Digital Commons Network^™

Literature Review: Stress Reactance In Psoriatic Patients, W. Michael Hooten, Md

Jefferson Journal of Psychiatry

The association between stress and psoriasis is well documented. A subgroup of psoriatic patients appear to be high stress reactors who can identify specific psychosocial stresses which exacerbate their psoriasis. In contrast, low stress reactors report no association between stress and the exacerbation of psoriasis. In differentiating high versus low stress reactors, a review of the literature suggests: 1) a neurogenic mediated disease process; 2) high stress reactors' disease course is not confounded by underlying psychopathology and, 3) high stress psoriatics experience more disease related stress than low stress reactors.

The Serotonin Theory Of Depression, Christopher W. Kerr

Jefferson Journal of Psychiatry

In its simplest form, the serotonin deficiency theory of depression postulates that there is a net reduction in serotonin transmission in depressive illness. The pathophysiological change may result from two different mechanisms. The first involves a decrease in serotonin (5-HT) availability which has the consequential effect of compensatory receptor up-regulation or super sensitivity. The second mechanism implies a primary defect in receptor activity and/or signal transduction. The objective of this review is to analyze the serotonin system in depression as it relates to the above two postulates.

Firesetting In Children, Donna V. Mehregany, Md

Jefferson Journal of Psychiatry

This article reviews the literature regarding the history, etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of firesetting. A critique of the literature reveals the need to generate a clearer definition of firesetting as well as more stringent criteria for diagnosing firesetting. The standard treatments for firesetting are reviewed. Linkage of childhood firesetting to future adolescent and adult crimes is also examined. Finally, avenues for future research are discussed.

Pharmacologic Advances In The Treatment Of Schizophrenia, Scott A. West, Md

Jefferson Journal of Psychiatry

The treatment of schizophrenia was revolutionized with the introduction of chlorpromaeine in 1952. The effectiveness of chlorpromazine in controlling psychotic symptoms lead to the dopamine Hypothesis of schizophrenia, which revolutionized our conceptualization of this illness. Since that time, numerous typical antipsychotic drugs have been developed for the treatment of schizophrenia. However, the introduction of clozapine in 1990 began a new era in the pharmacologic management of schizophrenia. Clozapine, an atypical antipsychotic drug, is effective in controlling the positive Symptoms of schizophrenia in a large number of otherwise treatment-resistant patients, and also improves the negative symptoms of the illness in marry …

Jean-Martin Charcot - Neurologist By Avocation, Nephrologist By Yearning, Gary Eknoyan

Houston History of Medicine Lectures (2006-2012)

In an age of medical advances and specialization, Jean-Martin Charcot (1825-1893) helped found the discipline of neurology and in 1882 was appointed the first professor of Diseases of the Nervous System in France. As an investigator with broad interests and vast knowledge Charcot contributed to several other disciplines. An early mentor and dominant figure in Charcot's formative years was Pierre Rayer (1793-1867), famous for his seminal contributions to the study of the kidney, who gifted Charcot with his passion for clinical pathological correlations and likely a yearning for the study of kidney diseases. Famous for the clarity and incisiveness of …

Functional Genomics Reveals An Essential And Specific Role For Stat1 In Protection Of The Central Nervous System Following Herpes Simplex Virus Corneal Infection, Tracy J. Pasieka, Cristian Cilloniz, Victoria S. Carter, Pamela Rosato, Michael G. Katze, David A. Leib

Dartmouth Scholarship

Innate immune deficiencies result in a spectrum of severe clinical outcomes following infection. In particular, there is a strong association between loss of the signal transducer and activator of transcription (Stat) pathway, breach of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and virus-induced neuropathology. The gene signatures that characterize resistance, disease, and mortality in the virus-infected nervous system have not been defined. Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is commonly associated with encephalitis in humans, and humans and mice lacking Stat1 display increased susceptibility to HSV central nervous system (CNS) infections. In this study, two HSV-1 strains were used, KOS (wild type [WT]), …

Novel Amino Acid Transporter-Targeted Radiotracers For Breast Cancer Imaging, Fanlin Kong

Dissertations and Theses (Open Access)

Breast cancer is the most common malignancy among women in the world. Its 5-year survival rate ranges from 23.4% in patients with stage IV to 98% in stage I disease, highlighting the importance of early detection and diagnosis. ¹⁸F-2-Fluoro-2-deoxy-glucose (¹⁸F-FDG), using positron emission tomography (PET), is the most common functional imaging tool for breast cancer diagnosis currently. Unfortunately, ¹⁸F-FDG-PET has several limitations such as poorly differentiating tumor tissues from inflammatory and normal brain tissues. Therefore, ¹⁸F-labeled amino acid-based radiotracers have been reported as an alternative, which is based on the fact that tumor cells uptake …

Magnesium, A Drug Of Diverse Use, Mohammad Irfan Akhtar, Hameed Ullah, Mohammad Hamid

Department of Anaesthesia

Magnesium has evolved as a drug with diverse clinical applications. Mg++ is an important caution and its homeostasis is very important for normal body functioning. The physiological role of Mg is due to its calcium channel blocking properties at smooth muscle, skeletal muscle and conduction system levels. The analgesic properties are due to NMDA receptor blocking action. Mg++ is beneficial in acute Myocardial Infarction, protection during open heart surgery and treatment and prevention of heart rhythm disturbances. Mg has an established role in the management of preeclampsia and eclampsia. Magnesium prevents or controls convulsions by blocking neuromuscular transmission and decreasing …

Hiv-1 Tat Protein Promotes Neuronal Dysfunction Through Disruption Of Micrornas, J Robert Chang, Ruma Mukerjee, Asen Bagashev, Luis Del Valle, Tinatin Chabrashvili, Brian J. Hawkins, Johnny J. He, Bassel E. Sawaya

School of Medicine Faculty Publications

Over the last decade, small noncoding RNA molecules such as microRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as critical regulators in the expression and function of eukaryotic genomes. It has been suggested that viral infections and neurological disease outcome may also be shaped by the influence of small RNAs. This has prompted us to suggest that HIV infection alters the endogenous miRNA expression patterns, thereby contributing to neuronal deregulation and AIDS dementia. Therefore, using primary cultures and neuronal cell lines, we examined the impact of a viral protein (HIV-1 Tat) on the expression of miRNAs due to its characteristic features such as release …

Oxidative Stress And Heme Oxygenase-1 Regulated Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells Differentiation, Luca Vanella, Christopher Sanford Jr., Dong Hyun Kim, Nader G. Abraham, Nabil Ebraheim

Biochemistry and Microbiology

This paper describes the effect of increased expression of HO-1 protein and increased levels of HO activity on differentiation of bone-marrow-derived human MSCs. MSCs are multipotent cells that proliferate and differentiate into many different cell types including adipocytes and osteoblasts. HO, the rate-limiting enzyme in heme catabolism, plays an important role during MSCs differentiation. HO catalyzes the stereospecific degradation of heme to biliverdin, with the concurrent release of iron and carbon monoxide. Upregulation of HO-1 expression and increased HO activity are essential for MSC growth and differentiation to the osteoblast lineage consistent with the role of HO-1 in hematopoietic stem …

Development Of A New Curriculum In A Positive Youth Development Program: The Project P.A.T.H.S. In Hong Kong, Daniel T. L. Shek, Hing Keung Ma, Rachel C. F. Sun

Pediatrics Faculty Publications

The design of a new curriculum in a positive youth development program (Project P.A.T.H.S.) in Hong Kong is outlined. The Tier 1 Program of the original phase of the Project P.A.T.H.S. is a universal positive youth development program for students in Secondary 1 to Secondary 3 with the curricula developed by a research team comprising scholars in different disciplines (e.g., social work, psychology, and education). The 120 teaching units are designed with reference to 15 positive youth development constructs identified in the successful positive youth development programs. In the extension phase of the project, a new curriculum with 60 teaching …

Little Elephant Learns About Sex, Judith Watt, M.D.

Jefferson Journal of Psychiatry

WHERE BABIES COME FROM

Stories to Help Parents Answer Preschoolers Questions About Sex

Martin Silverman, M.D. and Harriet Ziefert

Illustrated by Claire Schumacher Random House Press

1989, $19.00

An Overview Of The Separation Phenomenon And The Experience Of Hospitalization For Children, Tara Pressley, M.D.

Jefferson Journal of Psychiatry

When children are psychologically bonded to a caretaking adult they experience a characteristic spectrum of emotions and behaviors upon being separated from that attachment figure. This paper reviews the literature pertaining to the separation phenomenon and the emotional experience of hospitalisation for children in an attempt to integrate this knowledge into the diagnosis and treatment of children hospitalized medically and psychiatrically.

The Syndrome Of Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion In Psychiatric Patients, Kathleen Crapanzano, M.D.

Jefferson Journal of Psychiatry

The syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) is a common medical illness which has many etiologies-some of which are particular to psychiatric patients. This review will discuss the diagnosis of SIADH and then the various etiologies for its development with emphasis on those which are more relevant to psychiatric patients. Future research will be directed to a further understanding of this disorder, as well as to treatment options to decrease the significant morbidity associated with this condition.

Occupational Chemical Exposures And Psychiatric Disorders, Mark L. Dembert, M.D., M.P.H.

Jefferson Journal of Psychiatry

Occupational exposure to metals, solvents, or pesticides can produce disorders of behavior, thought, or mood which can easily be misdiagnosed as 'Junctional." Accurate diagnosis obtained with a relevant clinical history, psychiatric interview, physical examination, and indicated laboratory tests will enable the delivery of necessary medical treatment and concurrently prevent repeat exposure to a hazardous work environment. Published references and organizational sources in occupational medicine and industrial hygiene can beutilized by psychiatrists for determination of the dijferential diagnosis and confirmation of an occupational exposure; in addition, these references can aid in assessing the need for an environmental health hazard survey at …

A Survey Of Selected Neurological Signs In Schizophrenia Research, Emanuel H. Rosen, M.D.

Jefferson Journal of Psychiatry

This review covers three areas of schizophrenia research not usually addressed in residents' curricula: smooth pursuit eye movements and genetics, orienting responses, and tardive dyskinesia. The significance of these neurological signs is explored in terms of their clinical symptom associations and their heuristic value. Neuroanatomical aspects of these signs is noted to be speculatively consistent with hypofrontality and negative symptoms in schieophrenia. The author describes the nature of occulomotor abnormalities and discusses an applicable research study. He summarizes relevant areas of genetic research including linkage analysis and marker studies and explains some of the orienting response abnormalities in schizophrenia. He …

An Historical Review Of Electroconvulsive Therapy, Bruce A. Wright, M.D.

Jefferson Journal of Psychiatry

The initial clinical trial of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) was performed by Ugo Cerletti and Lucino Bini at the University of Rome in 1938. The following paper will examine both the developments which led to the first trial of ECT, and the use of ECT over th e subsequent fifty years. Hopefully, by investigating the historical aspects of the development and progression of ECT, a better understanding of this treatment modality can be attained.

Cognitive Information Processing In Borderline Personality Disorder: A Neuropsychiatric Hypothesis, J.Wesley Burgess, Ph.D., M.D.

Jefferson Journal of Psychiatry

Neurocognitive information processing was compared in 18 borderline subjects and 14 controls of similar age and gender. An 11-item screening examination significantly differentiated the two groups (P < 0.001). Significant differences were found on Delayed Memory, Serial Sevens, Rhythm Reproduction, and Perseveration subtests (P < 0.05). The results are interpreted as evidence for mild frontotemporal brain deficits. The findings support a developmental model of borderline disorder where early stress/injury during the childhood period of frontotemporal vulnerability results in failure to negotiate developmental landmarks and adult deficits in cognition, emotion/behavior modulation, and insight.

A Sexually And Physically Abused Child: His Inner World, Carmen Mayugba-Sugai, M.D.

Jefferson Journal of Psychiatry

This paper describes how a sexually abused 8 year old boy's internal dynamics correlated with and influenced his behavior while he was on an inpatient unit. Through play therapy and unit staff's observation, the psychopathological sequelae to the abuse unfolded in a very interesting way. This process of correlating play material with observations of behavior on the unit, helped the treatment team in understanding the child's inner world.

Neurodevelopmental Disorders Associated With Chromosome 15, Karl G. Sieg, M.D.

Jefferson Journal of Psychiatry

Chromosome 15 is a focus of increasing interest to both psychiatry and neurology. Several neurodevelopmental disorders are genetically associated with this autosome, including Prader-Willi syndrome, Angelman syndrome, Dyslexia, Autism, Hyperlexia, Ring 15 Chromosome syndrome, and Trisomy 15 syndrome. This report provides a review of the molecular biology of chromosome 15 and these associated disorders.

Ghrelin Receptor Deficiency Does Not Affect Diet-Induced Atherosclerosis In Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Null Mice, Kirk M. Habegger, Erin Grant, Paul Thomas Pfluger, Diego Perez-Tilve, Alan Daugherty, Dennis Bruemmer, Matthias H. Tschöp, Susanna M. Hofmann

Saha Cardiovascular Research Center Faculty Publications

OBJECTIVE: Ghrelin, a stomach-derived, secreted peptide, and its receptor (growth hormone secretagogue receptor, GHSR) are known to modulate food intake and energy homeostasis. The ghrelin system is also expressed broadly in cardiovascular tissues. Since ghrelin has been associated with anti-inflammatory and anti-atherogenic properties, but is also well known to promote obesity and impair glucose metabolism, we investigated whether ghrelin has any impact on the development of atherosclerosis. The hypothesis that endogenous ghrelin signaling may be involved in atherosclerosis has not been tested previously.

METHODS AND RESULTS: We crossed ghrelin receptor knockout mice (GHSr^-/-) into a low-density lipoprotein receptor-null …

Culture Medium, Gas Atmosphere And Mapk Inhibition Affect Regulation Of Rna-Binding Protein Targets During Mouse Preimplantation Development., Michele D Calder, Patricia H Watson, Andrew J Watson

Obstetrics & Gynaecology Publications

During oogenesis, mammalian oocytes accumulate maternal mRNAs that support the embryo until embryonic genome activation. RNA-binding proteins (RBP) may regulate the stability and turnover of maternal and embryonic mRNAs. We hypothesised that varying embryo culture conditions, such as culture medium, oxygen tension and MAPK inhibition, affects regulation of RBPs and their targets during preimplantation development. STAU1, ELAVL1, KHSRP and ZFP36 proteins and mRNAs were detected throughout mouse preimplantation development, whereas Elavl2 mRNA decreased after the two-cell stage. Potential target mRNAs of RBP regulation, Gclc, Slc2a1 and Slc7a1 were detected during mouse preimplantation development. Gclc mRNA was significantly elevated in embryos …

Species D Adenoviruses As Oncolytics Against B-Cell Cancers, Christopher Y. Chen, Julien S. Senac, Eric A. Weaver, Shannon M. May, Diane F. Jelinek, Philip Greipp, Thomas Witzig, Michael A. Barry

Nebraska Center for Virology: Faculty Publications

Purpose: Oncolytic viruses are self-amplifying anticancer agents that make use of the natural ability of viruses to kill cells. Adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5) has been extensively tested against solid cancers, but less so against B-cell cancers because these cells do not generally express the coxsackie and adenoviral receptor (CAR). To determine whether other adenoviruses might have better potency, we "mined" the adenovirus virome of 55 serotypes for viruses that could kill B-cell cancers.

Experimental Design: Fifteen adenoviruses selected to represent Ad species B, C, D, E, and F were tested in vitro against cell lines and primary patient B-cell cancers …

Lymphotoxin-Beta Receptor Blockade Reduces Cxcl13 In Lacrimal Glands And Improves Corneal Integrity In The Nod Model Of Sjögren's Syndrome, Roy A. Fava, Susan M. Kennedy, Sheryl G. Wood, Anne I. Bolstad, Jadwiga Bienkowska, Adrian Papandile, John A. Kelly

Dartmouth Scholarship

In Sjögren's syndrome, keratoconjunctivitis sicca (dry eye) is associated with infiltration of lacrimal glands by leukocytes and consequent losses of tear-fluid production and the integrity of the ocular surface. We investigated the effect of blockade of the lymphotoxin-beta receptor (LTBR) pathway on lacrimal-gland pathology in the NOD mouse model of Sjögren's syndrome.

Abca12-Mediated Lipid Transport And Snap29-Dependent Trafficking Of Lamellar Granules Are Crucial For Epidermal Morphogenesis In A Zebrafish Model Of Ichthyosis., Qiaoli Li, Michael Frank, Masashi Akiyama, Shiu-Ying Ho, Hiroshi Shimizu, Christine Thisse, Bernard Thisse, Eli Sprecher, Jouni Uitto

Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology Faculty Papers

Zebrafish (Danio rerio) can serve as a model system to study heritable skin diseases. The skin is rapidly developed during the first 5-6 days of embryonic growth, accompanied by expression of skin-specific genes. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of wild-type zebrafish at day 5 reveals a two-cell-layer epidermis separated from the underlying collagenous stroma by a basement membrane with fully developed hemidesmosomes. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) reveals an ordered surface contour of keratinocytes with discrete microridges. To gain insight into epidermal morphogenesis, we have employed morpholino-mediated knockdown of the abca12 and snap29 genes, which are crucial for secretion of lipids and …

Book Review: Biologic Psychiatry For The Biologist, John P. Seibyl, M.D.

Jefferson Journal of Psychiatry

PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY: THE THIRD GENERATION OF PROGRESS

Edited by Herbert Y. Meltzer, M.D .New York, Raven Press, 1987

1824 pages, $160.00

A 2-Step Approach To Myeloablative Haploidentical Stem Cell Transplantation: A Phase 1/2 Trial Performed With Optimized T-Cell Dosing., Dolores Gross, Matthew Carabasi, Joanne Filicko-O'Hara, Margaret Kasner, John L Wagner, Beth Colombe, Patricia Cornett Farley, William O'Hara, Phyllis Flomenberg, Maria Werner-Wasik, Janet Brunner, Bijoyesh Mookerjee, Terry Hyslop, Mark Weiss, Neal Flomenberg

Department of Medical Oncology Faculty Papers

Studies of haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) have identified threshold doses of T cells below which severe GVHD is usually absent. However, little is known regarding optimal T-cell dosing as it relates to engraftment, immune reconstitution, and relapse. To begin to address this question, we developed a 2-step myeloablative approach to haploidentical HSCT in which 27 patients conditioned with total body irradiation (TBI) were given a fixed dose of donor T cells (HSCT step 1), followed by cyclophosphamide (CY) for T-cell tolerization. A CD34-selected HSC product (HSCT step 2) was infused after CY. A dose of 2 × 10(8)/kg …

Confrontations With Death: Psychological Responses During Internship, Michael Miller, M.D.

Jefferson Journal of Psychiatry

During internship, the daily confrontation with the consequences of disease contributes much to the distress which young physicians experience (I). Not only are interns responsible for first line medical care, they must also provide emotional support for their patients struggling with pain, disability and impending death. This paper seeks to examine some of the factors responsible for the turmoil involved in caring for these dying patients.

Our conceptions of death and dying are determined to a large extent by the cultural context in which we live. Compared with other times in which death was not so ego alien, we presently …

A Pilot Study Of Brief Group Therapies For Preschool Children: Parent Training Vs Group Play Therapy Vs Project Group, William S. Evans, Jr., M.D., Susan A. Black, M.D.

Jefferson Journal of Psychiatry

The optimum modality for treating preschool age children with behavioral and emotional problems is uncertain. One study showed that children with good ego strength respond to psychotherapy independent of whether it is group or individual psychotherapy, provided that a minimum period of psychotherapy occurs (ovick, 1965). The literature has demonstrated that parent training, individual play therapy, and group therapy are all effective modes of treatment with children (Axline, 1969; Moreland, et ai, 1983; Pesco solido & Petrella, 1986). Due to the limited psychiatric resources in the military setting and increasing demand for service, the option for individual therapy may be …

Pharmacologic Treatments Of Cocaine Dependence, Michael B. Knable, D.O.

Jefferson Journal of Psychiatry

The rapid escalation of cocaine abuse in the United States in the 1980's has generated a host of interesting hypotheses on various aspects of this problem. After a succinct discussion of epidemiologic, clinical, and neuro-pharmacologic aspects of cocaine abuse, a survey of the current literature on psychopharmacologic management of dependence is offered. While several agents have emerged as useful adjunctive treatments for abstinence syndromes it is important for the clinician to remember that there is not official approval for such treatments. Additionally, psychotherapeutic maneuvers, which remain the major tools in treatment of addicts, should not be overlooked when an experimental …