Digital Commons Network^™

The Rights Of Religious Minorities In Sudan: A Case Study Of Armenians, Jon Armajani

The Journal of Social Encounters

This essay examines the constitutions of the Republic of Sudan and minority rights, with a focus on Armenians in that country.  It provides (1) the demographics of Sudan; (2) an overview of the Armenians of Sudan; (3) a history of Sudan’s constitutions; (4) an analysis of their provisions and related laws on minority rights, citizenship, naturalization, and inheritance; (5) an overview of Sudan’s civil war, which began on April 15, 2023, and (6) a concluding section which analyzes risks to Armenians and other religious and ethnic minorities in Sudan.

A Catalyst For Change: The Extraordinary Anaka Women’S Collective During The June 2026 Belfast Pogrom, Dianne Kirby

The Journal of Social Encounters

Prompted by the pogrom that erupted in Belfast in June this year, this article explores how a women’s collective, Anaka, established by female asylum seekers, refugees and migrants (ASRMs) less than a decade previously, took the lead in ensuring the safety and welfare of the city’s migrant communities in a context where they were horrifically failed by police and politicians, by the state and the institutions meant to protect them. Anaka began as a small-scale endeavour to mitigate the difficulties confronting women struggling to navigate a harsh asylum system. It became a widely respected advocacy and campaigning group for ASRMs. …

Operation Metro Surge In Central Minnesota: A Personal Perspective, Pedro A. G. Dos Santos

The Journal of Social Encounters

This essay provides a personal account, grounded in social science intellectual traditions and methods, of Operation Metro Surge and its aftermath in Central Minnesota. Emphasizing the differences between what happened in Central Minnesota (and other rural areas in the state) and what happened in the Twin Cities Metro area, this essay focuses on two events to contextualize the ways in which Operation Metro Surge disrupted the lives of immigrants and of the Minnesotans trying to protect their neighbors.

Fostering Future Difference-Makers: The Integration Of Leadership Training In Law Schools, Leah Teague

Journal of Legal Education

No abstract provided.

Obeying In Advance Will Not Save You: How Adaptive Leadership Can Help Legal Education Stay Mission Driven In Times Of Authoritarianism And Fear, Tania Luma

Journal of Legal Education

No abstract provided.

What Do We Do At The End Of A World?: Cultivating Emergent Leadership In A Time Of Collapse, Brent Godfrey

Journal of Legal Education

No abstract provided.

Professional Identity Formation As Theory And As Practice For The Education Of A Lawyer, Louis D. Bilionis, Neil W. Hamilton

Journal of Legal Education

No abstract provided.

Who’S The Lawyer Now? Professional Identity In A Genai World, Aric K. Short

Journal of Legal Education

No abstract provided.

Practicing Pietas: Character Development For Lawyers As Citizens, Elisabeth Rain Kincaid

Journal of Legal Education

No abstract provided.

Conviction, Character, Courage: The Case For Integrating Values Into The Professional Identity Formation Of Tomorrow's Lawyer-Leaders, Katya S. Cronin

Journal of Legal Education

No abstract provided.

Moral Virtues, Professional Identity, And Leadership, Timothy W. Floyd

Journal of Legal Education

No abstract provided.

The Large Impact Of Small Groups On The Character-Based Leadership Development Of Law Students, Benjamin Rigney, Janice Craft

Journal of Legal Education

No abstract provided.

Book Review Of The Lawyer Nation: The Past, Present, And Future Of The American Legal Profession, Jennifer A. Gundlach

Journal of Legal Education

No abstract provided.

Cardozo Law News Brief: August 14, 2026, Benjamin N. Cardozo School Of Law

Cardozo Law News Briefs

Highlights from the August 14, 2026 Cardozo Law News Brief include:

• Professor Saurabh Vishnubhakat spoke to Forbes about Buc-ee’s aggressive trademark enforcement strategy and the potential reputational costs of pursuing weaker infringement cases.
• Professor Zalman Rothschild was quoted in The Nation’s Health about the potential impact of a Supreme Court ruling on childhood vaccine mandates and religious exemptions.
• Professor Stewart Sterk spoke to the Associated Press about anticipated legal challenges to New York City’s pied-à-terre tax.
• Adjunct Professor Gary Galperin spoke to People about concerns surrounding Luigi Mangione supporters and their potential influence on the case, and also discussed the …

The Co-Parent Trap, Daniel F. Bousquet

Brooklyn Law Review

At the same time, a more dynamic method for identifying and protecting unenumerated rights has lacked a normative foundation. That gap has left rights such as same-sex marriage, sexual privacy, and abortion open to the charge that the Court protected them based only on individual justices’ morality. This charge is false. Doctrinally, dynamic due process is constrained by equal protection principles and triggers only rigorous rational basis review. This modest standard leaves majorities free to pursue nearly any interest besides morality standing alone or what courts have called animus.

Sffa’S Slippery Slope: Doctrinal Creep And The Erosion Of Dei, Madeleine Goedicke

Brooklyn Law Review

The Court suddenly departed from forty years of affirmative action case law in SFFA, appearing to hold that race can no longer be used as a factor in higher education admissions policies. This Note analyzes the SFFA opinion and the case law it relies on to illustrate the sudden departure from precedent case law while pointing out important exceptions within the opinion that would permit consideration of race in admissions. Regrettably, the SFFA decision has been invokved by litigants seeking to improperly expand the scope of its holding, encompassing the removal of DEI programs from K–12 and higher education institutions. …

Family Matters: Granting Legal Status To Non-Abusive Parents Under Sijs, Ava Hansen

Brooklyn Law Review

Immigration and family are central to American society, with family reunification long recognized as a core principle of United States immigration policy. Family-based preference visas reflect this priority. Special Immigrant Juvenile Status (SIJS) provides a pathway to lawful permanent resident status for immigrant children who have been abused, neglected, or abandoned by one or both parents. However, individuals who obtain legal status through SIJS are permanently barred from petitioning on behalf of their natural or prior adoptive parent. This restriction applies to children’s non-abusive custodial parents and leaves children who have obtained SIJS vulnerable to having that parent deported due …

A Democratic Defense Of Dynamic Due Process, Miranda Mcgowan

Brooklyn Law Review

The Supreme Court has purported to vindicate democracy when it has deferred to majorities and refused to protect new unenumerated rights and liberties. Nothing could be further from the truth. An originalist or traditionalist method for identifying protected rights and liberties chains us to a discriminatory past. It bakes in a history of discrimination and political exclusion, skewing the set of individual rights that check majority power today. Originalism and traditionalism, in short, confound democratic legitimacy.

Tax Equity In The Era Of Paid College Athletes, Kathryn Kisska-Schulze, Adam Epstein

Brooklyn Law Review

This Article examines the growing use of narrowly tailored state income tax exemptions as a tool to attract elite collegiate athletic talent, focusing on Arkansas’s amended Student-Athlete Publicity Rights Act. Situating this development within the constitutional frameworks of the federal Equal Protection Clause and state uniformity provisions, it analyzes both the economic motivations and legislative intent underlying such policies. As name, image, and likeness (NIL) rights and emerging revenue-sharing models continue to reshape college athlete compensation, states are increasingly pursuing innovative strategies to maintain the competitiveness of their public institutions. Arkansas has emerged as a first mover in this space, …

Balancing The Game: Rethinking Antitrust Law In The Modern Sports Broadcasting Landscape, Andrew Newman

Brooklyn Law Review

The migration of live sports from traditional cable bundles to exclusive digital platforms has transformed the economics of media distribution while complicating the fan experience. Instead of purchasing access through a single channel, viewers now piece together coverage across a growing number of subscription services to watch the games they value. Contemporary antitrust law, anchored in the consumer welfare standard and administered through the Rule of Reason, typically evaluates competitive harm through discrete changes in price or output within defined markets. This Note contends that such metrics overlook the primary burden facing modern sports consumers: the aggregate financial and logistical …

Postcolonial Private Law, Debadatta Bose

Brooklyn Law Review

This Article provides the missing normative foundation by linking dynamic due process and rigorous rational basis to deliberative democracy. Rigorous rational basis, in essence, requires that majorities offer what deliberative democracy calls publicly accessible reasons—those capable of engaging fellow citizens across lines of difference—for restrictions on liberties. Courts, from this perspective, legitimately referee inevitable democratic conflicts in our pluralistic society. A Court that helps restore reasoned and productive politics cannot come soon enough.

Treaty Hierarchy And Legal Pluralism In Cross-Border Governance: Comparative Study Of Jordan And France, Rola Nael Salameh, Numan Ahmad Elkhatib, Rami Ali Daradkeh, Mohammad Sulieman Issa Alhelalat

Hasanuddin Law Review

This study addresses the constitutional ambiguity surrounding the hierarchical status and domestic application of international human rights treaties, particularly in legal systems where treaty incorporation lacks explicit constitutional regulation. Though earlier researches have discussed issues such as treaty incorporation and constitutionality, there has been little analysis of the comparative role played by courts in bridging the international and domestic legal systems. The study adopts a qualitative doctrinal and comparative legal methodology, analyzing constitutional provisions, legislative frameworks, and judicial decisions across Jordan, France, and selected Arab jurisdictions, including Egypt and Morocco. The findings reveal that France adopts a hierarchical model granting …

Governing Conservation Beyond The Rules: Bureaucratic Discretion In Indonesia, Dedy Asriady, Muh. Ilham Nasir, Emban Ibnurusyd Mas'ud, Supratman Supratman, Syamsu Alam, Muhammad Alif K. Sahide

Hasanuddin Law Review

Conservation governance is frequently characterized as a rule-based system in which bureaucratic actors enforce standardized regulations to protect biodiversity. In practice, however, conservation policies are implemented within socially contested landscapes. Strict regulatory enforcement may generate conflict and undermine governance objectives. Although public administration research underscores the importance of bureaucratic discretion in policy implementation, limited attention has been paid to its influence on environmental governance in developing countries. This article investigates discretionary practices in Indonesian conservation area management using an ethnographic approach that incorporates interviews, field observations, and case studies across multiple sites. The findings demonstrate that discretion occupies a central, …

Judicial Departure And Legal Certainty: A Comparative Study Of Us And French Law, Faisal Oklah Khattar Shatnawi, Abdulwahab Abdullah Al-Maamari, Yassin Ahmad Al-Qudah, Radeyah Ahmad Mohammad Amayreh, Muneer Ali Muhammad Hulaiel

Hasanuddin Law Review

In any constitutional system, it is difficult to reconcile the need for legal certainty and constitutional adaptation when there is judicial departure from constitutional precedent. In this paper, We develop a functional comparative approach that explains how constitutional systems maintain legal certainty in the face of constitutional adaptation enabled by judicial departure from constitutional precedents. Using comparative analysis of United States Supreme Court jurisprudence (1954–2023) and French Constitutional Council rulings (1971–2023), We examine how such systems preserve their constitutional stability in spite of judicial change. It is concluded that the departure of courts from constitutional precedent need not mean the …

Commercial Space Mining: From Competitive Secrecy To Transparency, Sustainability, And Governance Challenges In The New Race For Extraterrestrial Resources, Frányerson R. López Ochoa

Discovery Day - Daytona Beach

Commercial space mining is becoming integral to the space economy, driven by the need for resources such as water, metals, and platinum-group metals (PGMs) from asteroids and the Moon. It should be noted that these resources have the potential to support long-duration space missions through in-situ resource utilization (ISRU) and Earth-based economic activities. Companies such as AstroForge and TransAstra are leading this transition, from government-led exploration to commercial activity. The paper examines the environmental, technological, and legal implications of asteroid mining, using these companies as case studies. While AstroForge has progressed to in-space demonstrations with its Odin spacecraft in 2025 …

Environmental Ethics Of Plastics And Microplastics Manufacturing: Balancing Industrial Production And Ecological Responsibility, Arindam Gupta

Discovery Day - Daytona Beach

The global production of plastics has increased dramatically over the past several decades, providing substantial economic and societal benefits while simultaneously generating complex environmental and ethical challenges. A growing body of research has identified microplastics—plastic particles smaller than 5 millimeters—as persistent pollutants that accumulate in aquatic ecosystems, soil systems, and the atmosphere. These particles originate both from the degradation of larger plastic products and from direct industrial production processes used in plastics manufacturing. The ethical implications of plastics and microplastics production raise important questions about environmental responsibility, regulatory oversight, and the balance between economic development and ecological sustainability. This project …

Environmental Ethics And Impact Of Artificial Intelligence Data Centers, Jacky Yang

Discovery Day - Daytona Beach

Data centers, including artificial intelligence (AI) facilities, serve as the backbone for many modern digital services and products. With the rapid digitization of society, the expansion of these centers in the United States has accelerated significantly. From an anthropocentric and utilitarian perspective, they provide economic benefits, supporting employment and generating public revenue. However, they can also create a significant amount of environmental and societal challenges. From an ecocentric and environmental justice perspective, AI data centers has contributed to increased competition for the limited resources, such as water, electricity, and land and has been linked to rising utility costs, noise pollution, …

Ai Race Between The Us And China, Kennedy Lyon-Lindersmith

Discovery Day - Daytona Beach

Technological leadership in AI and semiconductor manufacturing are both directly linked with military power and geopolitical influence. At the same time, the U.S. and China are currently defining the future of conflict in the cyber domain and are in strategic competition as China attempts to displace the U.S. as a global leader in AI. These factors contribute to an important national security threat that the U.S. is facing right now: An AI race between the U.S. and China, specifically regarding military cyber operations. This paper discusses some of the implications of a digital battlefield and analyzes international laws, international institutions, …

Quantitative Assessment Of Cybersecurity Risk Variability Across Transportation Modes, Paulo Carreon

Discovery Day - Daytona Beach

Quantitative Assessment of Cybersecurity Risk Variability Across Transportation Modes examines how cybersecurity risks differ across major transportation sectors and addresses the lack of a structured, cross modal analysis in existing transportation cybersecurity research. As transportation systems increasingly rely on digital infrastructure, communication networks, operational technologies, and interconnected platforms, they become more exposed to cyber threats that can affect safety, mobility, operations, and public trust. Despite the growing importance of this issue, there is still limited research that quantitatively compares how cyber risks vary across transportation modes such as road and intelligent transportation systems, aviation, rail and transit, and maritime systems. …

Beyond Walls And Wires: The Supreme Court’S Recognition Of Digital Privacy Under The Fourth Amendment, Joanna Morris

Discovery Day - Daytona Beach

The Founding Fathers included the Fourth Amendment in the Bill of Rights to protect individuals from unreasonable searches and seizures and their right to privacy. However, rapid advances in modern digital technology have challenged traditional definitions of privacy, raising constitutional questions about digital privacy rights. Smartphones and location tracking collects personal information that does not fit neatly within pre-digital era Fourth Amendment doctrines. This research examines how the United States Supreme Court has adapted interpretations of the Fourth Amendment to address digital privacy concerns, focusing on the tensions between Fourth Amendment doctrines and technology that enables extensive government access to …