Digital Commons Network^™

Micronutrient And Iron Supplementation And Effective Anti-Malarial Treatment Synergistically Improve Childhood Anaemia, H. Ekvall, Zul Premji, A. Bjorkman

Pathology, East Africa

The control of childhood anaemia in malaria holoendemic areas is a major public health challenge for which an optimal strategy remains to be determined. Malaria prevention may compromise the development of partial immunity. Regular micronutrient supplementation has been suggested as an alternative but its effectiveness remains unsettled. We therefore conducted a randomised placebo-controlled intervention trial with 207 Tanzanian children aged 5 months to 3 years on the efficacy of supervised supplementation of low-dose micronutrients including iron (Poly Vi-Sol with iron) three times per week, with an average attendance of ≥ 90%. The mean haemoglobin (Hb) level increased by 8 g/l …

Biosystematics And Evolution Of The Triatominae = Biossistemática E Evolução De Triatomíneos, Christopher J. Schofield

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Library Materials

Abstract

In this paper we summarize the systematics of the 130 currently recognized species of Triatominae and the key features of their evolutionary background. There is increasing evidence that the subfamily has polyphyletic origins, with the various tribes and species groups probably arising from different reduviid lineages in relatively recent times.

Resumo

Neste trabalho resume-se a sistemática das 130 espécies de triatomíneos atualmente reconhecidas, com os elementos principais de sua evolução. Existem evidências crescentes para a origem polifilética da subfamília. As diferentes tribos e grupos de espécies que a compõem teriam surgido recentemente, a partir de diferentes linhagens de reduviídeos.

Recognition Of Treponematoses In Post Repatriation X Ray And Cd Rom Nebraska Record, Karl J. Reinhard, Bruce Rothschild, Christine Rothschild, Larry Martin

Karl Reinhard Publications

Repatriation has compromised the opportunity to directly examine skeletons and to apply new diagnostic criteria and techniques. Pre-repatriation approaches to non-metric data acquisition, must make a number of assumptions: ( I ) Phenomena must be correctly identitied and segregated; (2) Criteria for severity must be specific to the phenomena studied; and (3) As criteria for disease rewgnition may change with time, it is valuable only as long as the raw data is also recorded. As part of data preservation, x-rays and CD-ROM images were recorded for skeletons trom Nebraska sites undergoing repatriation. This report concentrates on four of them 250K …

The Role Of Mummy Studies In Paleoparasitology, Adauto Araujo, Karl J. Reinhard, Luiz Fernando Ferreira

Karl Reinhard Publications

Paieoparasitology has advance during the past decade to the status of a statistically based science focused on problems of disease ecology and geographic distribution of parasitism. For most of its development, paleoparasitology has focused on the analysis of coprolites and latrine sediments. During the past few years, mummies have been increasingly included in paleoparasitology studies. We evaluate in this paper the interpretive value of mummies relative to other sources of paleoparasitological data.

EI estudio de la paleoparasitologia ha logrado transformarse, en esta ultima decada, en una ciencia basada en la estadistica, enfocada a temas tales como la ecologia de enfermedades …

Paleopharmacology, Karl Reinhard

Karl Reinhard Publications

An emerging field devoted to the exploration of the archaeological record for evidence of medicinal plants.

In the future, archaeology will have a role in pharmaceutical research. In the late twentieth century, much of the world’s pharmaceutical research has been based on ethnographic documentation of tribally recognized medicinal plants. Once the active chemical compounds in the plants are identified, they are either extracted or synthesized for commercial use. The American film Medicine Man depicts this approach. As shown in the film, such pharmacological research is threatened by declining tribal populations with loss of traditional herbal knowledge coupled with declining biodiversity. …

The Redesignment Of An Acute Inpatient Dual Diagnosis Unit, Irene Harris Griggs

Theses

This project will focus on the study of mental illness and chemical abuse/dependence as it has progressed into the entity of dual diagnosis or what experts consider co-existing or co-occurring disorders.

Research has revealed the increase in the number of individuals suffering from co-occurring illnesses since the early 1980's. Because this condition has become the norm rather than the exception, it becomes necessary to focus more clearly on individuals that are diagnosed with this illness and on the most effective treatment in order to assist the individual in recovery.

Individuals have had co-existing or co-occurring disorders prior to the early …

Archaeoparasitology, Karl Reinhard

Karl Reinhard Publications

The field devoted to the identification of parasite remains in the archaeological record and the reconstruction of past human-parasite interactions. Parasitic disease has always been a major problem. Recent summaries of the prevalence of parasitic diseases in the world today show that there are 4.5 billion infections with all species of parasitic worm, 1 billion infections with giant intestinal roundworm (Ascaris lumbricoides), 750,000,000 infections with whipworms (Trichuris trichiura), 900,000,000 infections with hookworm (Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus), 657,000,000 infections with filarial worms, 200,000,000 with blood flukes (schistosome species), and 489,000,000 infections with malaria. These infections cause between 1,590,000 to 3,130,000 …

Coprolite Analysis: The Analysis Of Ancient Human Feces For Dietary Data, Karl Reinhard

Karl Reinhard Publications

Although archaeological fieldwork is hot and dirty, the most “earthy” side of the discipline is the laboratory analysis of coprolites. Each coprolite contains the remains of one to several actual meals eaten in prehistory, and analysis of many coprolites provides a picture of ancient diet that is unique in accuracy.

The term coprolite originally referred to fossilized feces in paleontological context. In archaeology, the term broadened to refer to any formed fecal mass, including mineralized, desiccated, or frozen feces and even the intestinal contents of mummies. Coprolites contain the remains of animals (parasites) that lived in the humans, the foods …

White Paper: Certification, Credentials, And Credentialing In Pharmacy, Donald Kishi, Jeffery A. Goad, Nancy Korman, Teresa Miller, Mary Ferrill, Holly Strom

Pharmacy Faculty Articles and Research

The rapid evolution of the health care system has provided the pharmacy profession with opportunities to expand existing and develop new direct patient care roles. Two critical challenges that the pharmacy profession must contend with to ensure the continued expansion and acceptance of pharmacists in advanced practice roles (e.g. direct patient care roles) are: (1) To develop and implement a credible, systematic, standards-based, and profession-wide plan that includes a system for identifying the types of pharmacists' practices requiring credentials, a validated certification process, and a computerized credentialing process that is current, comprehensive, and easily accessible; (2) To establish the credibility …

The Common Cold: What Pharmacists Need To Know, Peggy Han, Peggy Mcmillan, Jeffery A. Goad

Pharmacy Faculty Articles and Research

A primer on the common cold for pharmacists, including its causes and pathophysiology and how to assess and treat patients.

Ada News - 12/13/1999, American Dental Association, Publishing Division

ADA News

Established in 1970 as the official newspaper of the American Dental Association, the ADA News serves practicing dentists and others allied to the dental profession in the U.S. and internationally. It is the No. 1 source of news and information about the many benefits and services the ADA delivers to members daily as well as timely information on scientific, social, political and economic developments affecting dentistry and health care.

Increased Severity Of Murine Infection With Toxioplasma Gondii Following Vitaman E And Selenium Supplementatoin, Susan Mccarthy

Masters Theses & Specialist Projects

At present, toxoplasmosis is one of the most common opportunistic infections in immunocompromised patients. The need for a reliable experimental model is crucial not only for achieving a better understanding of the pathophysiology of this infection but also for developing a better method to evaluate new therapeutic regimens. This study was organized to determine if the antioxidants vitamin E and selenium would provide a beneficial effect in mice chronically infected with Toxoplasma gondii. In the first phase of the study, 35 female Swiss Webster mice were infected with oocysts of the Me49 strain of Toxoplasma gondii while receiving diets supplemented …

Fungal Diseases (Field Manual Of Wildlife Diseases), Milton Friend

Zoonotics and Wildlife Disease: Publications

Fungi are important causes of disease in wild birds and other species. Three basic types of disease are caused by these agents: mycosis, or the direct invasion of tissues by fungal cells, such as aspergillosis; allergic disease involving the development of a hypersensitivity of the host to fungal antigens; and mycotoxicosis, which results from ingestion of toxic fungal metabolites. Mycosis and allergic disease may occur together, especially when the lung is infected. This section will address only mycosis. Mycotoxicosis is addressed in Section 6, Biotoxins. Allergic disease is not well studied in wild birds and it is beyond the scope …

Parasites And Parisitic Diseases (Field Manual Of Wildlife Diseases), Rebecca A. Cole, Milton Friend

Zoonotics and Wildlife Disease: Publications

Parasitism is an intimate relationship between two different species in which one (parasite) uses the other (host) as its environment from which it derives nourishment. Parasites are a highly diverse group of organisms that have evolved different strategies for infecting their hosts. Some, such as lice and ticks, are found on the external parts of the body (ectoparasites), but most are found internally (endoparasites). Some are microscopic, such as the blood protozoans that cause avian malaria; however, many are macroscopic. Life cycles differ greatly between major types of parasites and are generally classified as direct or indirect (Table 1). Direct …

Biotoxins (Field Manual Of Wildlife Diseases), Tonie E. Rocke, Milton Friend

Zoonotics and Wildlife Disease: Publications

Biotoxins are usually defined as poisons that are produced by and derived from the cells or secretions of living organisms. These natural poisons include some of the most toxic agents known and they are found within a wide variety of life forms. Organisms that produce such toxins are generally classified as being venomous or poisonous. The classification of venomous is usually associated with animal life forms such as poisonous reptiles and insects that have highly developed cellular mechanisms for toxin production and that deliver their toxins during a biting (rattlesnake) or stinging (black widow spider) act. Poisonous organisms are generally …

Chemical Toxins (Field Manual Of Wildlife Diseases), Milton Friend

Zoonotics and Wildlife Disease: Publications

Many kinds of potentially harmful chemicals are found in environments used by wildlife. Some chemicals, such as pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), are synthetic compounds that may become environmental contaminants through their use and application. Other materials, such as selenium and salt, are natural components of some environments, but contaminants of others. Natural and synthetic materials may cause direct poisoning and death, but they also may have adverse effects on wildlife that impair certain biological systems, such as the reproductive and immune systems. This section provides information about some of the environmental contaminants and natural chemicals that commonly cause avian …

Field Manual Of Wildlife Diseases: General Field Procedures And Diseases Of Birds, Milton Friend, J. Christian Franson

Zoonotics and Wildlife Disease: Publications

The “Field Manual of Wildlife Diseases: General Field Procedures and Diseases of Birds” presents practical, current information and insights about wild bird illnesses and the procedures to follow when ill birds are found or epidemics occur. Section 1 of the Manual provides information about general field procedures. Sections 2 through 5 describe various bird diseases. Sections 6 and 7 provide information about toxins that affect birds, and Section 8 describes miscellaneous diseases and hazards that affect birds. Manual lists institutions and laboratories that offer diagnostic services; sources of supplies for collecting, preserving, and shipping specimens; and it contains color illustrations …

Introduction To General Field Procedures (Field Manual Of Wildlife Diseases), J. Christian Franson, Milton Friend, Dale E. Toweill, Robert L. Brownell Jr., Victor F. Nettles, Donald S. Davis, William J. Foreyt

Zoonotics and Wildlife Disease: Publications

Section 1 of the Manual provides basic information regarding general field procedures for responding to wildlife disease events. Field biologists provide a critical linkage in disease diagnostic work and greatly affect the outcome of the laboratory efforts by the quality of the materials and information that they provide. The chapters in this section are oriented towards providing guidance that will assist field biologists in gathering the quality of information and specimens that are needed. Readers will find information regarding what to record and how; guidance for specimen collection, preservation, and shipment; and how to apply euthanasia when such actions are …

Bacterial Diseases (Field Manual Of Wildlife Diseases), Milton Friend

Zoonotics and Wildlife Disease: Publications

Diseases caused by bacteria are a more common cause of mortality in wild birds than are those caused by viruses. In addition to infection, some bacteria cause disease as a result of potent toxins that they produce. Bacteria of the genus Clostridium are responsible for more wild bird deaths than are other disease agents. Clostridium botulinum, which causes avian botulism, is primarily a form of food poisoning and it is included within the section on biotoxins (see Chapter 38). Other Clostridium sp. that colonize intestinal tissues produce toxins that cause severe hemorrhaging of the intestine, thus leading to tissue …

Viral Diseases (Field Manual Of Wildlife Diseases), Douglas E. Docherty

Zoonotics and Wildlife Disease: Publications

Historically, viral diseases have not been recognized as major causes of illness and death in North American wild birds. Until relatively recently, this may have been due to inadequate technology to culture and identify these organisms. Unlike bacteria, viruses are too small to be seen under the light microscope and they cannot be grown on artificial media. Nevertheless, studies of infectious diseases caused by viruses have often predated discovery of the causative agents by many years as evidenced by smallpox immunizations being used centuries before that virus was identified. The isolations of a tobacco mosaic virus in 1892 and foot …

Miscellaneous Diseases (Field Manual Of Wildlife Diseases), Milton Friend, Nancy J. Thomas

Zoonotics and Wildlife Disease: Publications

The fact that “Nature is far from benign” is clearly evident from the preceding chapters of this Manual. The diseases and other conditions described are the proverbial “tip of the iceberg” relative to the number of specific causes of ill health and death for free-ranging wild birds, but the wild bird health problems described account for most major wild bird disease conditions seen within the United States. However, the full toll from disease involves many other causes of illness and death that individually may cause substantial die-offs. Two examples of these other causes of die-offs are the deaths of Canada …

Introduction, Foreword, Table Of Contents (Field Manual Of Wildlife Diseases)

Zoonotics and Wildlife Disease: Publications

Cover
credits
Title page
Foreword by Thomas M. Yuill
Introduction by Milton Friend
Table of Contents

Appendices, Glossary, And Index (Field Manual Of Wildlife Diseases)

Zoonotics and Wildlife Disease: Publications

A. Sample specimen history form
B. Sources of wildlife diagnostic assistance in the United States
C. Sources of supplies used for collecting, preserving, and shipping specimens
D. Normal brain cholinesterase activity values
E. Common and scientific names of birds in text
F. Common and scientific names other than birds
G. Chemical names
H. Conversion table

Glossary
Index

REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE

Evaluation Of The Effectiveness Of A Health Education Program For Classroom Assistants, Patricia A. Robinson

Master's Projects

Classroom Instructional Assistants are being used more frequently to provide care for medically fragile children who are mainstreamed into the regular education setting. The purpose of this evaluative study was to develop a beginning health curriculum that could be provided as an inservice program for classroom Instructional Assistants. Content for the inservice consisted of handwashing, medication administration, asthma, and seizures. This study used a pretest and posttest design to look at the effectiveness of the educational inservice. There were 17 participants, 16 of whom completed the pretest and posttest. A pretest was administered prior to the inservice followed by a …

A Preclinical Model Of Ionizing Radiation And Tnf-Alpha Gene Therapy For Cancer, Jun Li

Loma Linda University Electronic Theses, Dissertations & Projects

Long term control of high-grade brain tumors is rarely achieved with current therapeutic regimens. This study sought to determine if pretreatment with plasmid DNA expressing Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α) could enhance the effect of ionizing radiation in an aggressive, rapidly growing glioma tumor (C6) model. Plasmid DNA is an attractive vector system for delivery of foreign genes into eukaryotic cells due to its advantages including low immunogenicity in vivo, lesser toxicity and relatively low cost. We have constructed a plasmid-based mammalian expression vector (pGL1-TNF) to secrete human TNF-α from cancer cells. Plasmid DNA was successfully transfected into C6 cells …

Prognostic Indicators Of Childhood Acute Viral Encephalitis, E Bhutto, M Naim, M Ehtesham, M Rehman, M A. Siddique, I Jehan

Community Health Sciences

Objective: To devise a set of clinical signs and laboratory parameters that would help clinicians assess prognosis in patients and plan appropriate management.Methods: Medical records of 147 paediatric cases (with a discharge diagnosis of acute viral encephalitis) admitted over a ten year period from 1987 to 1997 were reviewed and relevant information collected on a data extraction form.Results: Of 147 patients, 24 (16.3%) died and 48 (32.7%) were left with severe neurological deficits. A GCS (Glasgow Coma Scale) score between 6-10 had an association with poor outcome (OR = 2.62, Chi-square = 5.57, p-value = 0.018) and that a GCS …

Information Interface - Volume 27, Issue 5 - November/December 1999, George Washington University, Himmelfarb Health Sciences Library

Information Interface (1976 - 2009)

News and information about Himmelfarb Health Sciences Library of interest to users.

Ada News - 11/01/1999, American Dental Association, Publishing Division

ADA News

Established in 1970 as the official newspaper of the American Dental Association, the ADA News serves practicing dentists and others allied to the dental profession in the U.S. and internationally. It is the No. 1 source of news and information about the many benefits and services the ADA delivers to members daily as well as timely information on scientific, social, political and economic developments affecting dentistry and health care.

The Public Stake In Biomedical Research: A Policy Perspective, Karen Matherlee

National Health Policy Forum

An introduction to a Forum series on biomedical research policy issues, this paper provides background on the organization and structure of both public and private research entities. It outlines the federal components, from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) to the Department of Veterans Affairs. It also looks at the rapid growth in pharmaceutical, biotechnology, and medical device research and development and the varying responses from managed care plans, practice-based research networks, and contract research organizations. After laying out various tensions in the field, such as competition among disease-oriented advocates, alignment of different priorities, allocation of dollars between basic and …

Immune Cd8+ T Cells Prevent Reactivation Of Toxoplasma Gondii Infection In The Immunocompromised Host, Imtiaz A. Khan, William R. Green, Lloyd H. Kasper, Kathy A. Green, Joseph D. Schwartzman

Dartmouth Scholarship

Toxoplasma gondii remains a serious cause of morbidity and mortality in individuals that are immunosuppressed, patients with AIDS in particular. The cellular immune response, especially by gamma interferon (IFN-γ)-producing CD8⁺ T cells, is an essential component of protective immunity against the parasite. In the present study the role of CD8⁺ T cells during the reactivation of Toxoplasma infection in an immunocompromised murine model was evaluated. Chronically infected mice were challenged with LP-BM5 virus, and the kinetics of CD8⁺ T-cell function was studied. At 10 weeks after viral infection, mice showed obvious signs of systemic illness and began …