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Articles 1621 - 1650 of 1946

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Regional Security And The Challenges Of Democratisation In Africa: The Case Of Ecowas And Sadc, Jeremy I. Levitt Jan 1999

Regional Security And The Challenges Of Democratisation In Africa: The Case Of Ecowas And Sadc, Jeremy I. Levitt

Journal Publications

In recent years, African leaders have aggressively sought to strengthen their regional security structures while simultaneously attempting to democratise. Although they recognise that African regional organisations will need to assume a greater role in tackling Africa's security problems, the challenges posed by on-going democratisation efforts have had a visible impact on the effectiveness of some regional organisations. This article examines the challenges that democratisation poses to regional collective security arrangements in Africa, with specific reference to ECOWAS and SADC. It argues that whilst the inclination to democratise has influenced the establishment of new collective security structures, the superficial nature of …


Pre-Intervention Trust-Building, African States And Enforcing The Peace, Jeremy I. Levitt Jan 1999

Pre-Intervention Trust-Building, African States And Enforcing The Peace, Jeremy I. Levitt

Journal Publications

This article is concerned with examining the dynamics of trust-building in a pre-intervention context.' Specifically, it will analyse the concept of trustbuilding prior to the ECOWAS humanitarian interventions in Liberia and Sierra Leone, although the general thrust of my argument will no doubt apply to other African interventions.' Humanitarian intervention can be taken to mean: Intervention in a state involving the use of force (U.N. action in Iraq and Somalia or ECOWAS action in Liberia and Sierra Leone) or threat of force (U.N. action in Haiti), where the intervenor deploys armed forces and, at the least, makes clear that it …


Siegecraft And Surrender: The Law And Strategy Of Cities And Targets, Matthew C. Waxman Jan 1999

Siegecraft And Surrender: The Law And Strategy Of Cities And Targets, Matthew C. Waxman

Faculty Scholarship

The razing of Jericho; the sack of Magdeburg; the siege of Leningrad; the fire-bombing of Dresden. Ever since civilizations began organizing permanent economic settlements, cities and towns have occupied a central role in warfare and in our images of war." On almost every page of historical writings," remarked Grotius, "you may find accounts of the destruction of whole cities, or the leveling of walls to the ground, the devastation of fields, and conflagrations." A driving force behind the evolution and development of cities has been defense and security. As a result, how-ever, cities have become a primary target or object …


Framers’ Intent And Military Power: Has Supreme Court Deference To The Military Gone Too Far?, Kalyani Robbins Jan 1999

Framers’ Intent And Military Power: Has Supreme Court Deference To The Military Gone Too Far?, Kalyani Robbins

Faculty Publications

The first ten amendments to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1791 and known as the Bill of Rights, create the core of what people today consider their most basic freedoms. Without these rights, and consistent judicial adherence to them, most Americans would not feel secure. There are two major sources of danger to these basic rights: internal and external. Internally, we must protect ourselves from our own infringement of these rights through the firm restrictions that the Constitution places on the government in its treatment of the people. Externally, we must protect our system of maintaining these freedoms from …


Introduction (Volume 72) Dec 1998

Introduction (Volume 72)

International Law Studies

No abstract provided.


Full Volume 72: Law Of Military Operations Liber Amicorum Dec 1998

Full Volume 72: Law Of Military Operations Liber Amicorum

International Law Studies

No abstract provided.


Secrets In Plain View: Covert Action The U.S. Way, M.E. Bowman Dec 1998

Secrets In Plain View: Covert Action The U.S. Way, M.E. Bowman

International Law Studies

No abstract provided.


Nonexplosive Warfare: Is It New Or Old?, Ibpp Editor Nov 1998

Nonexplosive Warfare: Is It New Or Old?, Ibpp Editor

International Bulletin of Political Psychology

This article provides a contrary opinion to the analysis of the new United States Secretary of the Navy, Richard Danzig, concerning biological warfare agents and computer-attack variants of information warfare. The opinion is based on the perspective of science and technological change within the context of social, cultural, and political phenomena.


Contributors Sep 1998

Contributors

International Law Studies

No abstract provided.


Trends. Terrorism And Biological Warfare: A Problem Of Perspective, Ibpp Editor Aug 1998

Trends. Terrorism And Biological Warfare: A Problem Of Perspective, Ibpp Editor

International Bulletin of Political Psychology

The author discusses the cunundrum of how to best deter or manage a biological warfare (BW) attack by terrorists.


First In The Field: The Unique Mission And Legitimacy Of The Red Cross In A Culture Of Legality, Kenneth Anderson Jul 1998

First In The Field: The Unique Mission And Legitimacy Of The Red Cross In A Culture Of Legality, Kenneth Anderson

Popular Media

This 1998 Times Literary Supplement essay reviews a massive history of the International Committee of the Red Cross and the Red Cross movement up through the end of the Second World War - a book which was the first to use access to ICRC archives of the Second World War.


Trends. A Strategic Defense Initiative Against Biological Warfare: Sense? Nonsense? Mal Vu, Mal Dit?, Ibpp Editor Mar 1998

Trends. A Strategic Defense Initiative Against Biological Warfare: Sense? Nonsense? Mal Vu, Mal Dit?, Ibpp Editor

International Bulletin of Political Psychology

The author discusses the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) that was initiated by United States (US) President Ronald Reagan during his first term.


Biological Warfare As Psychological Warfare, Ibpp Editor Mar 1998

Biological Warfare As Psychological Warfare, Ibpp Editor

International Bulletin of Political Psychology

This article describes the psychological benefits of an offensive biological warfare program


Weapons Of Mass Destruction: A Psychological Commentary, Ibpp Editor Feb 1998

Weapons Of Mass Destruction: A Psychological Commentary, Ibpp Editor

International Bulletin of Political Psychology

This article describes a comprehensive approach to identifying psychological consequences of weapons of mass destruction, as well as psychological methods that can be employed to influence these consequences. This description should be viewed in the context of the quest to achieve political objectives that underlie military intervention and its threat.


The Nature And Scope Of The Armistice Agreement, Howard Levie Feb 1998

The Nature And Scope Of The Armistice Agreement, Howard Levie

International Law Studies

This was first published in 50 American Journal of International Law 880 (1956)


The Fractured Soul Of The Dayton Peace Agreement: A Legal Analysis, Fionnuala Ni Aolain Jan 1998

The Fractured Soul Of The Dayton Peace Agreement: A Legal Analysis, Fionnuala Ni Aolain

Michigan Journal of International Law

This essay examines the substantial bilateral relationships between the domestic and international legal systems that have had enormous effects on the perception and efficacy of the local legal order. In particular, it charts the effect of the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia on local legal culture and the potential for greater liaison and support between local and international legal entities. This essay also notes the extent to which overlapping and confused mandates by a myriad of international organizations, many of which exercise legal functions, have been unresponsive to or dismissive of localized capacity.


Preliminary Observations: Asymmetrical Warfare And The Western Mindset, Charles J. Dunlap Jr. Jan 1998

Preliminary Observations: Asymmetrical Warfare And The Western Mindset, Charles J. Dunlap Jr.

Faculty Scholarship

No abstract provided.


The Law Of Cyberwar: A Case Study From The Future, Charles J. Dunlap Jr. Jan 1998

The Law Of Cyberwar: A Case Study From The Future, Charles J. Dunlap Jr.

Faculty Scholarship

No abstract provided.


Bellum Americanum: The U.S. View Of Twenty-First Century War And Its Possible Implications For The Law Of Armed Conflict, Michael N. Schmitt Jan 1998

Bellum Americanum: The U.S. View Of Twenty-First Century War And Its Possible Implications For The Law Of Armed Conflict, Michael N. Schmitt

Michigan Journal of International Law

After describing Bellum Americanum at some length, the article turns to the "stressors" it presents for the current law of armed conflict. The term stressors is used to suggest that law evolves as it is stressed by changing circumstances. Much as water seeks a constant level, law inevitably moves to fill normative lacunae. Correspondingly, law loses its normative valence when it no longer serves "community"-a relative concept-ends. Thus, law is contextual and directional. It is contextual in the sense that it is understood and applied based upon the specific social, economic, political, and military milieu in which it operates. …


Between Iraq And A Hard Place: The U.N. Compensation Commission And Its Treatment Of Gulf War Claims, Lea C. Owen Jan 1998

Between Iraq And A Hard Place: The U.N. Compensation Commission And Its Treatment Of Gulf War Claims, Lea C. Owen

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

The United Nations Compensation Commission (UNCC) was formed in 1991 to address claims against Iraq arising out of the Gulf War. In its seven years of operation, the UNCC has received 2.6 million claims, with an asserted value of more than $244 billion. It has processed 2.4 million of these claims, for a total of $6 billion, and it has paid to victims more than $730 million. Despite these accomplishments, the UNCC has much left to do, and its efforts have been burdened by Iraq's post-war refusal to meet its treaty obligations. The UNCC now faces waning political support from …


Rape In Wartime: Redress In United States Courts Under The Alien Tort Claims Act, Susana Sácouto Jan 1998

Rape In Wartime: Redress In United States Courts Under The Alien Tort Claims Act, Susana Sácouto

Scholarly Articles in Law Reviews & Journals

No abstract provided.


A Noble Sacrifice? Jus Ad Bellum And The International Community's Gamble In Chechnya, Peter Daniel Dipaola Apr 1997

A Noble Sacrifice? Jus Ad Bellum And The International Community's Gamble In Chechnya, Peter Daniel Dipaola

Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies

No abstract provided.


Status Report On The International Criminal Court, David Stoelting Jan 1997

Status Report On The International Criminal Court, David Stoelting

Hofstra Law & Policy Symposium

No abstract provided.


An Absence Of Accountability For The My Lai Massacre, Jeannine Davanzo Jan 1997

An Absence Of Accountability For The My Lai Massacre, Jeannine Davanzo

Hofstra Law & Policy Symposium

No abstract provided.


A Virtuous Warrior In A Savage World, Charles J. Dunlap Jr. Jan 1997

A Virtuous Warrior In A Savage World, Charles J. Dunlap Jr.

Faculty Scholarship

Divining the nature of future war is always problematic. President Eisenhower warned that "Every war is going to astonish you in the way it has occurred, and in the way it is carried out." The United States must, of course, be prepared to meet a wide range of contingencies. Paramount among them would be a threat posed by a "peer competitor," that is, a state capable of battling the United States with comparable forces employing largely orthodox tactics. Although it is almost certain that one will arise in the future, no nation exists today that can challenge America symmetrically as …


Taming Shiva: Applying International Law To Nuclear Operations, Charles J. Dunlap Jr. Jan 1997

Taming Shiva: Applying International Law To Nuclear Operations, Charles J. Dunlap Jr.

Faculty Scholarship

No abstract provided.


American Innocence, Robert N. Strassfeld Jan 1997

American Innocence, Robert N. Strassfeld

Faculty Publications

The sad fact is that our relationship to torture and other atrocities is more complicated and less innocent than we or President Bush would like to believe. This article examines that relationship and the ways in which we try to distance ourselves from torture and atrocity. Part II briefly explores our notions of exceptionalism and innocence. Part III then turns to our efforts to evade responsibility for torture and atrocity. First, it briefly discusses ways in which we try to deny our own acts of torture and abuse through rhetorical misdirection and by relegating torture to the shadows. Part III's …


After The "Peace Process:" Israel, Palestine, And Regional Nuclear War, Louis Rene Beres Jan 1997

After The "Peace Process:" Israel, Palestine, And Regional Nuclear War, Louis Rene Beres

Penn State International Law Review (1982 - 2011)

No abstract provided.


The U.S. Attorney: Fateful Powers Limited Essay., Tom Rickhoff Jan 1997

The U.S. Attorney: Fateful Powers Limited Essay., Tom Rickhoff

St. Mary's Law Journal

Nothing more separates the United States from some of history’s most ruthless and resourceful enemies, the Mexican drug syndicates, than an intermittent trickle of water. In spite of this crisis, the U.S. Attorney’s Office has languished without a presidentially-appointed leader since the Branch Davidian nightmare. Considering the historical influence of the U.S. Attorney’s office, the current situation in the Western District of Texas is somewhat surprising. At one time, U.S. Attorneys exercised almost total discretion as to how the federal government impacted the lives of the powerful as well as the powerless. One of the primary obstacles in restoring effective …


Anti-Personnel Mines And Peremptory Norms Of International Law: Argument And Catalyst, R. J. Araujo Jan 1997

Anti-Personnel Mines And Peremptory Norms Of International Law: Argument And Catalyst, R. J. Araujo

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

Anti-personnel mines have evolved into the military device of choice in many regional conflicts across the world. The author commences his analysis of this development by considering the impact of anti-personnel mines on civilian populations and the reasons historically articulated for their use. After evaluating their relative costs and benefits, the author proceeds to analyze the problem of anti-personnel mines under the principles of international law. First, the author considers legal principles regarding the permissible use of force by combatants, generally referred to as jus in bello. Next, the author evaluates the use of anti-personnel mines under jus in bello …