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A Milestone Station In The Bet Neṭofa Valley, North Of Ẓippori, And Its Place In The Roman Imperial Road System In The Galilee (Hebrew, Pp. 1*–24*; English Summary, Pp. 163–165), Yotam Tepper Jan 2025

A Milestone Station In The Bet Neṭofa Valley, North Of Ẓippori, And Its Place In The Roman Imperial Road System In The Galilee (Hebrew, Pp. 1*–24*; English Summary, Pp. 163–165), Yotam Tepper

'Atiqot

A salvage excavation in the western Bet Neṭofa Valley exposed a square foundation, three large stone bases and three milestones. The three milestones are inscribed in Latin and seem to have been erected along a road that ran from north to south in two main phases: during the days of Hadrian (120 CE and 130 CE), and later, during the reign of Constantine (333–337 CE). The stone-built foundation dates to the fourth century CE. One of its stones bore a worn relief of an animal, probably a lion in profile. Its location beside the road suggests that it was a …

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Five Incised Stone Slabs From Maresha (Pp. 45–60), Yael Young Jan 2025

Five Incised Stone Slabs From Maresha (Pp. 45–60), Yael Young

'Atiqot

A group of five fragmentary stone slabs, each bearing incised or engraved figures, was unearthed within Subterranean Complex 57 at Maresha in the Judean Shephelah. The incisions belong to two categories based on their composition: arbitrary (i.e., graffito art) or planned. It is difficult to attribute graffito-art to a specific period on stylistic grounds alone; however, based on comparisons with graffito art previously documented at the site and its vicinity, the slabs probably date to the Hellenistic period (third or second centuries BCE).

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Burial Caves From The Intermediate Bronze, Middle Bronze And Iron Ages At Nazareth (Pp. 1–44), Yardenna Alexandre Jan 2025

Burial Caves From The Intermediate Bronze, Middle Bronze And Iron Ages At Nazareth (Pp. 1–44), Yardenna Alexandre

'Atiqot

Four partially preserved burial caves (A–D) were excavated near the Church of the Annunciation in the center of Nazareth. All the caves comprised a vertical shaft and a central burial chamber, hewn in the Intermediate Bronze Age and reused in the transitional Middle Bronze Age I–II. Cave D was reused in the Iron Age after a long chronological gap. The burial caves contained large quantities of pottery, some metal artifacts and a few other small finds.

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Tiberias, Aviv Hotel: Domestic And Industrial Pottery From The Abbasid And Crusader Periods (Pp. 193–216), Edna J. Stern Jan 2025

Tiberias, Aviv Hotel: Domestic And Industrial Pottery From The Abbasid And Crusader Periods (Pp. 193–216), Edna J. Stern

'Atiqot

This article presents the pottery from the Abbasid and Crusader periods uncovered in Area B of the Aviv Hotel excavations in Tiberias. The site is situated within the precincts of the Abbasid town, but outside the walled city of the Crusader period. The Abbasid-period assemblage consists mainly of types well-known in Tiberias, reinforcing other evidence concerning pottery production in Tiberias during this period. The pottery from the Crusader period (mid-twelfth–early thirteenth centuries CE) includes glazed bowls from the Aegean region, and possibly cooking ware and glazed bowls from Beirut. Among the imported glazed bowls are two examples of broad-incised sgraffito, …

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Statues From The Eastern Circus At Caesarea Maritima (Pp. 141–159), Rivka Gersht Jan 2025

Statues From The Eastern Circus At Caesarea Maritima (Pp. 141–159), Rivka Gersht

'Atiqot

Fragments of four statues were uncovered during the 2001–2004 excavations in the Eastern Circus at Caesarea. These were clearly part of the decoration scheme of the spina. Three of the fragments are of human figures—two belong to draped female figures—and the fourth is a fragment of an animal (a bull?). This article attempts to interpret each of the sculpted images within the environment of the circus. It appears that the Eastern Circus was affluently decorated, in accordance with the findings from other circuses throughout the Roman Empire.

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The Fauna From Ḥorbat ‘Ofrat (Pp. 93–104), Nimrod Marom Jan 2025

The Fauna From Ḥorbat ‘Ofrat (Pp. 93–104), Nimrod Marom

'Atiqot

The small faunal assemblage from Ḥorbat ‘Ofrat contains a diverse assortment of bones that were affected by subaerial weathering. A high frequency of cattle was noticed for the Roman strata, suggesting that the economy of the settlement focused on agricultural production. During the transition to the early Byzantine period, a shift was observed, whence sheep and goats became more dominant than cattle, possibly due to an economic shift from agricultural production to a consumption economy that relied on sheep and goats for meat. In the latest occupation at the site, three camel mandibles were found, exhibiting burning patterns that could …

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Ḥorbat ‘Ofrat In The Late Hellenistic, Roman And Byzantine Periods (Pp. 1–68), Yardenna Alexandre Jan 2025

Ḥorbat ‘Ofrat In The Late Hellenistic, Roman And Byzantine Periods (Pp. 1–68), Yardenna Alexandre

'Atiqot

At the site, located near Shefar’am in the Lower Galilee, six architectural strata (VI–I) were discerned. Their dates range from the late Hellenistic to the late Byzantine/Early Islamic periods. During the late Hellenistic period (Hasmonean period; second century BCE), there was a small village at the site, which was possibly settled by Judean colonizers. The finds from the Early Roman period include Kefar Ḥananya wares and a few chalkstone vessel fragments, which hint at the Jewish identity of the inhabitants. In the Middle Roman period (third–fourth centuries CE), there was renewed activity at the site; the pottery forms, including Kefar …

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A Greek Inscription From The Church At Ḥorbat Ḥadat (Pp. 121–126), Leah Di Segni Jan 2025

A Greek Inscription From The Church At Ḥorbat Ḥadat (Pp. 121–126), Leah Di Segni

'Atiqot

A three-line Greek inscription was uncovered in the church at Ḥorbat Ḥadat, set within the mosaic pavement of the nave, at the foot of the bema. The inscription includes a unique quotation from Psalms and an invocation to Christ. The inscription is dated to the fifth century CE, most likely in its second half, based on the shape of the letters.

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Ḥorbat ‘Illin Taḥtit: A Late Early Bronze Age Ia–B Settlement In The Bet Shemesh Region (Pp. 1–46), Ron Be’Eri, Yitzhak Paz, Nuha Agha, Anat Cohen-Weinberger, Ariel Vered Jan 2025

Ḥorbat ‘Illin Taḥtit: A Late Early Bronze Age Ia–B Settlement In The Bet Shemesh Region (Pp. 1–46), Ron Be’Eri, Yitzhak Paz, Nuha Agha, Anat Cohen-Weinberger, Ariel Vered

'Atiqot

The excavation conducted at Ḥorbat ‘Illin Taḥtit (Lower) revealed the fringes of the previously excavated Early Bronze Age settlement at the site. A large residential structure, comprising two adjoining rooms and a large courtyard, was uncovered, as well as another, partially preserved structure, which was separated from it by an alleyway. Almost all the excavation loci contained a mixture of EB IA and EB IB pottery types. A small assemblage of knapped flint artifacts was unearthed; they were well-preserved and homogenous in composition. The small assemblage of faunal remains points to an economy based on sheep, goat and cattle. The …

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Fauna Remains From The Marketplace At Khan Et-Tujjar (Hebrew, Pp. 57*–62*; English Summary, P. 276), Nimrod Marom Jan 2025

Fauna Remains From The Marketplace At Khan Et-Tujjar (Hebrew, Pp. 57*–62*; English Summary, P. 276), Nimrod Marom

'Atiqot

The salvage excavation near Khan et-Tujjar yielded a small assemblage of animal bones originating in the marketplace that operated at the site from the late Mamluk to the late Ottoman periods. The assemblage is too small to draw conclusions regarding meat consumption at the Khan et-Tujjar marketplace; however, it seems that most of the meat came from cattle and sheep. Several vertebrae exhibit a split along their length, indicating carving by an expert butcher.

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The Fauna Remains From Naḥal ‘Anava, Modi‘In (Pp. 251–262), Dana Shtainberg Finali, Ram Bouchnick Jan 2025

The Fauna Remains From Naḥal ‘Anava, Modi‘In (Pp. 251–262), Dana Shtainberg Finali, Ram Bouchnick

'Atiqot

This report presents the fauna remains from Naḥal ‘Anava, Modi‘in, retrieved from the Byzantine-period ashlar building and the Umayyad-period farmhouse. The bone assemblage from Modi‘in is dominated by numerous bone fragments, probably indicating slaughterhouse waste. The low number of cattle is remarkable, indicating local agriculture ruled by caprine herds and derived produce, e.g., milk and wool, as well as a small number of pig bones, probably indicating the ethnicity of the ancient inhabitants, either Jews or Muslims.

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A Byzantine Rural Complex With An Olive Press And An Umayyad Farmhouse On The Banks Of NahׅAl ‘Anava, Modi‘In (Pp. 199–240), Avraham S. Tendler, Hagit Torge Jan 2025

A Byzantine Rural Complex With An Olive Press And An Umayyad Farmhouse On The Banks Of NahׅAl ‘Anava, Modi‘In (Pp. 199–240), Avraham S. Tendler, Hagit Torge

'Atiqot

The excavations on the banks of Nahׅal ‘Anava, Modi‘in, unearthed the remains of a Byzantine (sixth century CE) rural agricultural estate, comprising an olive press installed in a natural cave and an ashlar building, and a later Umayyad-period farmhouse (seventh to mid-eighth centuries CE). The pottery finds reflect three architectural phases: the Byzantine-period construction phase; the collapse of the cave’s ceiling and destruction of the installations; and the Umayyad-period farmhouse.

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Evidence Of A Late Byzantine Period Earthquake And A Monastic Stable At ‘Avedat (Oboda) (With A Contribution By Yael Gorin-Rosen) (Pp. 153–197), Tali Erickson-Gini Jan 2025

Evidence Of A Late Byzantine Period Earthquake And A Monastic Stable At ‘Avedat (Oboda) (With A Contribution By Yael Gorin-Rosen) (Pp. 153–197), Tali Erickson-Gini

'Atiqot

Three excavation areas were opened in ‘Avedat National Park, revealing important evidence regarding the effects of earthquakes on the Byzantine-period occupation at the site. In Area B, near the South Church, rooms were added on the exterior of an earlier building in the early fifth century CE, next to a heavy revetment wall. The exterior of a wall covered with red-painted (dipiniti) Christian motifs was uncovered in front of a cave, pointing to its use as a stable by a monastic community. It seems that this wall underwent structural damage, probably due to the early fifth-century CE earthquake. The site …

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Byzantine- And Umayyad-Period Structures Near The Pools Of ‘Ein El-Jarab, Ḥammat Gader(Pp. 61–109), Moshe Hartal Jan 2025

Byzantine- And Umayyad-Period Structures Near The Pools Of ‘Ein El-Jarab, Ḥammat Gader(Pp. 61–109), Moshe Hartal

'Atiqot

A salvage excavation conducted east of the hot water pools of ‘Ein el-Jarab, Ḥammat Gader, revealed building remains, comprising mosaic floors and flagstone-paved plazas, dating from the end of the Late Roman (Stratum 4), Byzantine (Stratum 3) and Umayyad (Stratum 2) periods. The buildings were apparently destroyed in the earthquake of 749 CE. The site was reoccupied in the ninth century CE, during the Abbasid period (Stratum 1). It seems that the structures and the plaza served the patrons of the hot springs, possibly as dressing rooms and as therapy spaces.

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A Roman-Period Mausoleum In ‘Akko (With A Contribution By Yossi Nagar) (Pp. 43–52), Joppe Gosker Jan 2025

A Roman-Period Mausoleum In ‘Akko (With A Contribution By Yossi Nagar) (Pp. 43–52), Joppe Gosker

'Atiqot

Remains of a Roman-period mausoleum were exposed, comprising a central room flanked by three loculi on each side. A clay coffin was found in oneloculus, containing a single burial of a 15–25-year-old individual accompanied by an unusual combination of burial goods—oil lamps and glass vessels—that do not align clearly with either Jewish or pagan burial practices.

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Early Bronze Age I Fauna Remains From Ashqelon Afridar, Area N (Pp. 35–38), Miriam Pines Jan 2025

Early Bronze Age I Fauna Remains From Ashqelon Afridar, Area N (Pp. 35–38), Miriam Pines

'Atiqot

An assemblage of 31 bones was recovered from Early EB I strata at Ashqelon Afridar, Area N. It displays similar characteristics to previous bone samples retrieved from the site. Age-at-death and body-part analysis revealed that the animals were butchered at all ages and utilized for different purposes.

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Excavations On The Southwestern Margins Of Giv‘Ati Parking Lot, Jerusalem: Markers Of Byzantine–Early Islamic Transition (Pp. 303–338), Yana Tchekhanovets Jan 2025

Excavations On The Southwestern Margins Of Giv‘Ati Parking Lot, Jerusalem: Markers Of Byzantine–Early Islamic Transition (Pp. 303–338), Yana Tchekhanovets

'Atiqot

The small-scale excavation on the southwestern margins of Giv‘ati Parking Lot exposed important findings dating to the transition between the Byzantine and Early Islamic periods. A flagstone-paved street dating from the Byzantine period was exposed, representing one of the major thoroughfares of Jerusalem that served an important pilgrimage route. This street ceased to exist at the beginning of the Early Islamic period when the function of the area changed from residential to industrial. The remains of a small-scale metallurgical workshop, including numerous copper alloy fragments, metal slags, pottery crucible fragments and large amounts of ash, were dated to the Umayyad …

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“(Work) Of Cilo”: An Impression Of A Roman-Period Private Stamp From The Western Wall Tunnels (Pp. 239–255), Shlomit Weksler-Bdolah, Rachel Bar-Nathan, Anat Cohen-Weinberger, Leah Di Segni Jan 2025

“(Work) Of Cilo”: An Impression Of A Roman-Period Private Stamp From The Western Wall Tunnels (Pp. 239–255), Shlomit Weksler-Bdolah, Rachel Bar-Nathan, Anat Cohen-Weinberger, Leah Di Segni

'Atiqot

A fragment of a clay roof tile bearing the name Cilo was discovered in the Western Wall Tunnels, west of the Herodian Temple Mount. This impression joins other private stamps of the Late Roman period (second and third/early fourth century CE) previously found in Jerusalem and its environs. The private stamps of the Roman period may be attributed to private workshops that operated in Aelia Capitolina after production ceased in the military workshop at Binyene Ha-Umma.

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A Herodian-Period Staircase On Mount Zion, Jerusalem, And A Reevaluation Of The Remainsfrom Bishop Gobat School (Pp. 89–128), Amit Re’Em Jan 2025

A Herodian-Period Staircase On Mount Zion, Jerusalem, And A Reevaluation Of The Remainsfrom Bishop Gobat School (Pp. 89–128), Amit Re’Em

'Atiqot

The excavation near Bishop Gobat School on Mount Zion exposed findings, which together with information gleaned from previous nearby excavations, permits a renewed discussion of three principal elements: a stairway, a dump and the ‘Rock Scarp of Zion.’ This article presents insights and suggestions regarding the existence of a stepped path that led to a gate in the First Wall; the identification of the dump that sealed the stairway as the Roman siege ramp that was piled up to besiege Jerusalem; and the dating of the ‘Rock Scarp of Zion’ to the Crusader/Ayyubid period, the twelfth to thirteenth centuries CE.

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Animal Bone Remains From The Middle Bronze Age Burial Cave At Beit Ṣafafa, Jerusalem (Pp. 49–56), Nimrod Marom Jan 2025

Animal Bone Remains From The Middle Bronze Age Burial Cave At Beit Ṣafafa, Jerusalem (Pp. 49–56), Nimrod Marom

'Atiqot

The Middle Bronze Age II burial cave at Beit Ṣafafa yielded a small assemblage of animal bones. At least nine different animals were documented, all adult at death. The remains of the funerary deposits are typical of MB II in their exclusive use of caprine offerings. The bones provide additional data concerning animal offerings that accompanied interments in the Middle Bronze Age.

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“Jerusalem Ivories”: Iron Age Decorated Ivory Panels From Building 100, Giv‘Ati Parking Lot Excavations, And Their Cultural Setting (Pp. 57–74), Reli Avisar, Yiftah Shalev, Harel Shochat, Yuval Gadot, Ido Koch Jan 2025

“Jerusalem Ivories”: Iron Age Decorated Ivory Panels From Building 100, Giv‘Ati Parking Lot Excavations, And Their Cultural Setting (Pp. 57–74), Reli Avisar, Yiftah Shalev, Harel Shochat, Yuval Gadot, Ido Koch

'Atiqot

This preliminary report presents an assemblage of ivory items found in the precincts of the City of David National Park in Jerusalem. Such prestigious ivory items have only been found in prominent cities, such as Late Bronze Age Megiddo and Iron Age Samaria, where they originated in buildings recognized as part of palatial complexes. These items are the first of their kind to be found in Jerusalem, revealing the wealth of Jerusalem’s elite on the eve of the city’s destruction in 586 BCE. The findings shed light on the cultural and economic role of the city’s elite in the “global” …

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Human Skeletal Remains From The Middle Bronze Age Burial Cave At Beit Ṣafafa, Jerusalem (Pp. 47–48), Yossi Nagar Jan 2025

Human Skeletal Remains From The Middle Bronze Age Burial Cave At Beit Ṣafafa, Jerusalem (Pp. 47–48), Yossi Nagar

'Atiqot

Poorly preserved human skeletal remains were found in the Middle Bronze Age II burial cave at Beit Ṣafafa. The bones were found scattered precluding a reconstruction of the original posture of the interred. Basic anthropological parameters, such as the minimum number of individuals (MNI) and age at death, were estimated.

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A Middle Bronze Age Ii Burial Cave At Beit Ṣafafa, Jerusalem (With Contributions By Daphna Ben-Tor, Laura A. Peri) (Pp. 1–31), Nathan Ben-Ari, Alexander Wiegmann Jan 2025

A Middle Bronze Age Ii Burial Cave At Beit Ṣafafa, Jerusalem (With Contributions By Daphna Ben-Tor, Laura A. Peri) (Pp. 1–31), Nathan Ben-Ari, Alexander Wiegmann

'Atiqot

The burial cave, that was part of a larger burial site along the Refa’im Valley, was hewn on the southern slope of a chalky hill above the northern bank of a small wadi. The finds in the cave were clustered in six distinct groups, comprising standardized burial kits of pottery and metal finds, showing close affinities with other central hill country burial sites. Some prestige items, such as a scarab, an amulet, a cylinder seal and a dagger, were recovered from the cave, suggesting that at least one high-ranking individual was interred.

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Residue Analysis Of Middle Bronze Age Vessels From The Burial Cave At Beit Ṣafafa, Jerusalem (Pp. 33–45), Dvory Namdar Jan 2025

Residue Analysis Of Middle Bronze Age Vessels From The Burial Cave At Beit Ṣafafa, Jerusalem (Pp. 33–45), Dvory Namdar

'Atiqot

A total of 55 pottery vessels from the Middle Bronze Age II burial cave at Beit Ṣafafa were sampled and submitted to Absorbed Organic Residues screening and analyses. In 20 of the vessels, the presence of olive oil was recognized––a frequent occurrence in burial caves. Three small piriform black juglets contained vanillin mixed with olive oil. The source of the vanillin is unclear.

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Front Matter, Editorial Board Jan 2025

Front Matter, Editorial Board

'Atiqot

No abstract provided.

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A Persian- And Hellenistic-Period Settlement At Tel Ḥanan(With Contributions Bybarak Monnickendam-Givon, Alla Nagorsky)(Pp. 93–145), Alla Nagorsky, Shoshana Israeli Jan 2025

A Persian- And Hellenistic-Period Settlement At Tel Ḥanan(With Contributions Bybarak Monnickendam-Givon, Alla Nagorsky)(Pp. 93–145), Alla Nagorsky, Shoshana Israeli

'Atiqot

The excavation at Tel Ḥanan exposed building remains of a Persian- and Hellenistic-period settlement, as well as pottery dating from the Middle Bronze Age, the Late Bronze Age and the Iron Age. The architectural remains attributed to the Persian and Hellenistic periods attest to careful planning, as is known from other contemporary coastal sites. According to the ceramic and numismatic evidence, the settlement at Tel Ḥanan maintained trading connections with Phoenician sites along the northern coast of Israel and Lebanon. Based on the finds, we may conclude that the site was inhabited until 150 BCE.

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Faunal Remains From The Late Chalcolithic, Late Roman, Byzantine And Ottoman Periods At Yehud, Ashkenazi Market (Pp. 1–22), Nuha Agha Jan 2025

Faunal Remains From The Late Chalcolithic, Late Roman, Byzantine And Ottoman Periods At Yehud, Ashkenazi Market (Pp. 1–22), Nuha Agha

'Atiqot

The faunal remains from Yehud were retrieved from several contexts: Late Chalcolithic-period shafts, Roman-period kilns, Byzantine-period houses and pits, and Ottoman-period houses, refuse pits and cesspits. The faunal assemblages from all the periods comprised mainly sheep, goats and cattle. Scant remains of equids and a camel were found in the assemblages from the Roman period onward. Pig remains are absent from both the Roman- and Byzantine-period assemblages, possibly attesting that the inhabitants of the site at that time were Jewish.

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Animal Bones From Ḥorbat Ṭarbenet (Pp. 185–190), Nimrod Marom Jan 2025

Animal Bones From Ḥorbat Ṭarbenet (Pp. 185–190), Nimrod Marom

'Atiqot

Salvage excavations at Ḥorbat Ṭarbenet revealed animal-bone remains, which appear to represent fills dumped inside and around the hydraulic installations. Very few remains were recovered from Hellenistic–Early Roman loci, while a somewhat larger sample was obtained from Byzantine–Umayyad loci. The faunal assemblage comprises primarily beasts of burden, such as equids and camels. The high frequencies of fractures and carnivore gnawing marks indicate little human processing of bones for food and early discard.

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Remains From The Hellenistic–Early Islamic Periods At Ḥorbat Ṭarbenet (Pp. 75–100), Walid Atrash, Gabriel Mazor Jan 2025

Remains From The Hellenistic–Early Islamic Periods At Ḥorbat Ṭarbenet (Pp. 75–100), Walid Atrash, Gabriel Mazor

'Atiqot

Excavations at Ḥorbat Ṭarbenet in the Jezreel Valley revealed four settlement strata: Stratum IV (Hellenistic period) yielded pottery and a coin, but no architectural remains; Stratum III (Roman period) included the remains of a bathhouse; Stratum II (Byzantine period) yielded the remains of a house and a plastered installation; and Stratum I (Early Islamic period) yielded pottery and coins, but no architectural remains. The bathhouse pool (natatio) yielded a large number of tubuli and fragments of a marble statue of Heracles that might have adorned it.

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A Middle Bronze Age Ii Burial Cave At Mazor (West) (With Contributions By Yossi Nagar, Liora K. Horwitz) (Pp. 37–73), Lilly Gershuny, Ianir Milevski Jan 2025

A Middle Bronze Age Ii Burial Cave At Mazor (West) (With Contributions By Yossi Nagar, Liora K. Horwitz) (Pp. 37–73), Lilly Gershuny, Ianir Milevski

'Atiqot

A Middle Bronze Age II burial cave, reusing a Chalcolithic burial cave, was discovered during excavations carried out at Mazor (West). The Middle Bronze Age remains accumulated above the cave’s bedrock floor, utilizing the entire space. Seven individuals were discovered and about 50 intact or restorable MB II pottery vessels were retrieved, as well as three metal pins, three flint items and animal bones. It is probable that the cave, and other MB II sites in its vicinity, belonged to a system of villages and associated mortuary grounds, which were related to the main urban center at Tel Afeq.

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