Digital Commons Network^™

Regulating International Commercial Surrogacy: A Balance Of Harms And Benefits, Sophia Shepherd

University of Florida Journal of Law & Public Policy

International surrogacy can produce great joy, as well-paid surrogates help produce healthy children for caring parents. However, many current cross-border surrogacy arrangements occur under conflicting citizenship laws, which can leave surrogate-born children stateless and their intended parents fighting for parental rights. In addition, without sufficient regulation, international surrogacy can lead to abuses, including exploitation of surrogate mothers and abandonment of surrogate-born children. At the other extreme, excessive regulation, including prohibition, can also cause great harm as surrogates and intended parents are denied surrogacy’s benefits. Moreover, inadequate regulation can quickly lead to prohibition, as abuses cause a country to flip from …

Does U.S. Federal Employment Law Now Cover Caste Discrimination Based On Untouchability?: If All Else Fails, There Is The Possible Application Of Bostock V. Clayton County, Kevin Brown, Lalit Khandare, Annapurna Waughray, Kenneth Dau-Schmidt, Theodore M. Shaw

Faculty Publications

This article discusses the issue of whether a victim of caste discrimination based on untouchability can assert a claim of intentional employment discrimination under Title VII or Section 1981. This article contends that there are legitimate arguments that this form of discrimination is a form of religious discrimination under Title VII. The question of whether caste discrimination is a form of race or national origin discrimination under Title VII or Section 1981 depends upon how the courts apply these definitions to caste discrimination based on untouchability. There are legitimate arguments that this form of discrimination is recognized within the concept …

Navigating Heller’S Murky Waters: Second Amendment Protections For Individuals Previously Involuntarily Institutionalized, Kristen Kinneary

Student Works

No abstract provided.

The Need For Social Support From Law Schools During The Era Of Social Distancing, Michele Okoh, Inès Ndonko Nnoko

Faculty Scholarship

Law students have been faced with unparalleled stress during the syndemic. They must cope with being students during the COVID-19 pandemic but also must deal with stress related to social and political unrest. This essay recommends that law schools apply social support theory in developing interventions to effectively address the needs of law students now and in the future.

Social support theory focuses on the value and benefits one receives from positive interpersonal relationships. These positive relationships impact both mental and physical health and promote beneficial short and long-term overall health. However, not all supports are the same, and social …

Put Down The Phone! The Standard For Witness Interviews Is In-Person, Face-To-Face, One-On-One, Sean O'Brien, Quinn O'Brien, Dana Cook

Faculty Works

Professor and capital defense attorney Sean O’Brien, private investigator Quinn O’Brien, and mitigation specialist Dana Cook team up in this article to explain why the standard for competent defense investigation requires face-to-face, one-on-one, culturally competent client and witness interviews, and why short cuts to investigation, such as telephone calls or remote video links, are counter-productive, prone to failure, and constitute substandard work. Although the primary focus of this article is on standards that apply to capital mitigation work, the problems created by remote witness interviews are not unique to death penalty work; there are persuasive arguments and authority that the …

Is Juvenile Probation Obsolete? Reexamining And Reimagining Youth Probation Law, Policy, And Practice, Patricia Soung

Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology

The dramatic growth of prison populations in the United States during the latter half of the twentieth century, as well as the problems of over-policing and police misconduct, have been well documented and decried.¹ But the related expansion and problems of community supervision receive far less attention. Across the nation, reform efforts have increasingly included a focus on probation, especially juvenile probation, as an actor that both jails and polices youth in the community while also trying to rehabilitate them and promote their well-being. This Article studies the juvenile probation system, with a focus on California as one important …

Rhode Was Right (About Character And Fitness), Leslie C. Levin

Faculty Articles and Papers

Almost 40 years ago, Deborah Rhode chronicled numerous problems with the legal profession’s character and fitness inquiry in her seminal article, Moral Character as a Professional Credential. This essay, which is dedicated to her memory, assesses the current state of that inquiry. The essay notes a few areas of improvement in some jurisdictions, but finds the character and fitness inquiry remains problematic. Some jurisdictions continue to operate without published standards and most character and fitness committees—and even the courts— do not publish information about their decisions. It is still the case, as Rhode noted, that there is little evidence that …

Conceptualizing Attorney Motivation: A Study Of The Representatives For Parents And Children In The Child Welfare System, Shannon Moody

Theses and Dissertations--Social Work

Background. Attorneys who represent parents and children in dependency, neglect, and abuse (DNA) proceedings are key in influencing the outcomes of the cases they carry. These influences include the length of time a child spends in the custody of the state or the necessity for foster care, visitation with family members, length of time to reunification, and recommended services for the child and parents (Courtney & Hook, 2012; Goldman, 1993; Thornton & Gwin, 2012; Zinn & Peters, 2015). The American Bar Association’s analysis is that there are “four constants: high caseloads, low compensation, inadequate training, and lack of supervision” …

Solutions To The Negative Consequences Of Ai On American Jobs And Tax Policy, Shelby Ward

Student Works

No abstract provided.

To Prosecute Or Not To Prosecute: A Prosecutor’S Role In Decriminalizing Prostitution, Elisia M. Tadros

Student Works

No abstract provided.

Innovation And Equality: An Approach To Constructing A Community Governed Network Commons, Rider W. Foley, Olivier Sylvain, Shelila Foster

Faculty Scholarship

Networked computing affords users distinct opportunities to communicate with each other, build relationships, transact business, and create. Yet, the digital divide perpetuates existing disparities between social groups. Interventions that rely on private ownership or philanthropy often fall short. Efforts to redress these disparities require collaboration across academic disciplines and with government and private sector organizations. This paper chronicles efforts in Harlem to address this through a collaborative approach to networked computing. We draw on two concepts--responsible innovation and co-governance--to sketch a community-based approach to networked computing. Second, the article identifies two potential systems, based in property law, through which a …

A Health Justice Response To School Discipline And Policy, Thalia Gonzalez, Alexis Etow, Cesar De La Vega

American University Law Review

Inequities in school discipline and policing have been long documented by researchers and advocates. Longitudinal data is clear that Black, Indigenous, people of color (BIPOC) students are punished and policed at higher rates than their white classmates. For students who have disabilities, especially those with intersectional identities, the impact of school discipline and policing is amplified, with disparities existing at some of the highest rates across multiple categories. And this disproportionality has not diminished during short- and long-term school closures resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic. In fact, schools have employed new models of exclusion in the pandemic setting that operate …

On Florida Law, Language, And Alcohol Use Disorder, Stacey A. Tovino

Faculty Articles

No abstract provided.

Vol. 27: No. 1 (Winter 2022)

Roger Williams University Law Review

No abstract provided.

Vol 27: No. 2 (Spring 2022)

Roger Williams University Law Review

No abstract provided.

Resistance Is Not Futile: Challenging Aapi Hate, Peter H. Huang

Publications

This Article analyzes how to challenge AAPI (Asian American Pacific Islander) hate—defined as explicit negative bias in racial beliefs towards AAPIs. In economics, beliefs are subjective probabilities over possible outcomes. Traditional neoclassical economics view beliefs as inputs to making decisions with more accurate beliefs having indirect, instrumental value by improving decision-making. This Article utilizes novel economic theories about belief-based utility, which economically captures the intuitive notion that people can derive pleasure and pain directly from their and other people's beliefs. Even false beliefs can offer comfort and reassurance to people. This Article also draws on interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary theories about …

Employment Law—Intersecting Identities & Ideologies, Nondiscrimination, And The First Amendment Ministerial Exception Defense—Deweese-Boyd V. Gordon College, 163 N.E.3d 1000 (Mass. 2021), Margaret R. Austen

Suffolk Journal of Trial and Appellate Advocacy

No abstract provided.

Teaching Constitutional Law, Administrative Law, And Health Law As Presidential Administrations Change, Renée M. Landers

Saint Louis University Law Journal

When elections bring about changes in the political party of the president, the shifts frequently involve a change in the philosophies that inform the approach to governing. In teaching constitutional law, administrative law, and health law, this author cautions students to consider the political content of agency actions underlying the judicial opinions studied. Examining the political and discretionary judgment government officials exercise may provide an explanation for the results or an analysis when the law does not seem to account for the agency action or court decision. This Article examines the opportunities available to an incoming administration to undo the …

Face The Facts, Or Is The Face A Fact?: Biometric Privacy In Publicly Available Data, Daniel Levin

Fordham Intellectual Property, Media and Entertainment Law Journal

Recent advances in biometric technologies have caused a stir among the privacy community. Specifically, facial recognition technologies facilitated through data scraping practices have called into question the basic precepts we had around exercising biometric privacy. Yet, in spite of emerging case law on the permissibility of data scraping, comparatively little attention has been given to the privacy implications endemic to such practices.

On the one hand, privacy proponents espouse the view that manipulating publicly available data from, for example, our social media profiles, derogates from users’ expectations around the kind of data they share with platforms (and the obligations such …

Domestic Violence And Leave Laws: How New York Can Improve Its Leave Policies Based On The Laws Of Washington, D.C. And New Jersey, Nusrat J. Khan

City University of New York Law Review

Although intimate partner violence often starts in the privacy of one’s home, its impact spills over in almost all aspects of the victim’s life. The effects of violence are tangible – physical and emotional harm to the person and their dependents, loss of educational or employment opportunities, financial problems, interactions with the criminal justice system, and ongoing legal issues. To address the loss of employment, federal and state governments have implemented leave laws to offer job protection for victims of intimate partner violence. Leave laws are an essential aspect of employment as the ability to take leave from work provides …

Educators’ Perception Of Their Psychosocial Support Of Elementary Students In Gabon, Africa, Michel Ikamba

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Although educators internationally have often provided care to vulnerable students who struggle to meet the needs of nutrition, health, protection, and access to essential social services, no formal social systems exist in Gabon to aid educators who work with these students. In the absence of relevant local research and drawing on Dewey’s theory of progressive education as a conceptual model, this basic qualitative study asked about educators’ perceptions in limited resource elementary schools in Gabon of the social needs and strategies employed with students who demonstrated signs of disengagement and alienation. Qualitative data collection included semi-structured recorded interviews with 12 …

Panel 3: The Universal Museum Myth, Irini Stamatoudi, Patty Gerstenblith, Elena Korka, Joe Baker

Cardozo Arts & Entertainment Law Journal

The article critiques the concept of the "universal museum," arguing that it often justifies the removal of cultural heritage from its origin communities under the guise of public education and universal access. The discussion emphasizes the ethical and legal issues surrounding colonial-era acquisitions and advocates for a shift towards restitution and collaboration with source communities to address historical injustices.

When Police Discursive Violence Interacts With Intimate Partner Violence, Janet Ainsworth

Faculty Articles

Linguists analyzing the practices of American-style police interrogation have revealed the discursive attributes of police interrogation that can, often unwittingly, induce false confessions from suspects. Further, psychologists have identified a number of factors that can make particular subjects of police interrogation especially vulnerable to false confessions under interrogation. This article suggests that women who have been victims of serial domestic violence may be a heretofore unrecognized class of those particularly vulnerable individuals. Because the psychodynamics of American-style police interrogation so closely parallel the psychodynamics of intimate terroristic domestic violence, victims of domestic violence may react to police interrogation with the …

A Review On Drug Regulation Policy In The Netherlands And India: The History Of Current Policy Development, And Policy Analysis, Tapashi Adhikary, Pratik Kumar Bal, Kumar Sumit

Manipal Journal of Nursing and Health Sciences

Background

Drug use and illicit trafficking of drugs have been a common problem in both the Netherlands and India since historical times. The Dutch Drug Policy (DDP) model is a combination of both leniency and strict laws whereas the Indian Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act (NDPS Act) went from being a stringent policy in the past to a more flexible lenient policy in recent years. The objective of the current review was to explore the history of the development of the Netherlands and India's drug regulating policies, followed by the analysis of the policies using the Walt & Gilson …

Choosing Death, Shaping Death: Assumptions About Disabilities, Race, And Death, Janet L. Dolgin

Hofstra Law Faculty Scholarship

This article considers two legal cases and the stories that developed around them. Both the cases and their stories involved issues of significance to the larger society - death and bias. Each concern has occasioned confusion and debate in its own right. When these issues are combined, confusion and debate are intensified. This Article examines the complicated interplay between bias and decisions about death and dying in the U.S. health care system. Further, it reviews intersecting claims about the importance, respectively, of autonomy and community in resolving disputes about the topics of death and dying.

Designing Interdisciplinary, Early Intervention Dispute Resolution Tools To Decrease Evictions And Increase Housing Stability, Christine N. Cimini

Articles

This Article provides a unique glimpse into the development of an early-intervention, pre-court, interdisciplinary dispute resolution project intended to decrease evictions and increase housing stability for recipients of subsidized housing in Seattle. With a grant from the Seattle Housing Authority (SHA), a coalition of non-profit organizations had the rare opportunity to design a dispute resolution system into existence. A dispute system design team was formed and began by examining the interconnected problems of housing instability, eviction, and houselessness. Despite thorough research on dispute system design and extensive meetings with stakeholders, the deign team encountered numerous challenges. This Article identifies the …

Session 1: The Death Penalty In The United States, Edith Georgi, Annemarie Harris Block, Hannah Gorman

Intercultural Human Rights Law Review

Session 1 of the 2022 Intercultural Human Rights Law Review Annual Symposium, entitled "The Death Penalty in the United States".

Csec Treatment Courts: An Opportunity For Positive, Trauma-Informed, And Therapeutic Systems Responses In Family And Juvenile Courts, Emma Hetherington, Allison Dunnigan, Hannah Elias Sbaity

Scholarly Works

In an effort to improve outcomes for CSEC (commercial and sexual exploitation of children) youth and to facilitate accurate identification of survivors through the implementation of multidisciplinary, survivor-focused responses, jurisdictions have increasingly looked towards treatment courts to serve as a model for prevention, intervention, diversion, and treatment. Juvenile and family courts are uniquely positioned to intervene in cases involving CSEC. Several jurisdictions have already created treatment courts to specifically address the needs of survivors and those at risk of CSEC, particularly those who are involved in the child welfare or juvenile justice systems. The goal of treatment courts for survivors …

The Role Of Adoption In Dobbs-Era Pro-Life Policy, Elizabeth Kirk

Scholarly Articles

It is incumbent upon those who wish to provide alternatives to abortion for pregnant women to advance policies that highlight the unique gifts of adoption in a way that ensures it is a meaningful option. Of course, there are many venues for this to occur, whether in education, media, advertising, private initiative, or legislation. The particular policy appropriate for each state will depend on many factors, including the availability of legal abortion.

มาตรการคุ้มครองผู้ปฏิบัติการอำพราง : ศึกษากรณีการกำหนดความผิดอาญาฐานเปิดเผยข้อมูลของผู้ปฏิบัติการอำพราง, อมตะ ชนะพงษ์

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

วิทยานิพนธ์ฉบับนี้ มีวัตถุประสงค์เพื่อศึกษามาตรการในการให้ความคุ้มครองข้อมูลของผู้ปฏิบัติการอำพราง ซึ่งการปฏิบัติการอำพรางนั้นเป็นวิธีการสืบสวนชนิดหนึ่งที่มีความเสี่ยงสูง และหกาผู้ปฏิบัติการอำพรางถูกเปิดเผยข้อมูลแล้วอาจเกิดอันตรายแก่ชีวิตของผู้อำพรางรวมไปถึงครอบครัวด้วย จากการศึกษาพบว่าประเทศไทยมีพระราชบัญญัติการสอบสวนคดีพิเศษ พ.ศ.2547, พระราชบัญญัติวิธีพิจารณาคดียาเสพติด พ.ศ.2550, พระราชบัญญัติป้องกันและปราบปรามการมีส่วนร่วมในองค์กรอาชญากรรมข้ามชาติ พ.ศ.2556 และพระราชบัญญัติป้องกันและปราบปรามการฟอกเงิน พ.ศ.2542 ซึ่งให้อำนาจในการปฏิบัติการอำพราง แต่มาตรการที่คุ้มครองข้อมูลของผู้ปฏิบัติการอำพรางนั้นเป็นมาตรการควบคุมภายในองค์กรเท่านั้น ยังไม่มีบทบัญญัติใดให้ความคุ้มครองข้อมูลของผู้ปฏิบัติการอำพรางจากการถูกเปิดเผยข้อมูลโดยมิชอบด้วยกฎหมาย อันก่อให้เกิดความเสี่ยงในการปฏิบัติหน้าที่ของผู้ปฏิบัติการอำพรางและบ่อนทำลายประสิทธิภาพในการสืบสวนด้วย ต่อมาได้ศึกษากฎหมายของต่างประเทศ คือ ประเทศสหรัฐอเมริกา ประเทศฝรั่งเศส และประเทศออสเตรเลีย ว่ามีแนวทางใดในการคุ้มครองข้อมูลของผู้ปฏิบัติการอำพราง พบว่าประเทศเหล่านั้นใช้มาตราการลงโทษทางอาญาและได้กำหนดให้การเปิดเผยข้อมูลการปฏิบัติการอำพรางหรือข้อมูลของผู้ปฏิบัติการอำพรางเป็นความผิดซึ่งมีโทษจำคุกและโทษปรับหนักเบาตามพฤติการณ์ ด้วยเหตุนี้ จึงได้เสนอให้มีการแก้ไขเพิ่มเติมพระราชบัญญัติการสอบสวนคดีพิเศษ พ.ศ.2547, พระราชบัญญัติวิธีพิจารณาคดียาเสพติด พ.ศ.2550, พระราชบัญญัติป้องกันและปราบปรามการมีส่วนร่วมในองค์กรอาชญากรรมข้ามชาติ พ.ศ.2556 และพระราชบัญญัติป้องกันและปราบปรามการฟอกเงิน พ.ศ.2542 โดยเพิ่มบทบัญญัติห้ามมิให้เปิดเผยข้อมูลของผู้ปฏิบัติการอำพราง เพื่อเป็นการป้องกันและคุ้มครองบุคคลผู้ที่ต้องปฏิบัติงานที่มีความเสี่ยงต่อชีวิตรวมไปถึงครอบครัวจากการถูกเปิดเผยข้อมูลจากการปฏิบัติการอำพราง และช่วยให้ผู้ปฏิบัติการอำพรางมีความมั่นใจในการปฏิบัติหน้าที่จนบรรลุงวัตถุประสงค์ในการอำพรางได้