Digital Commons Network^™

The Incidence Of Some Intestinal Protozoa: Entamoeba Histolytica, Blastocystis Hominis And Giardia Lamblia Among Iraqi Individuals At Baghdad Province, Amani M. Jasim, Rabia A. Aboud, Mohamed Q. Al-Aybi

BioMed Visions Journal

This study investigates incidence of Entamoeba histolytica, Blastocystis hominis and Giardia lamblia at Baghdad province during during the months of 2024. Samples were collected from patients admitted Baghdad hospitals during a period of January to the end of December 2024 and examine by Macroscopic Examination by direct wet mounts and Concentration Methods using formalin-ethyl acetate sedimentation or zinc sulfate flotation to concentrate ova/cysts analyzed .The findings indicate that no significant differences among study groups individuals infected with Entamoeba histolytica out of 222,133 individulas infected with Entamoeba histolytica (32%) females most frequently infected than males (27%).Giardia lambilia according to gender …

Ethical, Regulatory, And Equity Challenges Of Ai In Pharmaceutical Advertising, Samer Imad Mohammed, Fadia Thamir Ahmed

BioMed Visions Journal

Background: Artificial intelligence (AI) and chatbots are significantly altering pharmaceutical advertising by facilitating personalized patient engagement and enhancing treatment optimization. Their adoption presents substantial ethical, regulatory, and equity challenges that require thorough analysis. Objectives: The objectives of this review are to analyze: (1) the implementation of AI technologies, such as chatbots and predictive analytics, in pharmaceutical advertising; (2) ethical risks, including algorithmic bias and misinformation; (3) deficiencies in global regulatory frameworks, specifically those of the FDA and EMA; and (4) effects on health equity, with a focus on vulnerable populations. Methods: A narrative review was conducted using several databases with …

Clinical, Hormonal, And Metabolic Characteristics Of Kurdish Women With Pcos In Duhok, Iraq: Influence Of Body Mass Index, Suzan Omer Rasool, Zana Sabri Qasim

BioMed Visions Journal

Background: Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is characterised by hormonal, metabolic, and reproductive problems, and obesity exacerbates these symptoms. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the metabolic, hormonal, and reproductive profiles of women with PCOS, as well as to investigate how body mass index (BMI) influences these variables. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 113 PCOS-diagnosed women at Azadi Teaching Hospital's Gynaecology Department in Duhok, Iraq. Clinical, biochemical, and hormonal data were gathered, and individuals were divided into two groups depending on their BMI: normal and elevated. Results: Elevated prolactin (>23.4 ng/mL) was observed in 38.9% …

Cytotoxicity Of Dimethyl Sulphoxide On Viability Of Peripheral Hematopoietic Stem Cells, Rana Nidhamaldeen Al-Nuri, Francesco Ipsevich, Lazim Subhi Sheet

BioMed Visions Journal

Background: Hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) are cells that can differentiate according to the tissue they are lying in. The transplantation of such cells is either autologous or allogeneic. Autologous storage is required until the patient finishes his intensive chemotherapy. Whilst allogenic storage is required until finding the suitable matched recipient for this cellular therapy. Storage is in deep frozen state (–80° C) with cryoprotectant compound. Dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) has been used as cryoprotectant due to its electrophilic property that makes H-bond between DMSO and H₂O, which is 2.6 times stronger than the H bond between two water molecules. …

Evaluation The Attitudes Toward Prevention Of Communicable Diseases On Health Care Workers At Al-Sadr Hospital In Iraq's Najaf Governorate, Ahmed Ali Mohammed Alshamarti, Wisam Abdul Ameer Ali Farid, Atheer Kadhim Ibadi, Sabreen Ali Hassoni

BioMed Visions Journal

Background: Communicable diseases are responsible for a heavy burden on human health. Health workers were the front line in preventing these diseases. Wrong or positive attitudes of health workers can reflect negatively or positively on infection control efforts. The primary objective of study evaluating attitudes levels between health care workers towards transferable diseases. The secondary objective, assessing association with social-demographic characteristics of health workers. Materials and Methods: The data from Al-Sadr Hospital, by use a frequency study started from the 1^st of December 2021 to the 30^th of May in 2022. The sample from 384 health care workers …

Grated Green Apple And Its Therapeutic Role In Gastrointestinal Disorders: An Analytical Study Of The Effect Of Pectin In Alleviating Diarrhea, Hamza A Saadallah, Mohammed. Ahb. Al-Krdoshi, Noor M Sultan, Farah Y Gaddawi, Marwa R. S Al Shaaban, Abd Al-Bar Al-Farha, Safa M Salim

BioMed Visions Journal

Gastrointestinal disorders, including diarrhea, represent a significant global health burden, necessitating the exploration of effective and accessible therapeutic strategies. Dietary interventions, particularly those containing soluble fibers such as pectin, have emerged as promising solutions due to their profound impact on gut health and its microbiota. This meta-analysis systematically reviews the current scientific understanding of the multifaceted role of pectin in alleviating diarrhea, with a particular focus on the unique contribution of grated green apple. The analysis delves into pectin's physicochemical properties and mechanisms of action—including water binding, modulation of the gut microbiota, production of short-chain fatty acids, and support of …

Evaluation Of Antifungal Properties Of Shiitake And The Effects Of Its Extracts On Some Pathogenic Fungi, Asal Faiz Hameed Aldabbgh, Abdalkarim S. Hasan Alnuaimi, Inaam Jasim Mohamad

BioMed Visions Journal

The present study aims to investigate the inhibitory effect of shiitake mushrooms on some common fungi found in the soil of Mosul City. The fungal extract from Shiitake was prepared using ethanol or water. Different concentrations of the extract were prepared to analyze the antifungal properties of the mushroom by first making a stock solution and then adding specific amounts to the plates containing (Potato Dextrose Agar) PDA medium to achieve the desired concentrations. The active components found in Shiitake were pinpointed through the use of HPLC. The findings revealed how the aqueous extract of Shiitake affected Trichoderma sp. Penicillium …

Pharmacy Students' Perceptions And Attitudes Toward Online Learning: Insights From A Cross-Sectional Study In Iraq, Heba M. Attash, Luma M. Al-Obaidy, Harith Kh. Al-Qazaz, Fahad Saleem

BioMed Visions Journal

Background: The rapid shift to online learning during the pandemic has reshaped pharmacy education in Iraq, yet student perceptions remain underexplored. This study examines how pharmacy students view online and hybrid models, with attention to gender, location, and access to technology. Method: A cross-sectional online survey was conducted between October 2024 and January 2025 with 386 fourth- and fifth-year pharmacy students from differrent universities across Iraq. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire adapted from validated tools, assessing demographics, learning preferences, and attitudes toward digital education. Descriptive and inferential statistics were analyzed using SPSS version 25. Results: Most participants were …

Premature Ventricular Contractions As A Result Of Subacute Myocarditis In A Professional Football Player, Charlotte Pirquet, Daniel Underberg, Brian Osler, Derek Schwabe-Warf, David Shipon

Department of Medicine Faculty Papers

BACKGROUND: Return-to-play (RTP) decisions for professional athletes with arrhythmias are challenging, particularly when the diagnosis is uncertain.

CASE SUMMARY: A 33-year-old professional football player presented for RTP evaluation of premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) and atypical chest pain. Work-up was significant for fragmented R waves and PVCs on electrocardiogram as well as late gadolinium enhancement on cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. Positron emission tomography scan was normal. These findings suggested possible subacute myocarditis. He elected to rest for 2 to 3 months and was treated with guideline-directed medical therapy. Risk stratification highlighted increased risks associated with late gadolinium enhancement and incomplete genetic …

Deciphering The Association Of Fasting Blood Glucose With Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase And Uric Acid: A Cross-Sectional Study In A Tertiary Care Hospital In South India, Anbalagan Anithasri, Rajagambeeram Reeta, Velmurugan Hasini

Sultan Qaboos University Medical Journal

Objectives: Fasting hyperglycaemia (FHG) in insulin resistance is due to oxidative stress wherein gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) and uric acid (UA) are known to impair insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells due to their pro-oxidant action and their role in metabolism of antioxidant glutathione. This study aims to determine the association of GGT and UA with FHG and its role in predicting the onset of prediabetes. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Government Villupuram Medical College, Villupuram, India, from July to December 2023. Individuals in the age range of 25–65 years attending the master health check-up clinic were included. …

Fixing What You Cannot Xray: Mental Health Crisis In The Pediatric Emergency Department, Juliana Castaneda, Miriam Hancock, Ashlyn Holt, Nina Petersen, Jillian Vo

2025

No abstract provided.

Community Health Workers’ Experiences Distributing Harm Reduction Supplies During Covid-19 In The Barren River Area Development District, Angel Nichole Shoemake

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Community health workers (CHWs) distributing sterile injecting equipment help reduce infectious disease transmission among people who inject drugs; however, limited research exists regarding their experiences delivering harm reduction services during public health emergencies in rural areas. The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore CHWs’ experiences and perceptions of health risks, operational barriers, and social influences affecting harm reduction service delivery during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Barren River Area Development District. The health belief model guided this study, emphasizing perceived susceptibility, severity, barriers, benefits, and self-efficacy. Data were collected through semistructured Zoom interviews with eight purposively sampled CHWs …

Examining Hiv Testing In Black Americans In The Southern United States: Association Between Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity, Healthcare Access, And Hiv High-Risk Behaviors, Shavon Wolfe

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Examining factors that affect HIV testing in the Black/African American population is important because socioeconomic hardship, stigma, and restricted access to healthcare all lead to gaps in early diagnosis and prevention treatment to prevent further spread of infection. However, most studies have focused on these factors separately, leaving less understanding of how they work together to influence HIV testing behavior. Guided by the health belief model, this study examined the relationship between sexual orientation, gender identity, healthcare access, and HIV high-risk behaviors. The study examined the relationship between sexual orientation, gender identity, healthcare access, and HIV testing, and the influence …

Unilateral Soft Palate Paralysis, Vitorino Modesto Dos Santos, Kin Modesto Sugai, Rafael Campos Nunes

Iraqi National Journal of Medicine

No abstract provided.

Perception Of Substance Addiction Among Medical Students Of Al-Zahraa College Of Medicine In Basrah, 2023, Jhood Abdul Samad Molan, Ziyad Tariq Maki, Anfal Mohammed, Fatima Hani Jaber, Noor Alhuda Abdul Wahab, Noor Alhuda Hameed, Noor Riyadh

Iraqi National Journal of Medicine

Background: Substance abuse is a persistent global problem. It can have multiple effects on behavioral and cognitive functions and may lead to psychological symptoms. This global epidemic not only harms individual health but also adversely affects the psychological and moral well-being of society. The prevalence of substance abuse is increasing worldwide, with a more rapid rise in developing countries. Youth constitutes the primary population at risk for substance abuse in each country. Aim: The study aimed to assess substance use-related literacy among the second and fifth-year students of Al-Zahraa College of Medicine in Basrah. Methods: This study included 158 second- …

Socioeconomic Status, Nutritional Risk, And Glycemic Outcomes In The Diabetes Population At Al-Diwaniyah Teaching Hospital, Iraq, Huda Abdulsattar Mazeal

Iraqi National Journal of Medicine

Background: Diabetes mellitus, encompassing both type 1 and type 2, represents a significant global health burden. Socioeconomic status (SES), nutritional risk, and glycemic outcomes are interrelated determinants of disease management. Aim: This study aims to examine the relationship between SES, nutritional risk, and glycemic outcomes among diabetic patients at Al-Diwaniyah Teaching Hospital, Iraq. By analyzing demographic, clinical, and nutritional characteristics, the research seeks to identify predictors of poor nutritional status and uncontrolled glycemia to inform targeted interventions and health policy. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in October 2025 at the Diabetes Center, Al-Diwaniyah Teaching Hospital, …

Correlation Between Voice Handicap Index-10 Score And Auditory Perceptual Evaluation In Lebanese And Iraqi Patients: Impact Of Cultural Disparity, Abdul-Latif Hamdan, Zeina Maria Semaan, Omar Aboul Hosn, Jonathan Abou Chaar, Maher Kasti, Batoul Jaber

Iraqi National Journal of Medicine

Background: Voice disorders are prevalent, impacting nearly 25% of adults, with even higher rates among who rely on their voices professionally. Contributing factors include smoking, poor vocal hygiene, and environmental conditions. These factors can disrupt laryngeal biomechanics, leading to functional and structural voice disorders, which can cause communication issues and diminished productivity. Evaluation methods encompass subjective evaluations, such as self-reported quality of life scales, alongside objective auditory perceptual evaluations. This study aims to establish a correlation between self-reported vocal handicap and perceptual voice evaluation, while also investigating the influence of cultural factors on auditory perceptual evaluation, specifically comparing Lebanese …

Acute Portal Vein Thrombosis In Β -Thalassemia Intermedia: A Case Report, Rawshan Zuhair Jaber

Iraqi National Journal of Medicine

Background: Portal vein thrombosis (PVT) is a serious complication that may occur post-splenectomy in patients with β -thalassemia intermedia. This complication is particularly prevalent among individuals with iron overload and protein C and S deficiencies. Diagnostic investigations for PVT include blood tests and imaging assessments, such as abdominal Doppler ultrasound and computed tomography (CT). Advanced imaging techniques are crucial for the diagnosis and management of PVT, with improved outcomes associated with early anticoagulant therapy. Surgical thrombectomy is rarely recommended in such cases. The prognosis for PVT in patients who are not cirrhotic and do not have cancer is favorable, with …

Role Of Ultrasound-Guided Percutaneous Catheter Drainage In The Management Of Infected Acute Pancreatic Necrosis, Wasam A. Al-Asadi, Bahaa K. Al-Neama

Iraqi National Journal of Medicine

Background: Acute necrotizing pancreatitis is often complicated by pancreatic collections. Symptomatic collections typically require intervention, with drainage options including percutaneous, endoscopic, and surgical techniques. Aim: This study aims to assess the therapeutic efficacy and safety of ultrasound-guided percutaneous catheter drainage (PCD) in the management of infected pancreatic collections associated with necrotizing pancreatitis. Methods: A randomized prospective study was conducted at a tertiary center between August 2020 and April 2022. Thirty-one patients with acute necrotizing pancreatitis were enrolled and randomly assigned to either ultrasound-guided PCD (n = 20) or primary surgical necrosectomy (n = 11). Outcomes were compared …

Nasal Cockroach: A Rare Cause Of Nasal Foreign Body In A Healthy Adult Female—A Case Report, Wael J. Alshihaby

Iraqi National Journal of Medicine

Background: Nasal foreign bodies are commonly encountered in pediatric patients but are relatively rare in adults. The presence of a live insect as nasal foreign bodies is an unusual occurrence that can cause significant discomfort. This report describes the case of a cockroach lodged in the right nasal cavity of an otherwise healthy adult female that was successfully removed endoscopically. Case Presentation: A 46-year-old otherwise healthy female presented with right-sided nasal discomfort and persistent rhinorrhea of two days' duration. She reported a sensation of an insect entering her right nostril but was unable to identify the insect. Nasal endoscopy revealed …

The Role Of Mental Health In Postoperative Complications: A Literature Review, Kayla Monet Alwahhamy, Abbas Rasoul Alwahhamy

Iraqi National Journal of Medicine

Background: Currently, it is not standard practice to screen all surgical patients both pre- and postoperatively for either a prior history of mental health disorders (MHD) or active symptoms of MHD at the time of surgery. This is despite growing evidence that MHDs may impact wound healing and are recognized as a mortality risk factor in many patients. Aim: This review aims to evaluate existing literature examining mental health (MH) in surgical patients, assess whether there is a relationship between MHDs and postoperative complication rates, and determine whether outcomes differ based on the timing of MHD manifestation (pre- …

Clinical Outcomes And Technical Consideration In Transcatheter Closure Of Ventricular Septal Defect Closure, Khalid A. Khalid, Musaab H. Almaliki, Hala Hussam Naser

Iraqi National Journal of Medicine

Background: Ventricular septal defect (VSD) is the most common congenital heart disease, with an estimated incidence of 2–6 per 1,000 live births. Aim: To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of percutaneous transcatheter closure of VSD using different occlusion devices in a resource-limited, real-world setting. Methods: A retrospective single-center study was conducted at Basra Specialized Cardiac Hospital, Iraq, including patients who underwent percutaneous transcatheter VSD closure between August 2020 and August 2024. A total of 87 patients with various VSD types were enrolled. Procedural success, immediate and follow-up residual shunt, and procedure-related complications were assessed. Results: Transcatheter …

Knowledge, Attitude, And Practice Of Hepatitis B Vaccination Among Medical Students At The University Of Sulaimani, Bushra M. Ali Bajalani, Danya Nadhim Mohammed, Shoxan Othman Mohammed, Lanya Chalak Abas

Iraqi National Journal of Medicine

Background: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major global public health and is risk factor for liver cancer. HBV spreads through contact with infected blood or semen, from infected mothers to, through sexual contact, and via unsafe medical practices such as injections, dialysis, and blood transfusions. Aim: to assess knowledge, attitude and practice of medical students regarding hepatitis B vaccine in association with colleges. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted to December among undergraduate medical students from three the University of Sulaimani, Iraq. A self-administered questionnaire was distributed. Data were collectedentered into Microsoft analyzed using the Statistical Package …

Antimicrobial Susceptibility And Prevalence Of Multidrug-Resistant Klebsiella Pneumoniae In Pediatric Patients In Karbala, Iraq: A Two-Year Retrospective Study, Hussein Abd Ali Mohammed Sadeq Al Her, Al-Shalah Al-Shalah, Saif A.J. Abdulrahman, Ekhlas Abdulameer Hameed Alazzawi, Noor Hussein Abdulrahman

Iraqi National Journal of Medicine

Background: Klebsiella pneumoniae is a major pediatric pathogen causing infections such as urinary tract infections, pneumonia, neonatal sepsis, and meningitis, with heightened risk in children due to immune immaturity and hospital exposure. Aim: This study aimed to retrospectively analyze the prevalence and patterns of antibiotic resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from various clinical samples in pediatric cases at Karbala Children's Hospital from January 1, 2022 to December 31, 2023. Methods: This retrospective study examined 68 pediatric K. pneumoniae infection cases at Karbala Children's Hospital in Iraq from 2022 to 2023. Clinical samples, patient demographics, and antibiotic susceptibility were …

Tau Seeds Induce Neurofibrillary Tangle Formation Across Brain Regions Via Individual-Specific Connectivity, Audrey J Weber, Bernard Ng, Kelsey M Greathouse, David A Bennett, Shinya Tasaki, Chris Gaiteri, Jeremy H Herskowitz

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

The spread of tau pathology across the cerebral cortex is closely tied to cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease (AD). To investigate mechanisms underlying tau spread, we measured bioactivity of tau seeds from inferior temporal gyrus (ITG) and superior frontal gyrus (SFG) synaptosomes in 128 individuals and demonstrated that tau seed bioactivity associates with tau phosphorylation, neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), and cognitive impairment. Incorporating genotype data from the same individuals within a Mendelian randomization framework showed that tau seeds in ITG induce NFTs locally as well as drive tau seeds and NFTs in SFG. Integrating antemortem functional magnetic resonance imaging data from …

Comparative Analysis Of Traditional And Deep Learning Time Series Architectures For Influenza A Infectious Disease Forecasting, Edmund Fosu Agyemang, Hansapani Rodrigo, Vincent Agbenyeavu

School of Mathematical & Statistical Sciences Faculty Publications

Influenza A remains a major cause of respiratory mortality worldwide, motivating accurate forecasting to support timely preparedness and resource allocation. This study presents a comparative evaluation of two traditional seasonal time series baselines, ARIMA and Holt–Winters exponential smoothing (ETS), and six deep learning (DL) architectures (Simple RNN, LSTM, GRU, BiLSTM, BiGRU, and a Transformer) for forecasting monthly Influenza A case counts in the United States. Data from January 2009 to December 2023 were analyzed, using January 2009 to December 2022 for training and January 2023 to December 2023 for out-of-sample testing. Models were tuned using a validation split and assessed …

A Systematic Literature Review Of Cvid Reveals Pervasive Detrimental Noninfectious Manifestations, Robert B Lindell, Samir U Sayed, Jose S Campos Duran, Sydney A Sheetz, Apoorva Babu, Montana S Knight, Andrea A Mauracher, Ceire A Hay, Peyton E Conrey, Julie C Fitzgerald, Nadir Yehya, Stephen T Famularo, Teresa Arroyo, Richard Tustin, Hossein Fazelinia, Edward M Behrens, David T Teachey, Lisa R Forbes Satter, Alexandra F Freeman, Jenna Re Bergerson, Steven M Holland, Jennifer W Leiding, Scott L Weiss, Mark W Hall, Deanne M Taylor, Rui Feng, E John Wherry, Nuala J Meyer, Sarah E Henrickson

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

BACKGROUND

Sepsis is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in critically ill children, yet heterogeneous immune responses complicate the development of targeted therapies and the host immune factors driving sepsis pathobiology remain unclear.

METHODS

We integrated deep immune phenotyping, plasma proteomics, single-cell transcriptomics, and phosphoflow cytometry in a prospective cohort of 88 critically ill children to elucidate the mechanisms underlying immune heterogeneity.

RESULTS

Unsupervised clustering of plasma cytokines identified 3 immunologic subgroups, including a high-severity group (“Group C”) characterized by hypercytokinemia driven by IL-6 and IFN-γ. Group C exhibited distinct alterations in immune cell frequency and activation, with a …

Strategies To Increase Attendance In Substance Use Disorder Group Treatment: Results From A Randomized Controlled Trial, Liliane Cambraia Windsor, Heather A Jones, Carla Ellis, Kennya Hooper, Andrea Rucker, Salma Musaad, Moses Okumu

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

Background: Attendance in substance-use-disorder group-treatment is challenging with only 32% of patients attending at least one session (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration and Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality. Treatment Episode Data Set (TEDS): 2023 admissions to and discharges from substance use treatment services reported by single state agencies, Bethesda, 2025). The present study tested a set of strategies to increase group session attendance in Community Wise, an innovative evidence-based group-intervention delivered in harm-reduction-community-based agencies and designed to reduce alcohol and substance use among people with substance-use-disorders living in predominantly Black and disinvested communities. We examined: (1) …

Nurse Staffing Variation Viewed Through The Lens Of Institutional Isomorphism, Mara Raggi

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Nurse staffing is strongly associated with organizational and patient quality outcomes. Existing studies have not adequately explained why nurse staffing levels vary across hospitals operating under similar external institutional isomorphic pressures. Secondary and administrative datasets, along with random-effects regression models, were used to analyze 6 years of data (2014-2019) and examine the relationship between institutional factors and hospital nurse staffing in the general acute care setting. The results indicate that coercive factors of state laws were significantly associated with nurse staffing. Staffing mandates and staffing committees were significantly associated with increases in nurse staffing, while public reporting was significantly associated …

Aberrant Stat Signaling And T Cell Dysregulation Define A Targetable Pediatric Sepsis Endotype, Robert B. Lindell, Samir U. Sayed, Jose S. Campos Duran, Sydney A. Sheetz, Apoorva Babu, Montana S. Knight, Andrea A. Mauracher, Ceire A. Hay, Peyton E. Conrey, Julie C. Fitzgerald, Nadir Yehya, Stephen T. Famularo, Teresa Arroyo, Richard Tustin, Hossein Fazelinia, Edward M. Behrens, David T. Teachey, Lisa R. Forbes Satter, Alexandra F. Freeman, Jenna Re Bergerson, Steven M. Holland, Jennifer W. Leiding, Scott L. Weiss, Mark W. Hall, Deanne M. Taylor, Rui Feng, E. John Wherry, Nuala J. Meyer, Sarah E. Henrickson

Department of Pediatrics Faculty Papers

BACKGROUNDSepsis is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in critically ill children, yet heterogeneous immune responses complicate the development of targeted therapies and the host immune factors driving sepsis pathobiology remain unclear.METHODSWe integrated deep immune phenotyping, plasma proteomics, single-cell transcriptomics, and phosphoflow cytometry in a prospective cohort of 88 critically ill children to elucidate the mechanisms underlying immune heterogeneity.RESULTSUnsupervised clustering of plasma cytokines identified 3 immunologic subgroups, including a high-severity group ("Group C") characterized by hypercytokinemia driven by IL-6 and IFN-γ. Group C exhibited distinct alterations in immune cell frequency and activation, with a strong association between hyperinflammatory cytokine …