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Decreasing Food Waste In Home Kitchens By Increasing Food Literacy, Thao Rich
Decreasing Food Waste In Home Kitchens By Increasing Food Literacy, Thao Rich
Student Publications
In a world that produces enough food for all of its occupants, a staggering amount of it bypasses empty stomachs and goes into landfills every day. There it sits in a plastic bag, which delays decomposition and increases the harmful greenhouse gas emissions. There are numerous reasons for the inequitable distribution of food ranging from politics to logistics, but the fact is that each person can make a dent in reducing their carbon footprint by simply reducing the amount of food they place in the trash each week. Food waste reduction is a small goal that requires no additional spending, …
Severe Aggression Among Zoo-Housed Coconut (Trichoglossus Haematodus) And Rainbow (Trichoglossus Moluccanus) Lorikeets: Wellbeing Considerations For Free-Flight Aviaries, Emily Simkins
UNF Graduate Theses and Dissertations
As conservation and education institutions, modern zoos balance the needs of animals with the interests of visitors through several strategies which can increase animal wellbeing and improve visitor experience. Environmental enrichment is frequently employed to increase the suitability of anthropogenic environments for zoo-housed animals, such as through walkthrough habitats and free-flight aviaries. While habitats such as these are important for visitor experience and can be enriching to animals, there are also wellbeing considerations for these spaces. Walkthrough habitats can be a potential source of fear and stress for animals, as shown by increased frequencies of vigilance, undesirable behavior, and aggression. …
Parental Sources Of Nutrition Information And Their Knowledge, Attitudes, And Behaviors: Impact On Children's Dietary Intake In Ages 2-5 – A Cross-Sectional Study, Mara O. Fiorio
UNF Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Objectives: Nutrition in early childhood is critical to long-term health outcomes and parents play a key role in shaping children’s eating habits. This study examined where U.S. parents of children aged 2–5 obtain nutrition information, source credibility, and how parental nutrition knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors (KAB) relate to children’s dietary intake.
Methods: A cross-sectional online survey was completed by 126 parents, recruited via social media and community networks using convenience sampling. The survey assessed parental sources of nutrition information, perceived trustworthiness, nutrition knowledge, feeding attitudes and behaviors, and child dietary intake. Descriptive statistics summarized demographic characteristics and source utilization. Chi-square …
Factors Influencing Adherence To Surveillance Guidelines In Individuals With Tuberous Sclerosis Complex, Kashish Khanna
Factors Influencing Adherence To Surveillance Guidelines In Individuals With Tuberous Sclerosis Complex, Kashish Khanna
Theses and Dissertations
Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC) is a genetic condition that is caused by pathogenic changes in either the TSC1 or TSC2 gene and is characterized by multiple benign tumors, otherwise known as hamartomas, in various organs such as the brain, skin, lungs, and kidneys. Because of the many different clinical manifestations of TSC, extensive surveillance guidelines are recommended for individuals with TSC. Past studies have shown that there has been a gap in knowledge of these surveillance guidelines. These studies also suggest projects that measure adherence to surveillance guidelines and address specific challenges hindering surveillance guideline adherence. This study aims to …
The Relationship Between Cardiac Patient Beliefs And Experiences With Insurability And Their Decisions On Whether Or Not To Pursue Genetic Testing, Julia Schoeni
Theses and Dissertations
Since the enactment of the Genetic Information Non-Discrimination Act (GINA) in 2008, genetics providers have been incorporating conversations about GINA in pre-test counseling. There is currently limited evidence of the effects of personal or family histories of cardiomyopathy or aortopathy and associated genetic testing on patients seeking insurance policies not protected by GINA, including life, long term care, and disability insurance. This study aimed to determine whether individuals with a personal or family history of cardiomyopathy or aortopathy are having conversations about future insurability with their healthcare providers and how they perceive their ability to get these insurances when deciding …
Utilizing Evisits To Increase Access To Genetic Services For The Hearing Loss Population: A Tailored Service Delivery Model, Ansley Roberts
Utilizing Evisits To Increase Access To Genetic Services For The Hearing Loss Population: A Tailored Service Delivery Model, Ansley Roberts
Theses and Dissertations
Purpose: Patients referred for genetics services have specific barriers decreasing accessibility, such as communication difficulties, long wait times, and misconceptions about the utility of genetic testing. We assessed a new tailored service delivery model used by the Greenwood Genetic Center to evaluate patients referred for hearing loss to determine if this model increases access to genetics services for individuals with hearing loss. Methods: Data points such as wait times, testing plan, and diagnostic yield were compiled from patient medical records. Comparison and analysis of data was completed by visit type, in-person, virtual, and electronic visits (eVisits), between October 2023 – …
Involvement Of Integrated Stress Response In Primary And Secondary Dystonia, Tricia Aleena Dulice Simon
Involvement Of Integrated Stress Response In Primary And Secondary Dystonia, Tricia Aleena Dulice Simon
Theses and Dissertations
ABSTRACT Dystonia is the third most common movement disorder in the United States of America , the first two being essential tremor and Parkinson’s disease. Gaining mechanistic knowledge about pathobiology of dystonia is essential for development of effective therapies. As the only therapies currently available are invasive procedures such as deep brain stimulation (DBS) or frequent botulinum toxin injections, it is critical to understand the underlying molecular mechanisms leading to dystonia. A maladaptive integrated stress response (ISR) involving dysregulation of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor (eIF2) mediated signaling is observed in DYT-PRKRA patient cells. Mutations in PRKRA gene, which …
Griffin's Slow Burn Revolution In Philosophy And Comparative Cognition, Kristin Andrews
Griffin's Slow Burn Revolution In Philosophy And Comparative Cognition, Kristin Andrews
Animal Sentience
Ristau presents Griffin as launching a scientific revolution supported by philosophical insights. This commentary focuses on two points: Griffin as a scientific revolutionary, although the cognitive ethology revolution is not yet complete; and on the immense influence Griffin had, and continues to have, on philosophy.
The Use Of Primal Reflex Release Technique To Address Pain And Stress: An Exploratory Case Series, Nathan R. Reep, Sydney N. Leverett, Rebecca M. Heywood, Zachary Johnson, Alan Nasypany, James May, Scott W. Cheatham
The Use Of Primal Reflex Release Technique To Address Pain And Stress: An Exploratory Case Series, Nathan R. Reep, Sydney N. Leverett, Rebecca M. Heywood, Zachary Johnson, Alan Nasypany, James May, Scott W. Cheatham
Clinical Practice in Athletic Training
The majority of the world population is experiencing more stress after the COVID-19 pandemic. Working in an outpatient healthcare setting it can be expected that patients will present with stress in combination with other perceptions of pain related to injury. Stress alone may be the cause of pain perception especially in patients who present with no specific mechanism of injury. There is a need for a quick full-body approach to assessment and treatment while considering the stress response to injury. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the immediate effects of Primal Reflex Release Technique (PRRT) Primals on …
Exploratory Clinical Assessment And Treatment Of Autonomic Nervous System Dysregulation Post Concussion: A Case Study, Megan Coker, James May
Exploratory Clinical Assessment And Treatment Of Autonomic Nervous System Dysregulation Post Concussion: A Case Study, Megan Coker, James May
Clinical Practice in Athletic Training
The physiological alterations in autonomic nervous system (ANS) function due to concussion are suggested to play a role in persistent post-concussion symptoms (PPCS). Currently, there are few objective and clinically feasible measurements to assess ANS vitality in patients experiencing PPCS. The following case study details an assessment and treatment protocol targeted towards regulating the ANS in an adolescent female suffering from PPCS one month after injury. Pre-intervention, patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) used to assess perceived pain, anxiety, stress, and breathing function were administered as well as a physical assessment performed for breath function and vagus nerve integrity. The patient was …
Comparing Mental Health Between Ncaa Division Iii Student-Athletes Competing In Team- And Individual-Sports, Autumn Presley, Tiffany Franklin, Jeffrey Williams
Comparing Mental Health Between Ncaa Division Iii Student-Athletes Competing In Team- And Individual-Sports, Autumn Presley, Tiffany Franklin, Jeffrey Williams
Clinical Practice in Athletic Training
Mental health is a topic that has gained attention in recent years, but few studies have examined NCAA Division III student-athletes. Division III student-athletes are known to experience high levels of distress, and previous literature indicates there may be a significant psychological difference between student-athletes who compete in individual-sports compared to those who participate in team-sports. The purpose of this study was to explore mental health challenges (levels of depression, stress, and anxiety symptoms) among Division III student-athletes, particularly between those participating in team- and individual-sports. A cross-sectional survey design was used. The independent variable was group (team-sport athletes and …
Students’ Concept Maps Profile On Environmental Pollution Material During The Covid-19 Pandemic, Sunarni Sunarni, Sri Widoretno, Puguh Karyanto, Bowo Sugiharto, Sri Dwiastuti, Chandra Adi Prabowo
Students’ Concept Maps Profile On Environmental Pollution Material During The Covid-19 Pandemic, Sunarni Sunarni, Sri Widoretno, Puguh Karyanto, Bowo Sugiharto, Sri Dwiastuti, Chandra Adi Prabowo
Jurnal Pendidikan Sains
The study investigates the performance of students in constructing Concept Maps (CM) related to environmental pollution material during the COVID-19 pandemic. The data reveals that the overall achievement in CM construction was suboptimal, with no component reaching more than half of its maximum potential. The highest achievement was recorded in the valid relationship component, which attained 9.75% of its maximum possible score. This was followed by the hierarchy component, achieving 7.34%, and the branching component at 3.42%. The pattern component ranked fourth with 1.31%, closely followed by the example component at 1.30%. The lowest performance was observed in the crosslink …
Analysis Of Students’ Problem-Solving Skills In Newton’S Law With 5e Learning Cycle, Nidya Desyana, Sutopo Sutopo, Nandang Mufti
Analysis Of Students’ Problem-Solving Skills In Newton’S Law With 5e Learning Cycle, Nidya Desyana, Sutopo Sutopo, Nandang Mufti
Jurnal Pendidikan Sains
The aim of this study is to identify students’ problem-solving skills in Newton’s laws through the implementation of the 5E learning cycle in the classroom. A pre-experimental design with a one-group pretest-posttest approach was employed. Data on problem-solving skills were collected from students’ pre-test and post-test responses to two essay questions. The indicator with the highest percentage of problem-solving skills was useful description (83% of students), while the indicator with the lowest percentage was specific application of physics (33% of students). Due to the non-normal distribution of the data, the Wilcoxon test was utilized. The results indicated a significant difference …
Development Of Conceptual Scaffolding-Assisted Formative Assessment For Enhancing Understanding Of Temperature And Heat, Ana Lailatul Fitriyah, Sentot Kusairi, Markus Diantoro
Development Of Conceptual Scaffolding-Assisted Formative Assessment For Enhancing Understanding Of Temperature And Heat, Ana Lailatul Fitriyah, Sentot Kusairi, Markus Diantoro
Jurnal Pendidikan Sains
This research aims to develop formative assessment media assisted by conceptual scaffolding to improve students’ understanding of temperature and heat, test its validity and practicality, and gauge student responses. Utilizing the ADDIE model, the research follows five stages: Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation. In the Analysis stage, a literature review was conducted to identify critical components, including formative assessment, conceptual scaffolding, concept mastery, and previous research. The Design stage involved identifying users, defining competencies and indicators, creating a storyboard, integrating assessment components, and determining mastery levels. During the Development stage, the assessment media were developed into a functional product. …
A Descriptive Examination Of Perceived Stress And Coping Among Athletic Trainers Employed In The National Collegiate Athletic Association, Stephanie M. Singe, Elisabeth M. Mckenna, Alexandrya Cairns, Christianne Eason
A Descriptive Examination Of Perceived Stress And Coping Among Athletic Trainers Employed In The National Collegiate Athletic Association, Stephanie M. Singe, Elisabeth M. Mckenna, Alexandrya Cairns, Christianne Eason
Clinical Practice in Athletic Training
Time and work demands are high for the collegiatea athletic trainer, which can increase work stress and burnout may result. High perceived levels of stress and burnout can impact an athletic trainer’s mental health and wellness. Data were collected via an online descriptive, cross-sectional survey (Qualtrics) examining the perceived stress and coping strategies used among athletic trainers employed in the collegiate setting. Respondents completed the pereceived stress scale (ɑ=.90), and a series of close-ended questions related to their self-reported strategy of coping. Data was collected during September of 2022. We had 987 (men 371, women 607, did not disclose 9) …
Design Of Motivational-Realistic-Pancasila Learning In Mathematics, Marup Marup, Suradi Tahmir, Ahmad Talib, Nurzatulshima Kamaruddin
Design Of Motivational-Realistic-Pancasila Learning In Mathematics, Marup Marup, Suradi Tahmir, Ahmad Talib, Nurzatulshima Kamaruddin
Jurnal Pendidikan Sains
Learning mathematics in class greatly influences students' learning success both in terms of knowledge and attitudes. In carrying out learning, a learning design is needed that can foster student motivation so that they provide learning outcomes to the learning objectives. Motivational-Realistic-Pancasila learning design is considered to be an alternative solution. Morela is a design that combines motivational, realistic indicators and Pancasila values. The teaching of mathematics in the classroom significantly influences students' academic success, both in terms of knowledge and attitude. To effectively carry out the teaching process, a well-designed instructional approach is necessary to foster students' motivation to achieve …
Psychological Effects Of Number Of Knee Surgeries In Female Collegiate Soccer Athletes, Jun Yamada, Eric G. Post
Psychological Effects Of Number Of Knee Surgeries In Female Collegiate Soccer Athletes, Jun Yamada, Eric G. Post
Clinical Practice in Athletic Training
Psychological readiness is an important factor for returning to sport successfully following anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. To date, no studies have determined the effect of the number of knee surgery to psychological readiness. The primary purpose of this investigation was to determine whether the number of knee surgeries impacts psychological readiness. The secondary purpose was to examine the relationship between the number of surgeries and knee function. Data was collected from participants on the women’s soccer teams at a local division Ⅰ, Ⅲ, and NAIA college. Inclusion criteria were 1) currently fully participating in activities without any limitations, and …
Supporting Mental Wellness In Transgender Athletes, Abaigeal C. Fields, Zachary K. Winkelmann
Supporting Mental Wellness In Transgender Athletes, Abaigeal C. Fields, Zachary K. Winkelmann
Clinical Practice in Athletic Training
N/a
The Impact Of Smoking Degree On One Year Survival Of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (Nsclc) At Persahabatan Hospital, Arief Wicaksono, Asri C. Adisasmita, Andika Chandra Putra
The Impact Of Smoking Degree On One Year Survival Of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (Nsclc) At Persahabatan Hospital, Arief Wicaksono, Asri C. Adisasmita, Andika Chandra Putra
Jurnal Epidemiologi Kesehatan Indonesia
Lung cancer is a major global mortality problem with the worst prognosis compared to other types of cancer. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common type of lung cancer and smoking is one of the main factors causing lung cancer. This study aims to determine the one-year survival of NSCLC patients with smoking levels and to determine what factors affect survival. This study is an observational study with a retrospective method, looking at medical record data of NSCLC patients both inpatients and outpatients at Persahabatan Hospital between January 2023 and December 2023 and then followed up until September …
Tourism Carrying Capacity At Petungkriyono Forest And Its Supporting Areas, Nurwidya Ambarwati
Tourism Carrying Capacity At Petungkriyono Forest And Its Supporting Areas, Nurwidya Ambarwati
Journal of Environmental Science and Sustainable Development
Supported by a variety of diversity and landscapes, the development of tourism in the Petungkriyono area is growing rapidly. Optimizing ecotourism services in the Petungkriyono forest without disrupting the ecosystem and damaging the environment can be done by limiting the number of visitors at tourism sites. This study aims to find out information about the tourism capacity of some tourist attractions in the local forest. This study uses the Cifuentes model to predict the maximum number of visitor capacities that can be accommodated in a tourist attraction called Physical Carrying Capacity (PCC), Real Carrying Capacity (RCC), and Effective Carrying Capacity …
Forecasting Air Pollution Driven By Vehicle Growth, Public Transport, Industry, And Household Waste, Chandra Harjono, Ludy Gianto, Rachmattullah Sidik, Dyah Lestari Widaningrum
Forecasting Air Pollution Driven By Vehicle Growth, Public Transport, Industry, And Household Waste, Chandra Harjono, Ludy Gianto, Rachmattullah Sidik, Dyah Lestari Widaningrum
Journal of Environmental Science and Sustainable Development
Jakarta, Indonesia's bustling capital, is grappling with escalating air pollution levels attributed to a confluence of socio-economic and infrastructural factors. This study employs Vensim modelling to project PM2.5 pollution trends through 2040, analysing the dynamic interplay among major contributors: increased vehicular emissions, industrial activities, public transportation deficiencies, and waste management inefficiencies. Materials and Methods: The method that will be used in this air pollution analysis is to integrate empirical data spanning three years to construct a predictive model underpinned by a robust causal loop diagram that elucidates the relationships between system variables and air quality. The results of this paper …
Sustainable Practices And Green Marketing In Healthcare Sector: Visual Trends And Future Insight, Muhammad Alfarizi, Lissa Rosdiana Noer
Sustainable Practices And Green Marketing In Healthcare Sector: Visual Trends And Future Insight, Muhammad Alfarizi, Lissa Rosdiana Noer
Journal of Environmental Science and Sustainable Development
The healthcare sector faces critical challenges, including climate change, rising healthcare demands, and resource inefficiencies, making sustainability a priority. This study investigates the integration of sustainable practices and green marketing within the healthcare sector using a bibliometric analysis of 194 journal articles published from 2015 to 2024. Key research questions explore evolving trends, thematic areas, and gaps in the literature to address sustainability issues. The study employs a rigorous five-phase bibliometric methodology, utilizing Scopus database data and tools like Bibliometrix and VOSViewer to identify key themes and relationships. The research demonstrates an annual growth rate of 56.24%, reflecting the rising …
Hubungan Gangguan Mental Emosional Dan Obesitas Sentral: Literature Review, Dwi Rahmawati, Ratna Djuwita
Hubungan Gangguan Mental Emosional Dan Obesitas Sentral: Literature Review, Dwi Rahmawati, Ratna Djuwita
Jurnal Epidemiologi Kesehatan Indonesia
The prevalence of central obesity, both globally and in Indonesia, continues to increase. Mental and emotional disorders are one of the contributing factors to central obesity. In previous studies, it was known that the relationship between emotional mental disorders and obesity can occur in bidirections, where emotional mental disorders can cause central obesity or vice versa. This literature review aims to find out more about the relationship between emotional mental disorders and central obesity from various countries. The searching for articles used 4 databases (Scopus, Science Direct, Proquest, and Pubmed) with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis …
Impact Of Urban Development On Uv Exposure: A Clustering And Machine Learning Assessment, Taufik Roni Sahroni Mr., Verdi Yasin, Lulut Alfaris, Reza Ariefka, Ruben Cornelius Siagian, Mohammad Alfin Karim, Nana Rahdiana, Ade Suhara
Impact Of Urban Development On Uv Exposure: A Clustering And Machine Learning Assessment, Taufik Roni Sahroni Mr., Verdi Yasin, Lulut Alfaris, Reza Ariefka, Ruben Cornelius Siagian, Mohammad Alfin Karim, Nana Rahdiana, Ade Suhara
Journal of Environmental Science and Sustainable Development
The relocation of Indonesia's capital city is anticipated to promote inclusive economic growth while embracing cultural diversity. However, this transition may affect ultraviolet (UV) radiation exposure patterns. The study investigated variations in UV exposure in the IKN region, focusing on urban development factors such as land use and population density that affect public health, sun protection, and skin cancer prevention. The research hypothesized that UV radiation is significantly correlated with these factors. UV Index data from 2010-2023, a hierarchical clustering method, identifies complex data patterns without determining the number of clusters. XGBoost, a machine learning model, was used for handling …
What Is It Like To Be A Diplomat? Reflections On Donald Griffin And Emotion, Oliver H. Turnbull
What Is It Like To Be A Diplomat? Reflections On Donald Griffin And Emotion, Oliver H. Turnbull
Animal Sentience
This commentary addresses three aspects of Donald Griffin’s work: (1) his thoughts beyond cognition, on emotion; (2) his views on the earliest origins of mind, including primitive forms of consciousness; and (3) his diplomatic use of memorable phrases to facilitate change.
Promotion Of Overall Health During The Adolescent Period For Adolescent Girls Through Teaching Program – A Quasi-Experimental Study, Anusuya V. Prabhu Mrs., Sangeetha Priyadarshini, Mamatha Shivananda Pai Dr., Yashoda Sathish Dr.
Promotion Of Overall Health During The Adolescent Period For Adolescent Girls Through Teaching Program – A Quasi-Experimental Study, Anusuya V. Prabhu Mrs., Sangeetha Priyadarshini, Mamatha Shivananda Pai Dr., Yashoda Sathish Dr.
Manipal Journal of Nursing and Health Sciences
Background
Adolescence, characterized by physical, psychological, and behavioral transformations, often elicits varied responses from girls. Adequate data can aid them in navigating these changes effectively. The study aimed to assess adolescent girls' understanding of puberty, psychological transitions, reproductive health, and the importance of a balanced diet during this developmental stage.
Method:
In this quasi-experimental investigation, purposive sampling was utilized to gather data. The study comprised 184 teenage girls aged between 10 and 19, with 92 participants assigned to both the intervention and control groups. Data were collected using a pre-designed questionnaire consisting of thirty-one questions aimed at assessing knowledge of …
Can Animal Consciousness Be Resolved Scientifically?, Yoram Gutfreund
Can Animal Consciousness Be Resolved Scientifically?, Yoram Gutfreund
Animal Sentience
Carolyn Ristau's biography of Donald Griffin is a comprehensive work that sheds light on a seminal chapter in the history of ethology—the ambitious attempt to establish a research field dedicated to animal consciousness. Although Donald Griffin's endeavor ultimately fell short of its revolutionary goals, it catalyzed significant progress in understanding evolution and mechanisms of animal cognition.
Beyond Human Perception: The Remarkable Science Of Donald R. Griffin, Gareth Jones
Beyond Human Perception: The Remarkable Science Of Donald R. Griffin, Gareth Jones
Animal Sentience
Carolyn Ristau shows how Donald Griffin’s revolutionary science sometimes progressed from ridicule, to opposition, to being self-evident. Griffin’s work involved phenomena beyond human perception, making it sometimes difficult for others to fathom. His work on ultrasonic echolocation, navigation and animal cognition has shifted established paradigms. His ‘zoomorphic’ approach provides a realistic framework for understanding how other animals perceive the world.
Increasing Youth Engagement In Community Heritage And Social Justice Through Implementation Of A Youth Participatory Empowerment Model, Jancarlos Wagner-Romero, Mary Gillis, Lindsay Clemens, Amanda J. Dworak Rowland, Curlinda Mitchell-Blacksheep, Melanie Canaday-Talley
Increasing Youth Engagement In Community Heritage And Social Justice Through Implementation Of A Youth Participatory Empowerment Model, Jancarlos Wagner-Romero, Mary Gillis, Lindsay Clemens, Amanda J. Dworak Rowland, Curlinda Mitchell-Blacksheep, Melanie Canaday-Talley
Journal of Multicultural Affairs
Youth in traditionally marginalized communities are often the target of policies and practices without the opportunity to provide input. This article highlights effective strategies to empower youth to become active participants in their communities. Using a Youth Participatory Empowerment Model (YPEM), youth participants from six demographically distinct communities engaged in YPEM-supported activities and strategies to identify and address a need within their community. To gain insight into successful strategies, qualitative data from pre and post implementation focus group interviews and observational field notes informed the conclusions. The participant youth represent tribal, undocumented, rural, suburban, and urban youth from underserved populations. …
Bone-Ivd Crosstalk And The Role Of Rage Signaling In An Ivd Injury Model, Remy Walk
Bone-Ivd Crosstalk And The Role Of Rage Signaling In An Ivd Injury Model, Remy Walk
McKelvey School of Engineering Graduate Student Theses & Dissertations
Low back pain (LBP) is the number one musculoskeletal cause of disability with a lifetime prevalence of up to 85%. The causes of LBP are multifactorial with potential contributions from factors such as tissue injury and degeneration as well as social economic and psychological factors. Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is associated with 26-40% of LBP cases and in a 2015 meta-analysis, it was estimated that a total 403 million people suffer from symptomatic IVD degeneration. IVD degeneration is characterized by loss of hydration in the nucleus pulposus (NP), damage accumulation in the annulus fibrosus (AF) and calcification of the cartilaginous …