Digital Commons Network^™

Disrupting Work Law: Arbitration In The Gig Economy, Charlotte Garden

Faculty Articles

No abstract provided.

3d Printing: What Could Happen To Products Liability When Users (And Everyone Else In Between) Become Manufacturers, James M. Beck, Matthew D. Jacobson

Minnesota Journal of Law, Science & Technology

No abstract provided.

Rocio Smith Plaintiff-Appellant Vs. Kayelyn Robinson, Lcsw Defendant-Appellee, Utah Supreme Court

Utah Supreme Court Briefs (2000–2020)

No abstract provided.

Freedman On Machiavelli, Philip C. Bobbitt

Faculty Scholarship

This chapter links Freedman’s work to that of Niccolò Machiavelli through constructivist realism, which is an apposite term for the two thinkers, as the unchanging sense of human nature interacts with ever changing context, and humans have to adapt to new circumstances, but with the limitations imposed on them both by themselves or situations. Despite their biographical parallels, it is the similarities and complementarities in their thinking that are more profound reasons to associate them. Both wrestle with the challenge of understanding the ways and the extent to which it is possible to anticipate and to shape the future to …

The Diversity Rationale For Affirmative Action In Military Contracting, Hugh Barrett Mcclean

All Faculty Scholarship

No abstract provided.

ข้อพิจารณาเกี่ยวกับเกณฑ์ทางกฎหมายว่าด้วยการเข้าร่วมโดยตรงในการสู้รบในสถานการณ์การขัดกันทางอาวุธภายใต้กฎหมายมนุษยธรรมระหว่างประเทศ, ศศิไพลิน ชัยศรีโชติ

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

วิทยานิพนธ์ฉบับนี้มุ่งศึกษาข้อพิจารณาทางกฎหมายที่สามารถนำไปใช้พิจารณาการกระทำอันถือเป็นการเข้าร่วมโดยตรงในการสู้รบในสถานการณ์การขัดกันทางอาวุธที่มีลักษณะระหว่างประเทศ และไม่มีลักษณะระหว่างประเทศภายใต้กฎหมายมนุษยธรรมระหว่างประเทศ เนื่องจากกฎหมายมนุษยธรรมระหว่างประเทศไม่ได้บัญญัติคำนิยาม หรือหลักเกณฑ์ในการพิจารณาไว้อย่างชัดเจน จึงก่อให้เกิดทางปฏิบัติที่แตกต่างกันเกี่ยวกับแนวคิด การตีความ รวมถึงการพิจารณาการกระทำอันเป็นการเข้าร่วมโดยตรงในการสู้รบของตัวแสดงในความสัมพันธ์ระหว่างประเทศ อันได้แก่ รัฐ ศาลภายใน ศาลระหว่างประเทศ องค์การระหว่างประเทศ รวมถึงนักวิชาการ แม้ว่าจะไม่ปรากฏคำนิยามหรือหลักเกณฑ์ที่มีผลผูกพันทางกฎหมายที่ใช้พิจารณาการกระทำอันเป็นการเข้าร่วมโดยตรงในการสู้รบ อย่างไรก็ดี จากการศึกษาพบว่า ทางปฏิบัติของตัวแสดงในความสัมพันธ์ระหว่างประเทศในการพิจารณาการเข้าร่วมโดยตรงในการสู้รบดังกล่าวมีลักษณะร่วมกันบางประการที่อาจใช้เป็นข้อพิจารณาพื้นฐานในการพิจารณาว่าการกระทำใดเป็นการเข้าร่วมโดยตรงในการสู้รบ ซึ่งข้อพิจารณาพื้นฐานดังกล่าวต้องใช้ประกอบกับดุลพินิจของบุคคลที่มีอำนาจในการตัดสินใจ เพื่อให้การตัดสินใจเหมาะสมกับลักษณะของสถานการณ์ที่เกิดขึ้นในแต่ละกรณีเมื่อบุคคลดังกล่าวตัดสินใจระบุเป้าหมายของการโจมตีที่ชอบด้วยกฎหมาย อีกทั้งการกำหนดข้อพิจารณาพื้นฐานนี้มีความสำคัญต่อการป้องกันผลกระทบที่อาจเกิดขึ้นจากความไม่ชัดเจนของแนวคิดเกี่ยวกับการเข้าร่วมโดยตรงในการสู้รบ โดยเฉพาะอย่างยิ่งการปรับใช้หลักการพื้นฐานของกฎหมายมนุษยธรรมระหว่างประเทศโดยไม่ชอบ และเพื่อก่อให้เกิดความมั่นคงทางนิติฐานะของบุคคล และความสมดุลระหว่างหลักมนุษยธรรมและหลักความจำเป็นทางทหารซึ่งเป็นหัวใจสำคัญของกฎหมายมนุษยธรรมระหว่างประเทศ

Corporate Directors' And Officers' Cybersecurity Standard Of Care: The Yahoo Data Breach, Lawrence J. Trautman, Peter C. Ormerod

Faculty Publications

On September 22, 2016, Yahoo! Inc. ("Yahoo") announced that a data breach and theft of information from over 500 million user accounts had taken place during 2014, marking the largest data breach ever at the time. The information stolen likely included names, birthdays, telephone numbers, email addresses, hashed passwords, and, in some cases, encrypted or unencrypted security questions and answers. Yahoo further disclosed its belief that the stolen data "did not include unprotected passwords, payment card data, or bank account information." Just two months before Yahoo disclosed its 2014 data breach, it announced a proposed sale of the company's core …

Cyber Operations And The Humanization Of International Humanitarian Law: Problems And Prospects, Giacomo Biggio

Canadian Journal of Law and Technology

The aim of International Humanitarian Law (‘‘IHL”) is to regulate the conduct of hostilities while, at the same time, balancing the two overarching concepts of military necessity and humanity. While the principle of military necessity allows a party to a conflict to exercise any amount of armed violence which is necessary for the accomplishment of a military purpose, the principle of humanity aims at minimizing the amount of physical violence caused to combatants and the civilian population. From the late 19th century onwards the principle of humanity has progressively eroded the domain of military necessity, influencing the creation and interpretation …

Trickle-Down Bullying And The Truly Great American Response: Can Responsible Rhetoric In Judicial Advocacy And Decision-Making Help Heal The Divisiveness Of The Trump Presidency?, Maureen Johnson

American University Journal of Gender, Social Policy & the Law

No abstract provided.

A License To Kill: State Sponsored Death In The Oldest Colony In The World, Emmanuel Hiram Arnaud

Faculty Scholarship

The article discusses the death penalty in Puerto Rico as a means of state violence by the United States over Puerto Rico. In light of this, the author recounts the Puerto Rican colonial experience through a legal lens, beginning with the first organic law of Puerto Rico and the Insular Cases. Afterwards, the author examines the imposition of the death penalty on Puerto Rico and the challenges it has faced based on the due process of the fourteenth amendment. The article concludes with the stating how the death penalty is as another expression of the U.S. Congress plenary powers over …

Co-Belligerency, Rebecca Ingber

Faculty Scholarship

Executive branch officials rest the President’s authority in today’s war against ISIS, al Qaeda, and other terrorist groups on an expansive interpretation of a 15-year-old statute, the 2001 “Authorization for Use of Military Force” (AUMF), passed in the wake of the 9/11 attacks. They rely on that statute to justify force against groups neither referenced in – nor even in existence at the time of – the 2001 statute, by invoking a creative theory of international law they call “co-belligerency.” Under this theory, the President can read his AUMF authority flexibly, to justify force against not only those groups covered …

The Power To Wage War Successfully, Matthew C. Waxman

Faculty Scholarship

A century ago and in the midst of American involvement in World War I, future Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes delivered one of the most influential lectures on the Constitution in wartime. In it he uttered his famous axiom that “the power to wage war is the power to wage war successfully.” That statement continues to echo in modern jurisprudence, though the background and details of the lecture have not previously been explored in detail. Drawing on Hughes’s own research notes, this Article examines his 1917 formulation and shows how Hughes presciently applied it to the most pressing war powers …

Ending The Excessive Use Of Force At Home And Abroad, Mary Ellen O'Connell

Journal Articles

In the mid-1980s the American Society of International Law (ASIL) launched an initiative to engage more women and minority members in the Society and international law more generally.' Professor Henry Richardson was there, encouraging all of the new aspirants, including me. He is still doing that, and this essay in his honor is an expression of gratitude, admiration, and affection. It develops themes Hank and I have both pursued for decades: human rights, peace and non-violence, and the promotion of international law and ASIL.

Debating Autonomous Weapon Systems, Their Ethics, And Their Regulation Under International Law, Kenneth Anderson, Matthew C. Waxman

Faculty Scholarship

An international public debate over the law and ethics of autonomous weapon systems (AWS) has been underway since 2012, with those urging legal regulation of AWS under existing principles and requirements of the international law of armed conflict, on the one side, in argument with opponents who favor, instead, a preemptive international treaty ban on all such weapons, on the other. This Chapter provides an introduction to this international debate, offering the main arguments on each side. These include disputes over defining an AWS, the morality and law of automated targeting and target selection by machine, and the interaction of …

Law And Economics Of Information, Tim Wu

Faculty Scholarship

Information is of enormous importance to contemporary economics, science, and technology. Since the 1970s, economists and legal scholars, relying on a simplified “public good” model of information, have constructed an impressively extensive body of scholarship devoted to the relationship between law and information. The public good model tends to justify law, such as the intellectual property laws or various forms of securities regulation that seek to incentivize the production of information or its broader dissemination. This chapter reviews the public choice model and identifies two recent trends. First, scholars have extended the public good model of information to an ever-increasing …

Cyber Strategy & Policy: International Law Dimensions, Matthew C. Waxman

Faculty Scholarship

Important international law questions for formulating cyber strategy and policy include whether and when a cyber-attack amounts to an “act of war,” or, more precisely, an “armed attack” triggering a right of self-defense, and how the international legal principle of “sovereignty” could apply to cyber activities. International law in this area is not settled. There is, however, ample room within existing international law to support a strong cyber strategy, including a powerful deterrent. The answers to many international law questions discussed below depend on specific, case-by-case facts, and are likely to be highly contested for a long time to come. …

Lawfare 101: A Primer, Charles J. Dunlap Jr.

Faculty Scholarship

Dunlap discusses the concept of lawfare—using law as a form of asymmetrical warfare—and provides some considerations for how to combat this phenomenon. The article establishes the intellectual framework and thematic direction for this Issue of Military Review.

Illicit Exploitation Of Natural Resources - Art. 28l Bis Of The Malabo Protocol, James G. Stewart, Daniëlla Dam

All Faculty Publications

Article 28A(1)(13) of the Protocol to the Statute of the African Court of Justice and Human Rights lists ‘Illicit exploitation of natural resources’ as a criminal offense within the Court’s jurisdiction. In conjunction with the new mandate of the African Court, which includes the exercise of jurisdiction over corporations for the first time in an international treaty, the prohibition of “illicit exploitation of natural resources” creates an offense with especially sharp teeth, for business people, their corporations, military actors and politicians. The crime constitutes an important innovation in international law, since it offers a distinct legal basis for prosecution of …

Constructing Citizenship Through War In The Human Rights Era, Timothy W. Waters

Articles by Maurer Faculty

War's historical relationship to the creation of territorial nation-states is well known, but what empirical and normative role does war play in creating the citizen in a modern democracy? Although contemporary theories of citizenship and human rights do not readily acknowledge a legitimate, generative function for war - as evidenced by restrictions on aggression, annexation of occupied territory, expulsions, denationalization, or derogation of fundamental rights - an empirical assessment of state practice, including the interpretation of international legal obligations, suggests that war plays a powerfully transformative role in the construction of citizenship, and that international law and norms implicitly accept …

Colorado's About Face: Mechanics, Progress, And Challenges Facing Veterans Trauma Courts In Colorado, Karthik A. Venkatraj

University of Colorado Law Review

The nature of asymmetrical warfare-defined by improvised explosive devices, indirect fire attacks, and suicide attackshas significantly altered the patterns of post-service challenges faced by veterans. Dealing with the unseen wounds of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and traumatic brain injury (TBI) that result from this type of combat has been one of the most difficult leadership challenges of my career as a young officer.

Although our nation's medical response to PTSD and TBI is well documented, the judicial challenges are not as apparent. Most recently, our nation has responded to this challenge with an alternative court, the Veterans Trauma Court (VTC), …

Corpus Linguistics As A Tool In Legal Interpretation, Lawrence Solan, Tammy Gales

Faculty Scholarship

No abstract provided.

The 2016 Analysis Of Information Remaining On Computer Hard Disks Offered For Sale On The Second Hand Market In The Uae, Thomas Martin, Andy Jones, Mohammed Alzaabi

Journal of Digital Forensics, Security and Law

This research describes our survey of data remaining on computer hard disks sold on the second hand market in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). This is a repetition of the first survey conducted in 2012 (Jones, Martin, & Alzaabi, 2012). Similar studies have been carried over the last ten years in the United Kingdom, Australia, USA, Germany and France: (Jones, Mee, Meyler, & Gooch, 2005), (Jones, Valli, Sutherland, & Thomas, 2006), (Jones, Valli, Dardick, & Sutherland, 2008), (Jones, Valli, Dardick, & Sutherland, 2009). This research was undertaken to gain insight into the volumes of data found on second-hand disks purchased …

Legal Implications Of Direct Satellite Broadcasting – The U.N. Working Group, Nancy M. Lesko

Georgia Journal of International & Comparative Law

No abstract provided.

The European Company, Pieter Sanders

Georgia Journal of International & Comparative Law

No abstract provided.

Selective Conscientious Objection, Gaillard T. Hunt

The Catholic Lawyer

No abstract provided.

Emigration, Repatriation And The Reality Of Returned Youth In El Salvador, Isabel C. Duarte Vasquez

Master's Theses

According to US Customs and Border Protection, over 59 thousand unaccompanied minors from the Northern Triangle (Guatemala, Honduras and El Salvador) have been detained at the US border, of those 59 thousand, 17 thousand are from El Salvador. El Salvador is home to some of the most dangerous and ruthless gangs of the twenty-first century. Their ruthlessness comes from 1980s guerrilla warfare experience. In addition, El Salvador serves as a transshipment point for illicit substances from South America into Mexico. These dynamics fuel the homicide rate of the region as local gang members must protect their territory by any means …

Where Ralls Went Wrong: Cfius, The Courts, And The Balance Of Liberty And Security, Christopher M. Fitzpatrick

Cornell Law Review

No abstract provided.

Chemical Weapons And Other Atrocities: Contrasting Responses To The Syrian Crisis, Tim Mccormack

International Law Studies

Why has the use of chemical weapons in Syria engendered such a substantive multilateral response in stark contrast to almost every other egregious international law violation perpetrated against the civilian population? Various theories have been offered but the explanation has little to do with humanitarian concerns for Syrian victims and is more readily explicable by unusual (in the Syrian context) alignment of U.S. and Russian national interests. Bashar al-Assad was convinced to accede to the Chemical Weapons Convention, to surrender his stockpiles of chemical weapons and to co-operate with international investigators deployed under UN Security Council auspices amid a cacophony …

Solving The Information Security & Privacy Crisis By Expanding The Scope Of Top Management Personal Liability, Charles Cresson Wood

Journal of Legislation

While information security and privacy losses are now spiraling out of control, and have been demonstrably shown to threaten national sovereignty, military superiority, industrial infrastructure order, national economic competitiveness, the solvency of major businesses, faith and trust in the Internet as a platform for modern commerce, as well as political stability, the U.S. Congress has nonetheless to date refused to seriously address the root cause of these threats. The root cause is a legally reinforced incentive system that encourages, and further entrenches, top management decisions that provide inadequate resources for, and inadequate top management attention to, information security and privacy …

Governance By Proxy: Cyber Challenges To Civil Liberties, Niva Elkin-Koren, Eldar Haber

Brooklyn Law Review

No abstract provided.