summary, National Poultry Water Management Symposium, Kenneth F. Steele

Arkansas Water Resources Center Technical Reports

No abstract provided.

Storm And Base Flow Water Quality For Bear, Calf And Tomahawk Creeks, Kenneth F. Steele, David N. Mott

Arkansas Water Resources Center Technical Reports

Appendices for MSC 255

Storm And Base Flow Water Quality For Bear, Calf, And Tomahawk Creeks, Kenneth F. Steele, David N. Mott

Arkansas Water Resources Center Technical Reports

Because of the conversion of 92,780 acres of forest to pasture land in the Buffalo River watershed over a 27 year period, there is concern about the affect of agricultural activities on the water quality of the river. Three tributaries (Bear, Calf and Tomahawk creeks) located about mid-length of the Buffalo River were chosen to investigate the affect of agricultural activity on water quality because these streams provide the greatest amounts of fecal bacteria, nitrate+nitrite and phosphorus to the river, despite comprising only 13% of the watershed.

Announcements: October 1998

Drought Network News (1994–2001)

Contents:

IUGG–99 XXII General Assembly - Inter-Association Symposium on Geophysical Hazards: Risk Assessment, Mitigation and Warning Systems

1999 National Disaster Medical System Conference

International Conference on Integrated Drought Management—Lessons for Sub-Saharan Africa

4th International Congress on Energy, Environment and Technological Innovation

Comparative Hydrometeorology Of Temperate And Semiarid Environments In India, Badrul Hasan

Drought Network News (1994–2001)

Out of a total cropped area of 178 m ha, India has 59 m ha of irrigated cropland. The remaining 119 m ha is rainfed. Crop production under rainfed conditions either occurs during the rainy season or depends on conserved or residual soil moisture. In temperate countries, the economy largely depends on production of goods and services that are less affected by the variabilities of weather. Although India receives adequate amounts of rainfall annually through the four different types of weather phenomena—southwest monsoon (74%), northeast monsoon (3%), pre-monsoon (13%), and post-monsoon (10%)—the distribution in time and space is erratic, resulting …

Persian Gulf Sea Surface Temperature As A Drought Diagnostic For Southern Iran, M. Jafar Nasemosadat

Drought Network News (1994–2001)

The Persian Gulf and Oman Sea, situated over the northwestern extremity of the tropical Indian Ocean, make up the southern border of Iran (Figure 1). During hot seasons, the sea surface temperatures (SSTs) of these water bodies are high, and a huge thermal trough system is usually dominant over the region (Bitan and Sa’aroni, 1992). The summer SSTs of the Persian Gulf are reported to be the highest in the world (Gabler, 1977).

About 30% of the total rain-bearing air masses coming to the country originate in north Africa, the Red Sea, and western Saudi Arabia (Khalili, 1992). These air …

Droughts In Tamil Nadu: A Qualitative And Quantitative Appraisal, K. K. Nathan

Drought Network News (1994–2001)

Tamil Nadu experiences recurrent droughts. Tamil literature also indicates that famine-like conditions prevailed during the Pandiyan Kingdom for nearly 12 years. The state normally benefits from northeast monsoon rainfall from October to December, unlike other regions of India, which are dominated by southwest monsoon rainfall.

In general, four major parameters determine the nature and extent of drought conditions in Tamil Nadu: (1) rainfall, (2) ground water, (3) reservoir levels, and (4) crop conditions. It is estimated that nearly 50% of the districts in the state are drought-prone. The state receives nearly 80% of its annual rainfall during the northeast monsoon, …

From The Director: October 1998, Donald A. Wilhite

Drought Network News (1994–2001)

On July 16, 1998, President Clinton signed the National Drought Policy Act into law. This law creates the National Drought Policy Commission (NDPC), which will examine current laws and programs and make recommendations to the president and Congress on the needs for a national drought policy. The Farm Service Agency of the U.S. Department of Agriculture will serve as the chair for the Commission, which will comprise 16 members. In addition to the Secretary of Agriculture, other members of the Commission will include the Secretary of the Interior, Secretary of the Army, Secretary of Commerce, Director of the Federal Emergency …

Best Practices For Tourism Center Development Along The Red Sea Coast, Stephen M. Reeve, Stephen C. Jameson, Ragaei S. Abdel-Fattah, Bernhard Riegl, Randa Hassan, Alvin P. Newman

Marine & Environmental Sciences Faculty Reports

The spectacular coastlines along Egypt's Red Sea and Gulf of Aqaba are the focus for one of the fastest growing tourism economies in the world. In order to accomplish national objectives for growth in permanent, well-paying jobs and in foreign exchange earnings, the Tourism Development Authority (TDA) has launched an initiative to make land available to investors for resort development along these coastlines. As of December, 1997, 6,000 hotel rooms are under construction in the Red Sea region and the TDA has proposals for at least 240 major resorts to be built by the year 2020.

While this program has …

Interagency Lake Mead And Las Vegas Wash Monitoring Program: Standard Operating Procedures Manual, Bureau Of Reclamation, City Of Henderson Water Reclamation Facility, City Of Las Vegas Water Pollution Control Facility, Clark County Sanitation District, Nevada, Southern Nevada Water Authority

Publications (WR)

A number of agencies sample Lake Mead and the Las Vegas Wash on a routine basis at several locations. In order to share and properly interpret the data, the Bureau of Reclamation, Southern Nevada Water Authority and the three Wastewater Treatment Facilities (City of Las Vegas, Clark County Sanitation District and City of Henderson) formed a committee to examine sampling and analytical protocols and to share information with the goal of maximizing the data quality. The group first met in April 1997. It was agreed that an effort should be made to discuss and compare specific sampling and analytical techniques …

Circulation, Vol. 6, No. 1, Center For Coastal Physical Oceanography, Old Dominion University

CCPO Circulation

Fall 1998 issue of CCPO Circulation featuring article "Renewed Effort by Mexican Oceanographers to Understand the Dynamics of Coastal Lagoons"

Chemical Signals From Submarine Fluid Advection Onto The Continental Shelf, W. S. Moore, Timothy J. Shaw

Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Quality Of Surface And Ground Water And Best Management Practices, Kenneth F. Steele

Arkansas Water Resources Center Technical Reports

Arkansas is fortunate to have outstanding water resources, especially in terms of water quality. However, this is not to say that there are no problems. The Arkansas Water Resources Center (AWRC) in cooperation with other state and federal agencies is characterizing our water resources and providing data important to the wise use of these resources. One wise use of our water resources is to mitigate the impact of non-point sources of pollution on water quality through the use of best management practices. These proceedings address not only the characterization of the quality of ground and surface water but also address …

Vulnerability And Use Of Ground And Surface Waters In The Southern Mississippi Valley Region, H. Don Scott

Arkansas Water Resources Center Technical Reports

There is a concern in the Southern Mississippi River Valley of the United States over non-point source pollution of ground and surface waters resulting from activities associated with agricultural production. This agriculturally intensive region consists of two major land resource areas (MLRAs): Southern Mississippi Valley Silty Uplands (MLRA 134) and the Southern Mississippi Valley Alluvium (MLRA 131). Both MLRAs have level to undulating and rolling topography, relatively fertile soils and a climate particularly conducive for row crop production.

Summary Of The Noaa/Utah Atmospheric Modification Program: 1990-1996, United States Department Of The Interior, Bureau Of Reclamation

Meterology

This final report summarizes physical investigations into the artificial nucleation ("seeding") of winter mountain clouds in central Utah during 1990-96. Program goals were to evaluate the effectiveness of the Utah operational cloud seeding program and to recommend improvements. Field programs employed a wide variety of instrumentation systems. Sophisticated numerical modeling was used in conjunction with the observational programs. Amounts and distributions of SLW (supercooled liquid water) cloud were investigated, as was transport and dispersion of ground-released seeding agents and tracer gases. Several experiments directly monitored ice crystals and snowfall rates resulting from either silver iodide (Agl) or liquid propane seeding. …

Llinois River 1997 Pollutant Loads At Arkansas Highway 59 Bridge, Marc A. Nelson, Thomas S. Soerens

Arkansas Water Resources Center Technical Reports

Automatic water samplers and a USGS gauging station were established in 1995 on the main stem of the Illinois River at the Arkansas Highway 59 Bridge. Since that time, continuous stage and discharge measurements and water quality sampling have been used to determine pollutant concentrations and loads in the Arkansas portion of the Illinois River. This report represents the results from the measurement and sampling for January 1, 1997 to December 31, 1997.

Directory Of Water Related Courses Offered At Colleges And Universities In Arkansas As Of November 1998, Kenneth F. Steele

Arkansas Water Resources Center Technical Reports

This publication lists the water and water-related courses at several universities and colleges in Arkansas as reported during the Fall of 1 998. It is anticipated that users of this directory will extend beyond college students, and will include professionals seeking continuing education, and professors desiring to exchange Information on courses. This directory is not an "absolute" source of water and water-related courses because all of the higher learning Institutions In Arkansas are not listed, and, secondly, because the definition of "water and water-related" varies from institution to institution. None-the-less this directory provides a very valuable and impressive reference on …

Vulnerability And Use Of Ground And Surface Waters In The Southern Mississippi Valley Region, H. D. Scott

Arkansas Water Resources Center Technical Reports

There is a concern in the Southern Mississippi River Valley of the United States over non-point source pollution of ground and surface waters resulting from activities associated with agricultural production. This agriculturally intensive region consists of two major land resource areas (MLRAs): Southern Mississippi Valley Silty Uplands (MLRA 134) and the Southern Mississippi Valley Alluvium (MLRA 131). Both MLRAs have level to undulating and rolling topography, relatively fertile soils and a climate particularly conducive for row crop production.

Mesures Directes Et Modélisation De La Croissance Rapide D'Un Crinoïde Pédonculé Bathyal Au Large Des Bahamas (Direct Measurement And Inferred Model Of Rapid Growth In A Bathyal Stalked Crinoid From Bahamas Islands), Jérôme David, Charles G. Messing, Tomasz K. Baumiller, Nadia Améziane, Michel Roux

Marine & Environmental Sciences Faculty Articles

Several specimens of the isocrinid crinoid Neocrinus decorus were collected from a depth of 420 m off Bahamas Islands with the research submersible Johnson Sea Link. To study growth rates, these specimens were tagged, deployed and then recovered 250 days later. The average growth rate of stalk length is 10.8 cm.year⁻¹ with a maximum value at 14.3 cm.year⁻¹. These results allow us to propose a model of growth and regeneration for stalked crinoids in which the energy allocation is modulated through time to the arms and the stalk. Following arm autotomy, in order to re-establish optimum filtration …

The Limits Of Spatial Resolution Achievable Using A 30khz Multibeam Sonar: Model Predictions And Field Results, John E. Hughes Clarke, James V. Gardner, Mike Torresan, Larry A. Mayer

Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping

A Simrad EM300 multibeam sonar was used to attempt to resolve small (-5m high) targets in 450m of water. The targets had previously been surveyed using a deeply towed 59 kHz sidescan sonar. Using multisector active yaw, pitch and roll compensation, together with dynamically altering angular sectors, the sonar is capable of maintaining sounding densities of as tight as 10m spacing in these water depths. This is significantly smaller than the largest dimension of the projected beam footprints (1 6-64m). The observed data suggest that the targets are intermittently resolved. The field results compare well to the output of a …

Imaging Derivative Spectroscopy For Vegetation Dysfunction Assessments, Charles R. Bostater

Ocean Engineering and Marine Sciences Faculty Publications

The practical application of current airborne and future satellite or space station based high spectral resolution (hyperspectral) imagery to vegetative canopies (sparse or dense) and resulting derived bio-physical variables will depend upon our ability to rapidly apply scientifically based algorithms. Key to these rapid assessments is the selection ofthe best or optimal channels or bands for detection of plant stress or dysfunction. Previous work '2,3,4,5 has demonstrated the potential of utilizing high spectral resolution optical signatures for detecting plant stress related to the vegetation's moisture within the leaf structure. Future algorithms and techniques need to discriminate plant species as well …

Specific Absorption And Backscatter Coefficient Signatures In Southeastern Atlantic Coastal Waters, Charles R. Bostater

Ocean Engineering and Marine Sciences Faculty Publications

Measurements of natural water samples in the field and laboratory of hyperspectral signatures of total absorption and reflectance were obtained using long pathlength absorption systems (50 cm pathlength). Water was sampled in Indian River Lagoon, Banana River and Port Canaveral, Fl. Stations were also occupied in near coastal waters out to the edge ofthe Gulf Stream in the vicinity of Kennedy Space Center, Fl. and estuarine waters along Port Royal Sound and along the Beaufort River tidal area in South Carolina. The measurements were utilized to calculate natural water specific absorption, total backscatter and specific backscatter optical signatures. The resulting …

Agricultural Water Management In The Missippi Delta Region Of Arkansas, H. Don Scott, James A. Ferguson, Linda Hanson, Todd Fugitt, Earl Smith

AAES Research Reports and Research Bulletins

Agriculture is the largest use of soil and water resources in eastern Arkansas. This bulletin summarized the recent historical use of soil and water by agriculture and the impact of irrigation on yields of rice, soybeans and cotton. The experiments conducted in the field to quantitatively schedule irrigations of crops are summarized. The results show the close relationship between the irrigation of crops and the extraction of water from the Alluvial Aquifer. The implications of this relationaship for the future are discussed.

Monitoring Cavefish Populations And Environmental Quality In Cave Springs Cave, Arkansas, Arthur V. Brown, G. O. Graening, Paul Vendrell

Arkansas Water Resources Center Technical Reports

Cave Springs Cave, Benton County, Arkansas, was monitored from October 1997 to June 1998 to determine the chemical and physical environmental quality and the status of the population of threatened Ozark cavefish, Amblyopsis rosae. The majority of the chemical parameters measured were indicative of adequate environmental quality in the Cave Springs Cave ecosystem. However, several significant problems were revealed. A trend analysis of known water quality studies of this cave complex suggests that many organic and inorganic chemicals have increased in concentration in the last 14 years. This ecologically sensitive water body did not meet Arkansas water quality regulations for …

Comments On ‘‘Air–Sea Gas Transfer: Mechanisms And Parameterization’’, Alexander Soloviev, Peter Schlüssel

Marine & Environmental Sciences Faculty Articles

No abstract provided.

Analytic Forms Of Bidirectional Reflectance Functions For Application To Earth Radiation Budget Studies, N. Manalo-Smith, G. L. Smith, S. N. Tiwari, W. F. Staylor

Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering Faculty Publications

Analytic expressions for the bidirectional reflectance functions are formulated and fit to the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) operational models, which were developed using Nimbus 7 ERB data. The analytic bidirectional reflectance distribution functions (BRDFs) are based on theoretical considerations and are functions of viewing geometry and scene type. The models consist of a Rayleigh scattering term and a term for scattering due to clouds and surface. The darkness of the ocean permits the empirical determination of the Rayleigh component of scattering from the atmosphere. The models have the advantage that they are smooth in terms of view and solar …