Digital Commons Network^™

“Woman Enough” To Win? An Analysis Of Sex Testing In College Athletics, Brenna M. Moreno

Saint Louis University Journal of Health Law & Policy

In recent years, dozens of bills restricting the rights of transgender, or trans, individuals have been introduced in state legislatures throughout the country. To date, ten states have successfully passed laws prohibiting trans athletes from competing on teams in accordance with their gender identities. For its athletes, the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), the United States’ largest intercollegiate athletic organization, has pursued a compromise to balance trans inclusion and fair competition. Established in 2011, the NCAA’s conditionally inclusive policy permits trans women—meaning those who were assigned the sex of male but identify as women—to compete on a women’s team only …

Pursuing Climate Justice: Learning The Lessons Of The Covid-19 Response, Lance Gable

Saint Louis University Journal of Health Law & Policy

The COVID-19 pandemic and the climate crisis have many parallels. Both are large disruptive events that pose foundational threats to humanity through the capacity to cause substantial harm and death to humans. Both pose complex and multifaceted challenges perpetuated by multiple factors that are difficult to interrupt or mitigate. Both are subject to evolving scientific understandings of their underlying causes and potential interventions. Both are novel challenges not previously faced by most humans alive today that comprise potential threats to human society over an extended time period. These similarities allow scholars and policymakers to extrapolate and understand how the responses …

Off-Label Innovations, David A. Simon

Georgia Law Review

Modern medicine faces many significant problems. This Article is about two of them. The first is that approved drugs have many potential therapeutic uses that are never identified, investigated, or developed. The second is the routine practice of physicians prescribing approved drugs for unapproved uses—so-called “off-label” uses. These problems seem very different. Failure to invest in potential new uses is an innovation problem: firms lack incentives to research and develop new uses of old drugs. The problem of off-label uses, on the other hand, is one of safety and efficacy: off-label uses are risky because they are not supported by …

Reconceptualizing Open Access To Theses And Dissertations, Orit Fischman Afori, Dalit Ken-Dror Feldman

Fordham Intellectual Property, Media and Entertainment Law Journal

The global COVID-19 crisis has turned public attention to the special need for accessing those cutting-edge studies that are needed for further scientific innovation. Theses and dissertations (TDs) are prominent examples of such studies. TDs are academic research projects conducted by graduate students to acquire a high academic degree, such as a PhD. They encompass not only knowledge about basic science but also knowledge that generates social and economic value for society. Therefore, access to TDs is imperative for promoting science and innovation.

Open access to scientific publications has been in the focus of public policy discourse for two decades, …

Cross-Cultural Communication In A Crisis: The Universality Of Visual Narrative In The Covid-19 Pandemic, Michael D. Murray

Law Faculty Scholarly Articles

A primary goal of twenty-first century legal works is to communicate the law effectively to diverse audiences. Many of the most needful and most vulnerable audiences for legal information have members who lack basic literacy skills and suffer linguistic and cultural confusion from verbal textual media—namely, the printed word. Yet for centuries, legal rules and government restrictions have been communicated nearly exclusively through the printed word. Recent scholarship in visual legal rhetoric, visual literacy studies, and visual cultural studies is informed by cognitive psychology and neuroscience that all points to a solution: visual communication of the law. Visual communication is …

These Brutal Indignities: The Case For Crimes Against Humanity In Black America, Tiffany D. Atkins

Law Faculty Scholarly Articles

There is nothing we can do. Not guilty. No indictment. There is nothing we can do. As cases of violence and police killings of Black Americans continue to rise, "there's nothing we can do" seems like the default response from the American justice system. Despite the evidence, police officers enjoy the protection of qualified immunity to insulate them from the consequences of their deadly actions. Prosecutors, who often work closely with police, decline to press criminal charges, or if charges are raised, they rarely lead to convictions. Instead of protecting its citizens from violence and loss of life, the American …

The Spirit Of The Law In The Anthropocene: A Massachusetts V. Environmental Protection Agency Casenote, Victoria Depalma

Kentucky Journal of Equine, Agriculture, & Natural Resources Law

No abstract provided.

Fixing The Holes In The Endangered Species Act, Alison Adkins

Kentucky Journal of Equine, Agriculture, & Natural Resources Law

No abstract provided.

The Importance Of The Clean Water Act And Current Attacks On Its Layers Of Oversight And Effectiveness Under Sections 401 And 404, C. Scott Kunde

Kentucky Journal of Equine, Agriculture, & Natural Resources Law

No abstract provided.

Commercial Surrogacy: Building Families Outside Of Family Law, Sylvie Armstrong

UC Law SF Journal on Gender and Justice

Assisted Reproductive Technology continues to grow in popularity. Commercial surrogacy has proved no exception to this trend. However, lack of regulation at the international, federal, and state levels has given rise to a myriad of ethical and legal problems. This article considers the taxonomical question that any regulator must ask: Which field of law ought to be responsible for regulating this industry? It argues that although commercial surrogacy is often discussed as part of the family law rubric, on closer inspection, family law is fundamentally ill-suited to meet the needs of those involved in commercial surrogacy. By demonstrating the challenges …

Bostock: An Inevitable Guarantee Of Heightened Scrutiny For Sexual Orientation And Transgender Classifications, Kaleb Byars

Articles

n June 2020, the Supreme Court decided Bostock v. Clayton County. In Bostock, the Court held that discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation and transgender status per se constitutes discrimination "because of sex" for purposes of Title VIL But Bostock inspires the question of whether its holding and reasoning apply in other contexts, including the Equal Protection Clause context. While the Supreme Court has held intermediate scrutiny applies to sex classifications analyzed under the Equal Protection Clause, the Court has yet to elucidate the level of scrutiny that applies to LGBTQ classifications. Meanwhile, state and federal courts …

The Antiregulatory Arsenal, Antidemocratic Can(N)Ons, And The Waters Wars, William W. Buzbee

Case Western Reserve Law Review

No abstract provided.

The Impact Of Uncertainty Regarding Patent Eligible Subject Matter For Investment In U.S. Medical Diagnostic Technologies, A. Sasha Hoyt

Washington and Lee Law Review

Historically, 35 U.S.C. § 101, the statute governing patent eligible subject matter, has been construed broadly—with its legislative history indicating that it should cover “anything under the sun that is made by man.” The Supreme Court crafted three exceptions to § 101: (1) abstract ideas, (2) laws of nature, and (3) natural phenomena. In recent years, the Supreme Court’s eligibility jurisprudence has further narrowed § 101 to effectively exclude meritorious medical diagnostic methods. Indeed, since the Court’s decision in Mayo Collaborative Services v. Prometheus Laboratories, Inc., the Federal Circuit has held every single diagnostic method claim brought before it …

The Use Of Law To Address Space Debris Mitigation And Remediation: Looking Through A Science And Technology Lens, Annie Handmer, Steven Freeland

Journal of Air Law and Commerce

Increasingly over the past six decades, space exploration and technology have revolutionized the world we live in. The landscape in outer space has continued to evolve rapidly, presenting new challenges for a much slower moving legal framework as well as for peaceful uses of space more generally. In particular, space debris has emerged as a pressing global threat. In response, states have shifted towards a more informal two-pronged approach to outer space, as reflected by non-binding instruments adopted by the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS), along with the development of technologies that aim to …

Remaining Human: How The Airline Deregulation Act Shields Commercial Air Carriers From Legal Liability For Mishandling Human Remains, Abigail A. Lahvis

Journal of Air Law and Commerce

The Airline Deregulation Act of 1978 (ADA) deregulated the domestic airline industry. Specifically, the ADA ended the dual administrative system, which allowed the states to regulate intrastate airfare and permitted the federal government’s Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB) to regulate interstate airfare. The Act also included a broad preemption clause to prevent the states from reimposing economic regulations on air travel. The preemption clause prohibits a “State . . . [from] enact[ing] or enforc[ing] any law, rule, regulation, standard, or other provision having the force and effect of law relating to rates, routes, or services of any air carrier.”

The Supreme …

ข้อจํากัดของกระบวนการคัดค้านภายใต้กฎหมายสิทธิบัตรไทย, ปรีณาภา ศิริพานิช

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

กระบวนการคัดค้านตามมาตรา 31 ถึงมาตรา 32 ในพระราชบัญญัติสิทธิบัตร พ.ศ. 2522 (และฉบับแก้ไขเพิ่มเติม) และมาตรา 32/2 ตามร่างพระราชบัญญัติสิทธิบัตร (ฉบับที่ ... ) พ.ศ. .... ที่อยู่ระหว่าง การพิจารณา มีเจตนารมณ์ให้บุคคลภายนอกเข้ามามีส่วนร่วมในกระบวนการตรวจสอบสิทธิบัตร และ ในทางกลับกัน เพื่อสร้างความแน่นอนให้กับคุณภาพของกระบวนการรับจดทะเบียนสิทธิบัตร แต่ในประเทศไทย จำนวนการยื่นคำคัดค้านมีสัดส่วนค่อนข้างน้อยเมื่อเทียบกับปริมาณการยื่นคำขอรับสิทธิบัตร ทั้งบทบัญญัติที่เกี่ยวข้องยังไม่ชัดเจนทำให้การดำเนินการไม่แน่นอน บทบัญญัติเกี่ยวกับกระบวนการคัดค้านในกฎหมายสิทธิบัตรไทยจึงเป็นประเด็นที่ควรศึกษาทบทวนถึงความสอดคล้องเหมาะสมกับบริบทของประเทศไทยในปัจจุบัน เมื่อศึกษากระบวนการคัดค้านตามบทบัญญัติของกฎหมายไทยเปรียบเทียบกับกระบวนการคัดค้านรูปแบบต่าง ๆ ในต่างประเทศ โดยเลือกกฎหมายสิทธิบัตรออสเตรเลีย ญี่ปุ่น สหรัฐอเมริกา อินเดีย และสิงคโปร์ มาเป็นกรณีศึกษา ประกอบกับคำวินิจฉัยของอธิบดีกรมทรัพย์สินทางปัญญาและคณะกรรมการสิทธิบัตร รวมถึงข้อมูลทางสถิติเกี่ยวกับกระบวนการคัดค้านและข้อมูลจากการสัมภาษณ์ผู้เชี่ยวชาญด้านสิทธิบัตร พบว่าบทบัญญัติของกฎหมายสิทธิบัตรไทยในปัจจุบันทำให้เกิดอุปสรรคในการดำเนินการแก่คู่กรณีทั้งสองฝ่าย ทั้งร่างกฎหมายสิทธิบัตรยังอาจก่อให้เกิดประเด็นปัญหาที่ทำให้การดำเนินการไม่สอดคล้องกับเจตนารมณ์ของกระบวนการ นอกจากนี้ บทบัญญัติของกฎหมายยังขาดแนวทางที่ชัดเจนในการดำเนินการของคู่กรณีและการพิจารณาของพนักงานเจ้าหน้าที่อีกด้วย วิทยานิพนธ์นี้จึงเสนอให้ประเทศไทยแก้ไขเพิ่มเติมบทบัญญัติเกี่ยวกับกระบวนการคัดค้าน เพื่อลดทอนข้อจำกัดอันสร้างความไม่เป็นธรรมแก่คู่กรณีและเป็นอุปสรรคในการให้กระบวนการคัดค้านบรรลุเป้าหมายตามเจตนารมณ์ของกฎหมาย เพื่อส่งเสริมให้กฎหมายสิทธิบัตรสนับสนุนให้เกิดการคิดค้นพัฒนา และเปิดเผยการประดิษฐ์สู่สาธารณชน อันจะนำไปสู่การพัฒนาอย่างยั่งยืน

Managing And Monitoring The Menopausal Body, Naomi R. Cahn, Bridget J. Crawford, Emily Gold Waldman

Elisabeth Haub School of Law Faculty Publications

This Essay explores how menopausal bodies are managed and monitored through both menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) and the burgeoning market for technology-driven menopause products and services. While each of these allegedly improves the menopause experience, a closer investigation reveals a more complex interaction of profit motives and traditional notions of gender identity. The Essay identifies problems with—and suggests some solutions for reforming—current practices of monitoring and managing the menopausal body.

Careful consideration of menopause brings this Essay into ongoing conversations about theorizing beyond the gender binary and stereotypical notions of femininity. Purveyors of both MHT and menopause-related digital products and …

Food, Freedom, Fairness, And The Family Farm, Robin M. Rotman, Sophie Mendelson

Faculty Publications

The concept of the “family farm” holds powerful sway within the American narrative, embodying both nostalgia for an imagined past and anxiety for a future perceived to be under threat. Since the founding of the United States, this cultural ideal has been invoked in support of a rosy vision of agrarian democracy while obscuring the ways in which the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s codified definition of “family farm” has unfairly aggregated advantages for the benefit of a particular kind of family (nuclear) and farmer (white, male, straight). At the same time, consumers are misled by an under-interrogated conflation of family …

Eviscerating Patent Scope, 21 Uic Rev. Intell. Prop. L. 121 (2022), Shahrokh Falati

UIC Review of Intellectual Property Law

No abstract provided.

Voter Suppression Undermines Public Health For All, Erin Grinshteyn, Laura Chyu, Roman Pabayo

Journal of Interdisciplinary Perspectives and Scholarship

In the US, policies have actively suppressed the voices of Black, Indigenous, and people of color (BIPOC) while amplifying their oppressors’ voices. In spite of multiple constitutional amendments to guarantee access to the right to vote for those who initially were deprived of this right, attacks on this civil liberty have persisted. While some states have expanded access to voting rights in the past year, many others have made voting more difficult and some states have had a mixed approach of making voting easier in some ways and harder in others. This continued interest in creating systems in which it …

Presumed Unfit: The Dual Bind Faced By Pregnant And Parenting Youth In Foster Care, Kara R. Finck

American University Law Review

Pregnant and parenting youth in foster care are subject to a range of laws, policies, and practices that expose the realities of a child welfare system structured to focus on surveillance instead of support and family regulation instead of family integrity. Informed by my experience representing foster youth who become parents, this Article considers how youth in care are presumed unfit to parent their children because of a history in foster care and their age. A youth’s status as pregnant or parenting is weaponized to subject them to additional scrutiny, threats, and a shifting burden to justify their fundamental right …

Natural Law And Universal Human Rights, David F. Forte

Law Faculty Articles and Essays

Abdullahi An-Na'im has set his life's quest on attempting to find a way that Muslim society can be attuned to the moral commands of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, a Western creation. At present, the Shari'a and the Declaration are in obvious tension, if not conflict, in areas such as freedom of religion and the rights of women. An-Na'im finds that the Shari 'a is a creation of man derived in history from an interpretation of Islamic sources. Muslims today can legitimately develop their own interpretation relying on the root sources of Islam, but only so long as those …

Decitizenizing Asian Pacific American Women, Shoba Sivaprasad Wadhia, Margaret Hu

University of Colorado Law Review

The Page Act of 1875 excluded Asian women immigrants from entering the United States, presuming they were prostitutes. This presumption was tragically replicated in the 2021 Atlanta Massacre of six Asian and Asian American women, reinforcing the same harmful prejudices. This Article seeks to illuminate how the Atlanta Massacre is symbolic of larger forms of discrimination, including the harms of decitizenship. These harms include limited access to full citizenship rights due to legal barriers, restricted cultural and political power, and a lack of belonging. The Article concludes that these harms result from the structure of past and present immigration laws …

Using Adaptive Governance To Protect Oregon’S Water Resources, Lauren Butz

Lewis & Clark Law Review

Over 30 years ago, Oregon adopted the innovative In-Stream Water Rights Act, which introduced new regulatory tools and incentives for encouraging efficient water consumption, and paved the way for the emergence of water trusts. However, Oregon’s water resources are under increasing strain as the state faces the challenges of over-appropriation and climate change. New solutions are needed to augment the existing regulatory framework. This Comment draws on the principles of adaptive governance and ecological resilience to formulate possible legal solutions to help the state adapt to increasing demands for water, proposing that Oregon leverage corporate social responsibility to encourage investments …

Step-Parent As Fiduciary, Ruth Zafran

Lewis & Clark Law Review

Does a step-parent have any obligations toward the non-resident legal parent of the child? To date, the law has been silent on this point, and the scholarship has paid little, if any, attention to it. This Article argues that the conceptual framework of fiduciary enables us to recognize, both conceptually and legally, the relationship between the step-parent and the non-resident legal parent (who, generally speaking, spends less time with the child on a day-to-day basis). The aim of this fiduciary duty is to protect the more vulnerable party (in this specific context, the non-resident legal parent) from the more powerful …

Trojan Zebra: Unmasking Bostock’S Potential To Undermine Lgbtq+ Protections, James E.A. Rehwaldt

Lewis & Clark Law Review

Engaging with the methodological framework endorsed by the Supreme Court’s holding and rejected by the dissents in Bostock v. Clayton County, this Comment critically examines both the limited scope and potential misuses of the Court’s decision recognizing protection against employment discrimination for gay, lesbian, and transgender individuals under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act.

Protecting The Sublette Antelope Migration: An Analysis Of The Evolution Of The Legal Tools Employed To Protect The Sublette Antelope Herd From Fencing Obstructions, Colin Reynolds

Lewis & Clark Law Review

A biological marvel of the natural world, each year a small herd of pronghorn antelope—called the Sublette herd—migrate over 300 miles through a mix of public and private land in Wyoming. The Sublette herd’s annual movement constitutes one of the largest remaining “big game” migrations within the continental United States. Unfortunately, this migration faces an increasing number of obstacles threatening its long-term viability; chief among them being fencing obstacles. This Comment examines the evolution of the legal tools the federal government, the state of Wyoming, and everyday citizens can use to protect the Sublette herd’s migration.

Who Are You Protecting?: A Feminist Analysis Of Gay And Trans Panic Defense Bans, How They Are Defined, And Who They Protect, Tyler S. Sesker

Undergraduate Honors Theses

As of April 2022, sixteen U.S. states ban Gay panic and Trans panic criminal defenses. These state-law prohibitions stemmed from several high-profile murder trials, focusing on the identity of the decedent, including the killings of Matthew Shepard and Latisha King. Between 1970 and 2020, criminal defenses interrogating the gender identity or sexual identity of victims of violence were used at least 104 times, with nearly a third of those cases resulting in reduced criminal charges and penalties. Today, in thirty-four states, the same tactics remain legal. Applying a feminist and outsider legal lens, this study engages in a textual analysis …

Global Climate Governance In 3d: Mainstreaming Geoengineering Within A Unified Framework, Gabriel Weil

Scholarly Works

The failure of conventional climate change mitigation to reduce climate-related risks to tolerable levels has spurred interest in more unconventional—and riskier—climate interventions. What currently sounds like science fiction could become a reality in the not-so-distant future: planes blasting particles into the sky to block the sun, vast deserts covered with mirrors, algae sucking carbon into the depths of the ocean. Scholars tend to lump all these unconventional climate measures together in a fuzzy category called “geoengineering,” and set them apart from conventional climate change mitigation. But the characteristics of climate interferences vary across three distinct dimensions, which the mitigation-geoengineering dichotomy …

Significant Impacts Under Nepa: The Social Cost Of Greenhouse Gases As A Tool To Mitigate Climate Change, Sydney Hofferth

Michigan Journal of Environmental & Administrative Law

The increased severity of the impacts of climate change demand a re-evaluation of the legal tools that could combat it. The National Environmental Policy Act (“NEPA”) was passed to force government agencies to account for the environmental impacts of their actions. However, as it exists today, NEPA fails to require agencies to consider how their actions will mitigate or exacerbate climate change. This Note argues that agencies should be required to consider the social cost of the greenhouse gases associated with potential major actions at various stages of NEPA analysis. This change would result in increased transparency and public engagement …