Digital Commons Network^™

Cell Volume Regulation Studies With The Electron Microprobe, Mary Jo Ingram, F. Duane Ingram

Scanning Electron Microscopy

Lumbricals from the hind feet of young rats are dissected free, stretched to approximately 125% of resting length, and mounted on individual, simple plastic forms. After recovery in physiological saline, the isolated muscles are incubated for periods of 40 to 60 min. in one of a series of hypertonic bathing solutions. The composition of each bathing solution is identical, except for osmolality which is increased with lactose. At least one muscle from each animal is incubated in a control solution to serve as a control muscle for that particular set of 5 to 8 muscles. Mounted muscles are removed from …

Application Of Electron Spin Resonance Techniques To Model Starch Systems, L. E. Pearce, E. A. Davis, J. Gordon, W. G. Miller

Food Structure

Starch model systems were examined by electron spin resonance (ESR) techniques with either 16-DOXYL-stearic acid or TEMPO spin probes in water or hexane. Room temperature starchwater- 16-DOXYL-stearic acid spectra showed strong adsorption occurred between the starch and probe. Starch-water-TEMPO spectra at room temperature did not show strong adsorption between starch and probe, but did show some slowed motion of the probe as a result of different local environments experienced by the probe within the starch granule. Starch-water-probe spectra from systems heated from 45-95° C showed no major differences from unheated samples. Also, no major spectral differences existed for each starch …

Small Angle X-Ray Scattering Of Hydrated Wheat Starch Granules, M. Yang, J. Grider, J. Gordon, E. A. Davis

Food Structure

Wheat starch:water (1:2) dispersions were studied by small angle x-ray scatter diffractometry (SAXS), and by light, polarizing microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). X-ray scatter data were collected in the 64-661 A range. Radii of gyration (Rg) of spherically shaped regions and d-spacings were calculated for samples that were treated as follows: 25° C and run at 25° C; heated to 88° C and run at 82° C; heated to 88° C, stored at 25° C for 2 h or 3 days and run at 25° C; heated to 88° C, stored at 2° C for 3 days and run …

The Microstructure Of Wheat: Its Development And Conversion Into Bread, D, B. Bechtel

Food Structure

Wheat endosperm development has been studied in numerous laboratories. The genera 1 i zed scheme of protein body formation assembled from these data indicates that storage proteins are initially formed in the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER). The storage proteins in RER may be processed via the Golgi apparatus into vesicles that enlarge by several mechanisms into membrane-bounded protein bodies. The prote in bodies are transported through the cytoplasm to the vacuole where they fuse with the tonoplast and deposit the protein granules into the vacuoles. The protein granules fuse with one another, lose water, and eventually become transformed into the …

Microstructural Changes In Maturing Seeds Of The Common Bean (Phaseolus Vulgaris L.), Joe S. Hughes, Barry G. Swanson

Food Structure

Seeds of Phaseolus vulgaris L. beans were collected at weekly intervals throughout maturation and examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). No major structural changes were observed on the surface of the seed coat during the seven week study period. A cross-sectional examination of the seed coat revealed a substantial increase in thickness of the parenchyma cell layer in young seeds followed by a dramatic decrease in thickness as the seed approached maturity. In the cotyledons, the diameter of the storage cells and starch granules increased over time, with distinct protein bodies becoming visible only in the later stages of maturity. …

Rheological And Scanning Electron Microscopic Examination Of Skim Milk Gels Obtained By Fermenting With Ropy And Non-Ropy Strains Of Lactic Acid Bacteria, S. M. Schellhaass, H. A. Morris

Food Structure

Physical and rheological parameters of skim milk gels fermented with slime producing (ropy) cultures and non-ropy cultures were compared. The skim milk gels were made from steamed reconstituted nonfat dry milk inoculated with 2% of a single strain starter culture and incubated at 32, 37, and 45°C until pH 4. 5 + 0.05 was attained.

Skim milk gels fermented by slime-producing strains of Streptococcus thermophilus, Streptococcus cremoris, and Lactobacillus bulgaricus exhibited similar rheological and physical characteristics. Electron micrographs of the ropy skim milk cultures showed that slime produced by the organisms was associated with the cell surface as well as …

Observations On The Air-Serum Interface Of Milk Foams, B. E. Brooker

Food Structure

A new rapid method for the preparation of milk foams for transmission electron microscopy is described . The air-serum interface of foams made from skimmed milk consists of a uniform electron dense layer (5 nm thick) to which casein micelles become secondarily attached . Changes in bubble volume lead to the formation of folds of excess interfacial material which project into the aqueous phase. Using collapsed bubble ghosts to study the attachment of micelles to the airserum interface it was concluded that neither disulphide bridge formation nor hydrophobic interactions were of major importance. Similar preparations of interfacial material but without …

Microstructure Of Spray-Dried And Freeze-Dried Microalgal Powders, L. P. Lin

Food Structure

Chiarella and Spirulina algae were spray-dried and freezedried under several different conditions, and the morphological changes induced were studied by scanning electron microscopy. The internal structure of the particles (granules) was revealed by cryofracturing. The cellular composition of the two algae, method of drying, cell concentration, feed conditions, temperature, and drying times all affected the external morphology of the resulting powders. In the case of spray-drying, at a temperature of 160 °C for 6 sec, the particles shrunk or collapsed; if the drying time was over 10 sec at 160 °C, similar results were observed. The cell concentration affected the …

Effects Of Emulsifying Agents On The Microstructure And Other Characteristics Of Process Cheese - A Review, Marijana Caric, Miroslav Gantar, Miloslav Kalab

Food Structure

Sodium phosphates , polyphosphates, and citrates are melting salts (emulsifying agents) most commonly used in the manufacture of process cheese either alone or in mixtures . Their role during processing is to sequester calcium in the natural cheese, to solubilize protein and increase its hydration and swelling, to facilitate emul sification of fat , and to adjust and stabilize pH.

Changes taking place in natural cheese during processing can be studied by microscopy. Micrographs demonstrating the emulsification of fat , presence of salt crystals, and partial solubilization of protein in labo ratory- made and commercial process cheeses have been used …

Properties Of Calcium Caseinates With Disparate Performance In Imitation Cheese, K. Fleming, R. Jenness, H. A. Morris, R. Schmidt

Food Structure

Two commercial lots of calcium caseinate preparations differing in performance imitation cheese were analyzed for various characteristics. A imitation process cheese manufacturing classified the caseinates as good or poor based on appearances of the finished cheese, emulsification of fat, oiling-off during sheeting and melting properties. The sample which exhibited good functional properties in imitation cheese, had slightly higher calcium (16.4 mg/g protein), non-casein protein (2.87%) and y-casein contents, a higher formal titre (8.95 mg free amino N/g protein), lower water absorption (138 mg/100 g protein), and lower stability to added calcium (8.0 min) than did the other sample (14.6 mg/g, …

Seed Structure And Composition Of Potential New Crops, D. W. Irving, R. Beckler

Food Structure

Prosopis , Ol neya , and Amaranthus have potenti a l economic value as food or feed crops fo r a rid /semi- arid r egions. Ma ture seeds of these genera we r e examined using scanning e l ec tron and fluoresce nce microscopy to define a natomy and localize s t or age s truc tures in cells . Pro t ein bodies, some co nt a ini ng phytin inc lu sions , were l oca li zed in the embryos of five Prosopi s s peci es . Prosopis chilensis wa s the only one …

Weather And Climate Impacts On Beef Cattle, G. Leroy Hahn

Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center: Reports

The pervasive nature of weather and climate and the difficulties in adequately predicting their impact on beef cattle often lead to inadequate management strategies and tactics, resulting in a situation of coping as the need arises. This can lead to "management by crises" rather than rational decisions. The objective of this report is to summarize some of the known responses of cattle to their thermal environment and to address ways by which adverse impacts can be reduced. The discussion is based on results from U.S. Meat Animal Research Center and other research stations.

General observations: Domestic cattle fall into …

Protein Supplementation Of Ammoniated Roughages. Ii. Wheat Straw Supplemented With Alfalfa, Blood Meal Or Soybean Meal Fed To Wintering Steers, M. L. Nelson, Ivan G. Rush, T. J. Klopfenstein

Panhandle Research and Extension Center

Two winter steer growth trials were conducted to investigate responses of steer calves to ammoniation of wheat straw, level of alfalfa haylage (50 or 66.7% of diet) and source of supplemental protein, soybean meal (SBM), blood meal (BM), or a blood meal-urea mixture (BM-U). In trial 1, the main effect of arnmoniation significantly increased average daily gain (ADG) from .15 to .24 kg/d, dry matter intake (DMI) from 4.86 to 5.29 kg/d and gain/feed from .029 to .044. The higher level of alfalfa haylage significantly increased DMI from 4.78 to 5.36 kg/d. Gain during a subsequent grazing period was unaffected …

Phosphorus Nutrition Of High Rainfall Pastures, Sulphur Nutrition Of Pastures And Sulphur - Low Rainfall., J S. Yeates, D. M. Deeley, M. F. Clarke, R. A. Deyl, G. T.B. Cockerton

Experimental Summaries - Plant Research

Phosphorus nutrition of high rainfall pastures - Peel Harvey Estuarine System Study and related phosphorus work. (1) Sources, rates, time of application of phosphorous on high rainfall pastures. 81AL5, 81AL6, 82AL10, 82HA32, 83HA26, 83HA27. (2) P sources and rates on sandy soils of the high rainfall areas. 84AL33, 84AL34, 84HA18, 84HA25. (3) Maintenance rate of P on pastures on sandy soils. 84AL32, 84HA17, 84HA24, 84 HA28. Sulphur nutrition of pastures A. Sulphur - high rainfall (2684 EX/4054EX) (1) Sources, rates, time of application of sulphur to pastures. 80AL4, 80AL4B (2) S sources and rates on pastures on sandy soils of …

G85-761 Feed Additives For Beef Cattle, Rick Stock, Terry L. Mader

University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension: Historical Materials

This NebGuide discusses feed additives, including how they work, feeding restrictions and feeding recommendations.

One of the best methods to reduce feed costs is through the use of feed additives. Their primary effects are to improve feed efficiency and/or daily gain. Some feed additives have secondary benefits which include reducing the incidence of acidosis, coccidiosis, and grain bloat, while others suppress estrus, reduce liver abscesses, or control foot rot problems.

Feed additives can be divided into five general categories: 1) ionophores; 2) antibiotics; 3) estrus suppressants; 4) buffers; and 5) others. Each feed additive has its own characteristics and feeding …

Soil Science Research Report - 1985

Soil Science Research Reports

Wheat Experiments

Effect of Super Slurper and Phosphorus (P) on Corn and Wheat Yield ......................1

Selection of Time and Source of Nitrogen for Increased Efficiency of Applied Nitrogen ...................... 4

Effect of Method(s) of Applying P on Winter Wheat Grain Yield ...................... 8

Effect of Timing of Knifed in P on Winter Wheat Grain Yield ...................... 10

Winter Wheat Yield and Grain Quality as Influenced by Dynam (Lenaire product) ...................... 13

Corn Experiments

Effect of Spacing of Phosphorus Fertilizer Band on the Yield and Plant P Uptake of Corn ...................... 19

High Yield Corn-Soybean-Wheat Rotation Study ...................... 25

Fertilizer Management …

Effect Of Dietary Energy Intake During Lactation On Performance Of Primiparous Sows And Their Litters, J. L. Nelssen, A. J. Lewis, E. R. Peo, J. D. Crenshaw

Department of Animal Science: Faculty Publications

A total of 146 primiparous sows was used in four replications of an experiment to investigate the effect of energy intake during a 28-d lactation on sow and litter performance. Dietary treatments consisted of three energy intakes; 10, 12 or 14 Mcal of metabolizable energy (ME)·sow^{– 1} ·d^–1. All sows were fed equal amounts of crude protein, vitamins and minerals daily, which met or exceeded standard recommendations. The experiment was initiated at parturition. Sow weight and backfat loss during lactation decreased linearly (P

Coordinated Control Of Liver-Specific Genes In Cultured Cells From Mice And Rats, David Forrest Clayton

Student Theses and Dissertations

Assays of transcription rate and mRNA concentration were designed and employed to measure the production of a series of liver-specific and common mRNAs in fresh livers, primary hepatocyte cultures, and hepatoma cell lines, derived from mice or rats. The transcription rates of many different liver-specific but no common mRNAs were found to decline sharply within 24 hours when hepatocytes from the liver were explanted and placed into primary culture. Hepatoma cells known to display liver-specific characteristics also transcribed liver-specific genes at low levels similar to primary cultured hepatocytes. In contrast, slices of liver tissue exposed to the same culture conditions …

Introducing The Western Australian Department Of Agriculture, Department Of Agriculture, Western Australia

Farm Systems and Economics published reports

District offices and Research stations

Any big organisation, Government or private, needs an effective Directorate and 'back-up' staff to make full use of its potential. In the Department of Agriculture, the organisational structure has been up-dated to cope with the changing and increasing demands of the State's growing agricultural industries.

Cashmere From Australia, T J. Johnson

Journal of the Department of Agriculture, Western Australia, Series 4

Cashmere is the 'cream' of fibres in the garment industry, with processors paying up to $110 a kilogram for quality white cashmere. This highly sought after fibre is the soft superfine undercoat ofgoat hair produced by the secondary follicles of a certain type of goat. The undercoat normally grows during the cooler months of the year and moults in spring.

At least 30 per cent of the Australian feral goat population today could produce reasonable quantities of cashmere which, until now, was being shed and lost to the wild. Fibre processors and goat producers are working towards establishing a new …

Wind Dispersal In Californian Desert Plants: Experimental Studies And Conceptual Considerations, Jay C. Maddox, Sherwin Carlquist

Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Floristic Botany

Because of the important role wind is alleged to have in dispersal of fruits and seeds in desert plants, diaspores were collected for experimental study of 14 species from two Sonoran Desert localities of Imperial Co., California. Field observations on natural dispersal of these species also were made. Although all 14 species were not judged to be primarily adapted to anemochory, tests on air transport capability were made using a calibrated and modified seed-blowing machine. Diaspores were tested individually and results for 20 trials averaged for each experimental condition. In one series of tests, lofting ability was determined. In other …

The Nutritional Value Of Normal And High Lysine Corns For Weanling And Growing-Finishing Swine When Fed At Four Lysine Levels, G. L. Asche, A. J. Lewis, E. R. Peo, Jr., J. D. Crenshaw

Department of Animal Science: Faculty Publications

One-hundred-ninety-two weanling pigs from two separate trials, (initial weight 6.0 and 5.6 kg) and 400 growing-finishing pigs (initial weight 17 kg) were fed normal and high lysine corn diets containing four levels of lysine in a 2 • 4 factorial arrangement. Crossbred (Large White • Landrace x Duroc) pigs were used in all experiments. The objectives of the experiments were to (1) compare normal and high lysine corn when fed at different lysine levels, (2) determine the lysine requirements for the three stages of growth and (3) evaluate the effect of protein level on the lysine requirement. All diets were …

Weaining Weight Response Of Pigs To Simple And Complex Diets, L. V. Himmelberg, E. R. Peo, Jr., A. J. Lewis, J. D. Crenshaw

Department of Animal Science: Faculty Publications

Five experiments were conducted to determine (1) the value of simple vs complex diets on gains and feed conversion of pigs weaned at a constant age but varying in weight, (2) the optimum post-weaning time to change from a complex to a simple diet and (3) the effect of previous treatment on subsequent performance.

G85-751 Thatch Prevention And Control (Revised July 1992), Roch E. Gaussoin, Terrance P. Riordan

University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension: Historical Materials

This NebGuide describes how thatch accumulation damages turfgrass sites, and gives methods for removing accumulations and preventing their reoccurrence.

Thatch is a problem on many turfgrass sites. It consists of a tightly intermingled layer of dead and decaying turfgrass tissues derived from stems, roots and leaves.

Oxidative Metabolism Of Gravid Uterine Tissues Of The Cow, Calvin L. Ferrell, Lawrence P. Reynolds

Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center: Reports

Early reports suggested fetal growth is an energetically efficient process; however, more recent reports have suggested fetal growth to be a relatively inefficient process. These latter reports were based on indirect estimates obtained by the use of indirect calorimetry or comparative slaughter approaches, whereas the earlier data resulted from acute in vivo and in vitro approaches. Methodologies have been developed to directly measure rates of oxidative metabolism of tissues of the gravid uterus of cows using chronic preparations. The objective of this study was to quantify rates of oxidative metabolism of gravid uterine, fetal and utero-placental tissues of the pregnant …

G85-766 Retaining Ownership Of Calves Or Yearlings, Paul Q. Guyer

University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension: Historical Materials

This NebGuide discusses the advantages and disadvantages of retaining ownership of calves or yearlings until slaughter rather than selling them to a feeder.

Retaining ownership of weanlings or yearlings through to slaughter is a management and/or marketing option that can add to the profits of the calf producer or cattle grower. It is a way of expanding and diversifying the cattle enterprise. has the potential for greater profits for the rancher or grower than for the feeder who might buy them.

The cattle feeding industry exists because it has been a profitable business over the years. These profits have been …

1985 Little International Agricultural Exposition Catalog, Little International Agricultural Exposition South Dakota State University

Little International "Little I" Agricultural Exposition Catalogs

No abstract provided.

Residual Value Of Legumes., J. Hamblin, R. Delane, G. Adam, A Bishop

Experimental Summaries - Plant Research

This report examines the residual value of lupins and several other species grown at ECRS in 1984 on the yield of wheat in 1985 (85 C 25). 85 C 46 examined the residual effect of several lupin species and varieties grown under different nutritional treatments in 1984 at two sites differing in rainfall on wheat yields in 1985. 85 C 47 examines the interaction between levels of applied potassium and deep cultivation (ripping) on the yield of wheat at a low K, dry site.

Report on 85 C 27, 85 C 46 and 85 C 47.

Pasture Research Programme For The Medium Rainfall Zone Of W.A. Species Selection And Management Related In Particular To The Ryegrass Toxicity Problem (Fund 492/0035)., C. K. Revell, C. W. Thorn

Experimental Summaries - Plant Research

Species evaluation, 85KA69, 85 KA 70, 85 KA 94, 85 KA 68. Small plot evaluation, 85 KA 89, 8S KA 90. Long term medic species evaluation, 82 KA 44, 82 KA 45. Drill run evaluation of M. polymorpha, 84 KA 38, 84 KA 39, 84 KA 40. Species characterization trials, 83 KA 66, 83 KA 67. Serradella evaluation, 85 KA 72, 85 KA 73, 85 KA 74, 85 KA 76

Copper And Zinc Nutrition Experimental Results., J. W. Gartrell, R. F. Brennan, M. M. Riley

Experimental Summaries - Plant Research

Long term copper trial - Newdegate research station, 66N14. Copper, zinc and sulphur residual with DAP for wheat, 78WH66. Copper and zinc residual with dap 78Mo36. Zinc residual with high analysis n.p. fertiliser for wheat 80no31. Zinc residual with high analysis n.p. fertiliser for wheat 79me22, 79me23. Zinc residual with high analysis n.p. fertiliser for wheat 82mo8. Zinc, copper and sulphur residual with DAP, 781G27. Methods of copper application on new land, 85JE48. Evaluation of copper ore 85LG47. Zinc by nitrogen interaction, 85LG28. Zinc residual with DAP, 85LG29. Copper sulphate, copper chelate and copper oxychloride effectiveness for wheat, 85LG26. Zinc …