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Chat Expression In Chlamydia Muridarum-Infected Female Murine Genital Tract, Hallie Sartain

Undergraduate Honors Theses

Chlamydia trachomatis is the most prevalent agent of bacterial sexually transmitted infections in the world. However, a profuse number of cases are unreported, as the infection is often asymptomatic. Sequelae such as pelvic inflammatory disease, an increased risk of cervical cancer, premature birth, and perinatal infections in pregnant women can occur. Inflammation occurs in the body in response to infection or injury. Although inflammation can lead to some unwanted secondary effects, such as pain, it serves to return the body to homeostasis by restoring injured tissues and eliminating pathogens. One recently identified connection between the central nervous system and the …

Fibulin-4 Is Essential For Maintaining Arterial Wall Integrity In Conduit But Not Muscular Arteries., Carmen M. Halabi, Thomas J. Broekelmann, Michelle Lin, Vivian S. Lee, Mon-Li Chu, Robert P. Mecham

Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology Faculty Papers

Homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations in fibulin-4 (FBLN4) lead to autosomal recessive cutis laxa type 1B (ARCL1B), a multisystem disorder characterized by significant cardiovascular abnormalities, including abnormal elastin assembly, arterial tortuosity, and aortic aneurysms. We sought to determine the consequences of a human disease-causing mutation in FBLN4 (E57K) on the cardiovascular system and vascular elastic fibers in a mouse model of ARCL1B. Fbln4^E57K/E57K mice were hypertensive and developed arterial elongation, tortuosity, and ascending aortic aneurysms. Smooth muscle cell organization within the arterial wall of large conducting vessels was abnormal, and elastic fibers were fragmented and had a moth-eaten appearance. …

Sigma1 Targeting To Suppress Aberrant Androgen Receptor Signaling In Prostate Cancer., Jeffrey D. Thomas, Charles G. Longen, Halley M. Oyer, Nan Chen, Christina M. Maher, Joseph M. Salvino, Blase Kania, Kelsey N. Anderson, William F. Ostrander, Karen E. Knudsen, Felix J. Kim

Department of Cancer Biology Faculty Papers

Suppression of androgen receptor (AR) activity in prostate cancer by androgen depletion or direct AR antagonist treatment, although initially effective, leads to incurable castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) via compensatory mechanisms including resurgence of AR and AR splice variant (ARV) signaling. Emerging evidence suggests that Sigma1 (also known as sigma-1 receptor) is a unique chaperone or scaffolding protein that contributes to cellular protein homeostasis. We reported previously that some Sigma1-selective small molecules can be used to pharmacologically modulate protein homeostasis pathways. We hypothesized that these Sigma1-mediated responses could be exploited to suppress AR protein levels and activity. Here we demonstrate that …

2017 Peter Morgane Student Research Fellowship, University Of New England College Of Osteopathic Medicine

Peter Morgane Research Fellowships

2017 recipients of the University of New England College of Osteopathic Medicine's Peter Morgane Research Fellowship.

Toxic And Essential Trace Element Content Of Commonly Administered Pediatric Oral Medications, Robert A. Yokel, Sarah E. Seger, Jason M. Unrine

Pharmaceutical Sciences Faculty Publications

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that commonly administered pediatric oral medications are a significant source of toxic elements. The concentrations of 16 elements were determined in 14 frequently used pediatric oral medications.

METHODS: Samples were prepared for analysis by dilution or nitric acid microwave-assisted digestion and analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The intake of each element from administration for 1 week of the medication's maximum recommended daily dose to 6-month-olds was calculated and compared to an exposure guideline for that element. Exposure guidelines used for adverse effects were minimal risk levels, oral …

Spinal Cord Injury Induced Cardiac Decline And The Limitations Of Exercise., Kathryn Michele Deveau

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

There is a general consensus that the level and the severity of spinal cord injury (SCI) impacts chronic cardiac abnormalities such that high thoracic and cervical SCI are the most severely affected. Furthermore, the extreme degree of immobility/inactivity experienced by the persons with SCI has implications on cardiac decline. Yet it has been difficult to separate the relative contributions of the decentralized autonomic nervous system (ANS) and the immediate and profound inactivity to chronic cardiac abnormalities. As such, this body of work sought to characterize a contusion SCI that results in persistent CV dysfunction. Echocardiography, Dobutamine stress echocardiography and pressure …

Targeting The Glucose Metabolism Of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells (Mdscs) To Stimulate Cancer Immunity., Jaspreet Grewal

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are a heterogeneous group of immature myeloid cells that are significantly increased in cancer patients and correlate with higher stage and poor prognosis. MDSCs negatively modulate anti-tumor immunity, suppress T cell activity, promote angiogenesis and increase the risk of metastasis. In this study, we report that monocytic-MDSCs (M-MDSCs) but polymorphonuclear-MDSCs (PMN-MDSCs) over-express 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2, 6-bisphosphatases 3 (PFKFB3), an important regulator of glycolysis. Furthermore in the melanoma model, M-MDSCs but not PMN-MDSCs suppressed T cell function which correlated with PFKFB3 over-expression and increased rate of glycolysis. PFKFB3 inhibition with the first-in-class small molecule inhibitor, PFK-158 reversed M-MDSC …

Impact Of Caregiving On Various Aspects Of The Lives Of Caregivers, Babar Irfan, Omar Irfan, Ahmed Ansari, Waris Qidwai, Kashmira Nanji

Department of Family Medicine

Objective: This study was designed to assess the impact of caregiving on the lives of the caregivers.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted between July and September 2015 at a teaching hospital in Karachi, Pakistan. Participants who were more than 18 years old and were involved in caregiving (former or current) of a family member were invited to participate in the study. The participants were recruited through consecutive sampling technique. A total of 400 caregivers were interviewed. Written informed consent was obtained from all the participants. A pretest structured questionnaire was used for data collection and included sections …

Quality Assurance Guidelines For Superficial Hyperthermia Clinical Trials : Ii. Technical Requirements For Heating Devices., Hana Dobšíček Trefná, Johannes Crezee, Manfred Schmidt, Dietmar Marder, Ulf Lamprecht, Michael Ehmann, Jacek Nadobny, Josefin Hartmann, Nicolleta Lomax, Sultan Abdel-Rahman, Sergio Curto, Akke Bakker, Mark D. Hurwitz, Chris J. Diederich, Paul R. Stauffer, Gerard C. Van Rhoon

Department of Radiation Oncology Faculty Papers

Quality assurance (QA) guidelines are essential to provide uniform execution of clinical trials with uniform quality hyperthermia treatments. This document outlines the requirements for appropriate QA of all current superficial heating equipment including electromagnetic (radiative and capacitive), ultrasound, and infrared heating techniques. Detailed instructions are provided how to characterize and document the performance of these hyperthermia applicators in order to apply reproducible hyperthermia treatments of uniform high quality. Earlier documents used specific absorption rate (SAR) to define and characterize applicator performance. In these QA guidelines, temperature rise is the leading parameter for characterization of applicator performance. The intention of this …

The Effects Of Pain On Informed Consent, Bryan Aja

Nurse Anesthesia MSNA Student Capstones

It is common for providers to withhold pain medication as opposed to treating pain prior to obtaining informed consent due to the concern of invalid informed consent. Pain’s influence on cognition can significantly impact the cognitive domains required to obtain valid informed consent. Determining if a patient has the capacity or competence to participate in the informed consent process has medical, ethical, and legal implications. The medical use of competence and capacity is not equivalent to the legal use of the same terminology. Legal implications concerning consent include signing consent while in duress or pain, signing under the influence of …

Rising Thyroid Cancer Incidence In Southern India: An Epidemic Of Overdiagnosis?, Indu Elizabeth Mathew, Aju Mathew

Internal Medicine Faculty Publications

Background: Thyroid cancer incidence is rising in high-income countries. This increase in disease burden is attributed to the phenomenon of overdiagnosis.

Objective: We aimed to investigate trends in thyroid cancer rates in India, focusing on the state of Kerala in southern India, which has reported a high incidence of the disease.

Design: Population-based study using data from the National Cancer Registry Program.

Participants: We used data from the Population Based Cancer Registries for Thiruvananthapuram (capital of Kerala state), Delhi, Mumbai, Bangalore, and Chennai. We used data for three reporting periods from 2005 to 2014 (represented as 2006, 2009, and 2012). …

Role Of Biomechanical Forces In Hyperfiltration-Mediated Glomerular Injury In Congenital Anomalies Of The Kidney And Urinary Tract., Tarak Srivastava, Ganesh Thiagarajan, Uri S. Alon, Ram Sharma, Ashraf El-Meanawy, Ellen T. Mccarthy, Virginia J. Savin, Mukut Sharma

Manuscripts, Articles, Book Chapters and Other Papers

Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) including solitary kidney constitute the main cause of progressive chronic kidney disease (CKD) in children. Children born with CAKUT develop signs of CKD only during adolescence and do not respond to renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockers. Early cellular changes underlying CKD progression to end-stage renal disease by early adulthood are not well understood. The mechanism of maladaptive hyperfiltration that occurs from loss of functional nephrons, including solitary kidney, is not clear. We re-examine the phenomenon of hyperfiltration in the context of biomechanical forces with special reference to glomerular podocytes. Capillary stretch exerts tensile …

Fluorinated N,N'-Diarylureas As Novel Therapeutic Agents Against Cancer Stem Cells, Dasha E. Kenlan, Piotr G. Rychahou, Vitaliy M. Sviripa, Heidi L. Weiss, Chunming Liu, David S. Watt, B. Mark Evers

Markey Cancer Center Faculty Publications

Colorectal cancer is the second-leading cause of cancer-related mortality in the United States. More than 50% of patients with colorectal cancer will develop local recurrence or distant organ metastasis. Cancer stem cells play a major role in the survival and metastasis of cancer cells. In this study, we examined the effects of novel AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activating compounds on colorectal cancer metastatic and stem cell lines as potential candidates for chemotherapy. We found that activation of AMPK by all fluorinated N,N-diarylureas (FND) compounds at micromolar levels significantly inhibited the cell-cycle progression and subsequent cellular proliferation. In addition, we demonstrated …

Paracrine Regulation Of Melanocyte Genomic Stability: A Focus On Nucleotide Excision Repair, Stuart Gordon Jarrett, Katharine Marie Carter, John August D'Orazio

Markey Cancer Center Faculty Publications

UV radiation is a major environmental risk factor for the development of melanoma by causing DNA damage and mutations. Resistance to UV damage is largely determined by the capacity of melanocytes to respond to UV injury by repairing mutagenic photolesions. The nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathway is the major mechanism by which cells correct UV photodamage. This multistep process involves the basic steps of damage recognition, isolation, localized strand unwinding, assembly of a repair complex, excision of the damage‐containing strand 3′ and 5′ to the photolesion, synthesis of a sequence‐appropriate replacement strand, and finally ligation to restore continuity of genomic …

Therapeutic Effects Of Ormeloxifene In Cervical Cancer Carcinogenesis, Neeraj Chauhan

Theses and Dissertations (ETD)

Cervical cancer (CxCa) remains the fourth leading cause of cancer related deaths among women worldwide. Cervical cancer is mainly (~ 99.7%) derived from high risk Human papillomavirus (HR HPV). HPV E6/E7 are the two main oncoproteins that interfere with p53 and pRb (retinoblastoma) cell cycle regulatory proteins and hinder their efficacy of controlling cell growth. Additionally, PI3K-Akt is a cell survival pathway that is aberrantly expressed in cervical cancer cells. This pathway has a profound role in inhibiting mitochondrial intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway. Advanced stage cervical cancer is difficult to treat and patients diagnosed with metastatic disease have a poor …

Parp Inhibitor Upregulates Pd-L1 Expression And Enhances Cancer-Associated Immunosuppression, Shiping Jiao

Dissertations and Theses (Open Access)

With recent approvals for therapeutic antibodies that block CTLA4, PD-1 and PD-L1, immune checkpoints have emerged as new targets in cancer therapy. In addition, there is accumulating evidence highlighting the role of cancer-associated immunity in patient response to cytotoxic anticancer agents. Inhibitors of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) have shown substantial cytotoxic effects against tumors with defects in DNA damage responses. However, whether a crosstalk between PARP inhibition and immune checkpoints exists remains unclear. Here, it has been shown that PARP inhibitors (PARPis) upregulate PD-L1 expression in multiple cancer cell lines, human xenograft tumors, and syngeneic mouse tumors. Mechanistically, PARPi inactivates …

Sensitivity Of Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy To Dose- And Depth-Dependent Changes In Tumor Oxygenation After Radiation Therapy, Daria Semeniak

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Along with chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and surgery, radiotherapy is one of the most common treatments used against cancer. Around 50% of all cancer patients undergo radiation therapy. While for some patients radiotherapy works efficiently and lead to a complete cancer disappearance, for others treatment outcome may be less favorable due to radioresistance processes happening within a tumor on the molecular level. Radioresistance remains a big challenge for modern oncology. The ability to identify radioresistance at the early stage of radiotherapy would help physicians to improve therapy efficiency. At the current moment, despite the rapid progress in cancer understanding and diagnostic modalities, …

Value Of Superb Microvascular Imaging Ultrasonography In The Diagnosis Of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: Compared With Color Doppler And Power Doppler., Jie Chen, Li Chen, Lei Wu, Rui Wang, Ji-Bin Liu, Bing Hu, Li-Xin Jiang

Department of Radiology Faculty Papers

The aim of this study was to compare the value of superb microvascular imaging (SMI) in carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) with that of color Doppler ultrasonography (CDUS) and power Doppler ultrasonography (PDUS).Fifty patients with symptomatic CTS and 25 healthy volunteers were enrolled. The cross-sectional area (CSA), CDUS score, PDUS score, and SMI score of the median nerve (MN) at the carpal tunnel were recorded. The value of different ultrasonography (US) diagnostic strategies was calculated.The blood flow display ratio in the MN of the healthy volunteers had no statistical difference between CDUS, PDUS, and SMI (20%, 32%, and 48%, respectively, P …

A Comparative Analysis Of The West African Hemorrhagic Fevers Caused By The Lassa And Ebola Viruses, Emiene E. Amali-Adekwu

Selected Honors Theses

Lassa fever (LF) and Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever (EHF) are viral diseases endemic to West Africa.The etiological agent of Lassa fever is an enveloped virus from the Arenaviridae family and was first discovered in 1969 when two missionary nurses died of a mysterious illness in the town of Lassa in Borno state, Nigeria.1 This virus is animal-borne (zoonotic) and is carried by the animal vector Mastomys natalensis (multimammate rat). The Ebola virus is also zoonotic originating from fruit bats belonging to the Pteropodidae family.2 The first reported case of Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) was a principal who was believed to have …

Induction And Characterization Of Anti-Tumor Endothelium Immunity Elicited By Vallovax Therapeutic Cancer Vaccine., Samuel C Wagner, Thomas E Ichim, Vladimir Bogin, Wei-Ping Min, Francisco Silva, Amit N Patel, Santosh Kesari

Articles, Abstracts, and Reports

ValloVax is a placental endothelium derived vaccine which induces tissue-nonspecific antitumor immunity by blocking tumor angiogesis. To elucidate mechanisms of action, we showed that production of ValloVax, which involves treating placental endothelial cells with IFN-gamma, results in upregulation of HLA and costimulatory molecules. It was shown that in mixed lymphocyte reaction, ValloVax induces Type I cytokines and allo-proliferative responses. Plasma from ValloVax immunized mice was capable of killing in vitro tumor-like endothelium but not control endothelium. Using defined antigens associated with tumor endothelial cells, specific molecular entities were identified as being targeted by ValloVax induced antibodies. Binding of predominantly IgG …

Fungal Infections From Human And Animal Contact, Dennis J. Baumgardner

Journal of Patient-Centered Research and Reviews

Fungal infections in humans resulting from human or animal contact are relatively uncommon, but they include a significant proportion of dermatophyte infections. Some of the most commonly encountered diseases of the integument are dermatomycoses. Human or animal contact may be the source of all types of tinea infections, occasional candidal infections, and some other types of superficial or deep fungal infections. This narrative review focuses on the epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of anthropophilic dermatophyte infections primarily found in North America. Other human-acquired and zoonotic fungal infections also are discussed in brief.

Models For Predicting Incident Delirium In Hospitalized Older Adults: A Systematic Review, Sundeep Kalimisetty, Wajih Askar, Brenda Fay, Ariba Khan

Journal of Patient-Centered Research and Reviews

Purpose

The purpose of this systematic review is to summarize the reported risk prediction models and identify the most prevalent factors for incident delirium in older inpatient populations (age ≥ 65 years). In the future, these risk factors could be used to develop a delirium risk prediction model in the electronic health record that can be used by the Hospital Elder Life Program to reduce the incidence of delirium.

Methods

A medical librarian customized and conducted a search strategy for all published articles on delirium prediction models using an array of electronic databases and specific inclusion and exclusion criteria. Then, …

Chronic Neuropsychological Sequelae In A Patient With Nontumorous Anti-Nmda-Receptor Encephalitis, Dong Y. Han, Lisa M. Mason, Aarti Patel, Zhengqiu Zhou, Sarah Phillips, Siddharth Kapoor

Neurology Faculty Publications

Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis is a neurological, autoimmune disorder tightly conceptualized only as recently as the mid-2000s. It presents itself in a combination of psychiatric, neurological, and autonomic features. We observe a unique case with probable earlier episode (prior to the mid-2000s conceptualization of the disease) and a later relapse, accompanying a comprehensive neuropsychological profile tracked after the relapse and subsequent improvement. Neurocognitive findings revealed residual frontal deficits with mood changes even in the state after plasmapheresis. This case is the first to describe posttreatment cognition in anti-NMDAR encephalitis after probable serial autoimmune episodes.

Nicotinamide Phosphoribosyltransferase Promotes Pulmonary Vascular Remodeling And Is A Therapeutic Target In Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension., Jiwang Chen, Justin R Sysol, Sunit Singla, Shuangping Zhao, Aya Yamamura, Daniela Valdez-Jasso, Taimur Abbasi, Krystyna M. Shioura, Sakshi Sahni, Vamsi Reddy, Arvind Sridhar, Hui Gao, Jaime Torres, Sara M. Camp, Haiyang Tang, Shui Q. Ye, Suzy Comhair, Raed Dweik, Paul Hassoun, Jason X-J Yuan, Joe G N Garcia, Roberto F. Machado

Manuscripts, Articles, Book Chapters and Other Papers

BACKGROUND: Pulmonary arterial hypertension is a severe and progressive disease, a hallmark of which is pulmonary vascular remodeling. Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) is a cytozyme that regulates intracellular nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide levels and cellular redox state, regulates histone deacetylases, promotes cell proliferation, and inhibits apoptosis. We hypothesized that NAMPT promotes pulmonary vascular remodeling and that inhibition of NAMPT could attenuate pulmonary hypertension.

METHODS: Plasma, mRNA, and protein levels of NAMPT were measured in the lungs and isolated pulmonary artery endothelial cells from patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension and in the lungs of rodent models of pulmonary hypertension.Nampt+/- mice were …

Injury History In The Collegiate Equestrian Athlete: Part Ii: Head, Upper And Lower Extremities, Michael L. Pilato, Timothy Henry, Drussila Malavase

Journal of Sports Medicine and Allied Health Sciences: Official Journal of the Ohio Athletic Trainers Association

ABSTRACT

Purpose: Equestrian sports are known to have a high risk and rate of injury. While there is injury data available on acute injuries in the equestrian population, it is of a general nature. Within that data appears to be a lack of information on the collegiate equestrian athlete. Thus, the purpose of the current study and this analysis is to describe the incidence of upper and lower extremity injuries and head injuries, sans concussion, in intercollegiate equestrian athlete. Method: A survey was developed with input from each author and implemented in Mach forms. It was sent to 43 equestrian …

Loss Of Displaced Starburst Amacrine Cells In A Rat Glaucoma Model, C A. Cooley-Themm, Q Ameel, David M. Linn, Cindy L. Linn

Peer Reviewed Articles

Acetylcholine (ACh) release by starburst amacrine cells (SACs) has been implicated in the production of retinal waves during early retinal development. Inhibitory gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) release by SACs is known to be involved in directional selectivity in the mature retina. However, the role of SAC release of ACh in the adult developed mammalian retina is not entirely understood. Some evidence suggests a neuroprotective effect on retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) acting through alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) present in RGCs. If ACh released by SACs is neuroprotective to RGCs, it would follow that this cholinergic transmission might be compromised in glaucoma …

Fate Of Neural Progenitor Cells Transplanted Into Jaundiced And Nonjaundiced Rat Brains., Fu-Chen Yang, Sean M. Riordan, Michelle Winter, Li Gan, Peter G. Smith, Jay L. Vivian, Steven Shapiro, John A. Stanford

Manuscripts, Articles, Book Chapters and Other Papers

High levels of bilirubin in infants can cause kernicterus, which includes basal ganglia damage and dystonia. Stem cell transplantation may be an effective treatment for this disease. In this study, we transplanted human neural progenitor cells differentiated toward propriospinal interneurons into the striatum of 20-day-old spontaneously jaundiced (jj) Gunn rats and nonjaundiced (Nj) littermates. Using immunohistochemical methods, we found that grafted cells survived and grew fibers in jj and Nj brains 3 weeks after transplantation. Grafted cells had a higher survival rate in jj than in Nj brains, suggesting that slightly elevated bilirubin may protect graft survival due to its …

Granulosa Cell Endothelin-2 Expression Is Fundamental For Ovulatory Follicle Rupture, Joseph A. Cacioppo, Po-Ching Patrick Lin, Patrick R. Hannon, Daniel R. Mcdougle, Arnon Gal, Chemyong Ko

Obstetrics and Gynecology Faculty Publications

Ovulation is dependent upon numerous factors mediating follicular growth, vascularization, and ultimately oocyte release via follicle rupture. Endothelin-2 (EDN2) is a potent vasoconstrictor that is transiently produced prior to follicle rupture by granulosa cells of periovulatory follicles and induces ovarian contraction. To determine the role of Edn2 expression, surgical transplant and novel conditional knockout mice were super-ovulated and analyzed. Conditional knockout mice utilized a new iCre driven by the Esr2 promoter to selectively remove Edn2. Follicle rupture and fertility were significantly impaired in the absence of ovarian Edn2 expression. When ovaries of Edn2KO mice were transplanted in wild type …

Pharmacology, Pharmacokinetics, And Metabolism Of The Dna-Decoy Ayx1 For The Prevention Of Acute And Chronic Post-Surgical Pain, Julien Mamet, Scott Harris, Michael Klukinov, David C. Yeomans, Renee R. Donahue, Bradley K. Taylor, Kelly Eddinger, Tony Yaksh, Donald C. Manning

Physiology Faculty Publications

Background: AYX1 is an unmodified DNA-decoy designed to reduce acute post-surgical pain and its chronification with a single intrathecal dose at the time of surgery. AYX1 inhibits the transcription factor early growth response protein 1, which is transiently induced at the time of injury and triggers gene regulation in the dorsal root ganglia and spinal cord that leads to long-term sensitization and pain. This work characterizes the AYX1 dose-response profile in rats and the link to AYX1 pharmacokinetics and metabolism in the cerebrospinal fluid, dorsal root ganglia, and spinal cord.

Results: The effects of ascending dose-levels of AYX1 on mechanical …

Latanoprost And Timolol In Hydrogel Soft Drug-Dispensing Contact Lenses: A Comparative Analysis, Neha Potdar

Virginias Collegiate Honors Council Conference

Glaucoma patients only can instill glaucoma eye drops. This results in 1-7% absorption of the medication. Surveys show that patients forget to take their medication and have difficulty inserting their eye drops. Researchers at the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary have developed latanoprost drug-dispensing hydrogel soft contact lenses that dispense the drug to help facilitate the process. However, some glaucoma patients do not respond to latanoprost because they have uveitic glaucoma or do not want to experience latanoprost’s ocular side effects. Patients need an alternative which can be inserted into these contact lenses. Another commonly used glaucoma drug is timolol …