Digital Commons Network^™

Putting Police Body-Worn Camera Footage To Work: A Civil Liberties Evaluation Of Truleo's Ai Analytics Platform, Christopher Slobogin, Farhang Heydari, Max Isaacs, Katie Kinsey, Barry Friedman, Alissa Marque Heydari

Vanderbilt Law School Faculty Publications

This Article summarizes findings from a civilliberties evaluation of Truleo, an Al-powered analytics platform designed to automate thereviewofpolice body-worn camera (BWC) footage. It includes a summary of how Truleo's platform works, policy choices made by the company, and our assessment ofsafeguards and risks of the platform from a civil liberties perspective. This Article also offers a series of recommendations for policymakers considering the adoption of Truleo or similar technologies. These indude the necessity for independent testing of claimed benefits, democratic authorization for deployment, and ongoing transparency and public input around the platform's design and operation. Importantly, this Article argues that …

The Moral Boundary Of The Firm, Michael P. Vandenbergh, Jane E. Miller, Margaret Blair, Jonathan M. Gilligan

Vanderbilt Law School Faculty Publications

Scholars have wrestled with the legal boundary of the firm for generations. The legal boundary limits the extent to which a firm can be held liable for the torts, contractual, and regulatory obligations of other corporations. The existence of a legal boundary suggests that the law limits incentives for firms to control the climate and other environmental harms caused by their corporate suppliers. Yet recent research demonstrates that many of the largest corporations impose environmental requirements on their suppliers that exceed the legal requirements imposed on these suppliers. This suggests that some factors other than the threat of liability may …

Positioning Justice: A Legal Cascade Of Sexual Violence Cases In Mombasa, Kenya, Melanie Olum, Gerald Githinji, Abigael Kenga, Abel Nyabera Mokua, Morris Kiio, Nawal Aliyan, Iqbal Khandwala, Celina Kithinji, Saida Wanjiku, Marleen Temmerman

Centre of Excellence in Women and Child Health

Introduction: Seeking legal redress for sexual violence (SV) is a daunting process for survivors. They must navigate their personal trauma societal stigma, and flawed systems, creating an arduous path to justice. This study was conducted to assess patterns of SV within Mombasa County, Kenya, and details the legal follow-up post-SV care.

Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted using data from SV survivors attending the Gender-Based Violence and Recovery Centre (GBVRC) at the Coast General Teaching and Referral Hospital (CGTRH) between 2017 and 2023. Data sources include post-rape care (PRC) forms, clinician notes, quarterly reports, police reports, counsellor …

An Exhibition And Protest Of Executions In Iran, Donna M. Hughes

Dignity: A Journal of Analysis of Exploitation and Violence

An exhibition and protest of executions in Iran was held in Washington, D.C. in June 2025. Portraits of 2000 men and women who were killed or executed in Iran since the 1980s were displayed on the National Mall in front of the Capitol. The Iranian Resistance estimates that 30,000 activists were massacred in one period in 1988. Executions of prisoners have continued steadily, making Iran the world’s leading executioner of men and women. In recent years, there has been a sharp escalation in the number of executions of prisoners. A United Nations Special Rapporteur reported that over 800 persons were …

Boundary-Setting And Choice-Making With No "Adult" In The Room: Professional Identity Formation Opportunities For 1ls In The Transactional Context, Marni Goldstein Caputo, Kathleen Luz

Faculty Scholarship

Law schools are now required by the American Bar Association’s Standard 303(b)(3) to provide students with opportunities for professional identity formation throughout their legal education. It is critical that those opportunities be well-balanced and tied to the realities of practice. Yet until recently, we, as 1L lawyering skills professors at Boston University School of Law, only provided those opportunities in the litigation context. Further, our 1L lawyering skills curriculum was, since its inception, almost entirely steeped in litigation. This litigation focus matches neither the career trajectory nor the upper-level experiential opportunities of the majority of our students. In fact, transactional …

Masthead & Table Of Contents

Dalhousie Law Journal

No abstract provided.

Going Gray Too Early? Effects Of Color On Facial Identification, Roman M. Pardo

Masters Theses (Archived)

This study investigated a possible bias in face-matching and ID-screening decision making- color incongruity (i.e., one face image presented in color and one in grayscale). Expanding on previous research, the 2x2 mixed methods experiment incorporated eye tracking measures (i.e., fixations). Participants N= 25 were randomly assigned to compare color or grayscale IDs (between groups comparison) to a 10 s color video of a person moving their head side to side. The task consisted of 2 practice and 48 face-matching trials with medium prevalence (MP, 24 match, 24 mismatch) presented as one of four pseudo-random and counterbalanced orders. Signal detection …

Extractivism And Water Crisis In The Moroccan Draa Oasis: Global South Reflections On Responsibility And Resistance, Ahmed El Khatabi

Journal of Maya Heritage

Abstract. The Draa Oasis in southeastern Morocco is experiencing severe water scarcity, driven by climate change and intensified by the expansion of watermelon agribusiness and desert tourism. This article explores how external investors, empowered by national agricultural policies, have disrupted traditional water governance systems rooted in collective management. Through ethnographic fieldwork involving interviews, focus groups, and spatial mapping, the study examines the socio-environmental consequences of groundwater depletion and land commodification. It argues that investors fail to assume ethical accountability for the ecological degradation they cause, despite being aware of the oasis’s fragile ecosystem. Meanwhile, local communities and civil society actors …

Beneath The Label - Evaluating The Fda Approval Of Copenhagen Classic Snuff As A Modified Risk Tobacco Product, Yisroel Grabie, Tafani Chowdhury, Sudeep Acharya

HCA Healthcare Journal of Medicine

In this review, we critically evaluate the Food and Drug Administration's modified risk tobacco product (MRTP) status granted to a smokeless tobacco product (March 2023), Copenhagen Classic Snuff (CCS). This new status necessitates an assessment of the product CCS use and its public health impacts. We assess the impact of CCS as it relates to the reduction of lung cancer risk and the potential increased risk for nasopharyngeal cancer, chronic rhinitis, nicotine dependence, and other health hazards. Concerns persist regarding nicotine's harm and public misperception due to risk reclassification, and caution should be maintained to discourage novel snuff users. Advocating …

แนวทางในการกำหนดความรับผิดทางอาญาและวิธีการเพื่อความปลอดภัยต่อผู้กระทำความผิดซึ่งมีสภาวะจิตผิดปกติ (Guideline For Determining The Criminal Liability And Security Measures For Insane Offenders), Natchapol Jittirat

Chulalongkorn University Law Journal

หลักเกณฑ์ในการพิจารณาความรับผิดทางอาญาของผู้กระทำความผิดที่มีสภาวะจิตผิดปกตินับเป็นปัญหาสำหรับศาลและนักกฎหมายมาช้านานในอดีต เนื่องจากผู้กระทำความผิดบางรายอาจกระทำความผิดไปโดยไม่รู้สึกตัว เพราะมีสาเหตุมาจากความบกพร่องทางประสาท สมอง จิตใจ อารมณ์และความเครียด ซึ่งความผิดปกติทางจิตขนาดใดจึงจะนำมาพิจารณาว่าผู้นั้นไม่มีความผิด หรือมีความผิดแต่ควรยกเว้นโทษหรือลดโทษนี้ ศาลของประเทศอังกฤษได้วางหลักสำคัญไว้ในการพิจารณาคดี McNaghten’s (1843) ว่าต้องสันนิษฐานไว้ก่อนว่ามนุษย์ทุกคนมีจิตปกติ เว้นแต่จะมีข้อสันนิษฐานซึ่งสามารถพิสูจน์ได้ว่าขณะกระทำความผิดจำเลยได้รับความเจ็บปวดจากโรคทางจิตจนไม่ทราบเนื้อหาและสาระสำคัญของการกระทำ กล่าวคือไม่สามารถรู้ได้ว่าสิ่งนั้นถูกหรือผิด หลักเกณฑ์ดังกล่าวนี้ได้ถูกนำไปใช้อย่างแพร่หลายทั้งในสหรัฐอเมริกาและประเทศในภูมิภาคยุโรป ซึ่งนำไปสู่การตัดสินว่าจำเลยไม่มีความผิดโดยศาลจะมีคำสั่งให้ควบคุมตัวจำเลยไปรับการบำบัดรักษาที่สถานพยาบาล สำหรับการพิจารณาถึงความรับผิดของผู้ที่มีจิตบกพร่อง โรคจิต หรือจิตฟั่นเฟือน ตามแนวทางในการพิจารณาคดีของศาลนั้นหากผู้กระทำไม่รู้สำนึกของการกระทำย่อมไม่มีความผิดตามประมวลกฎหมายอาญา มาตรา 59 ถ้าหากผู้กระทำรู้สำนึกแต่ไม่สามารถรู้ผิดชอบ หรือไม่สามารถบังคับตนเองได้ถือเป็นเหตุยกเว้นโทษ และถ้าผู้กระทำความผิดยังสามารถรู้ผิดชอบอยู่บ้าง หรือยังสามารถบังคับตนเองได้บ้าง ผู้นั้นต้องรับโทษสำหรับความผิดนั้น โดยศาลจะลงโทษน้อยกว่าที่กฎหมายกำหนดไว้สำหรับความผิดนั้นเพียงใดก็ได้ตามมาตรา 65 ซึ่งจะเห็นได้ว่าในกรณีที่ศาลตัดสินว่าจำเลยไม่มีความผิดนี้อาศัยความตามมาตรา 59 ถือว่าผู้กระทำความผิดไม่รู้สำนึกซึ่งใช้หลักเกณฑ์เดียวกับบุคคลทั่วไปซึ่งหากไม่รู้สำนึกในการกระทำก็ย่อมไม่มีความผิด ดังปรากฏตามคำพิพากษาฎีกาที่ 8743/2544 คำพิพากษาฎีกาที่ 2590/2562 แต่สำหรับผู้กระทำความผิดที่มีจิตบกพร่อง โรคจิต หรือจิตฟั่นเฟือนนั้นได้กระทำความผิดไปโดยไม่รู้ถึง “สภาพ” และ “สาระสำคัญ” ของการกระทำจึงควรบัญญัติแยกไว้เป็นอีกมาตราหนึ่งให้ผู้นั้นไม่มีความผิดและหากผลของการกระทำความผิดมีความร้ายแรงต่อชีวิต ร่างกายหรือทรัพย์สินของผู้อื่นก็ควรให้เป็นดุลพินิจของศาลในการมีคำสั่งให้ส่งตัวผู้นั้นเข้ารับการบำบัดรักษาในสถานพยาบาลได้เช่นเดียวกับที่บัญญัติความไว้ใน มาตรา 48 นอกจากนี้ หากผู้กระทำความผิดยังสามารถรู้ผิดชอบหรือยังสามารถบังคับตนเองได้บ้างก็ควรมีเกณฑ์ลดโทษตามความร้ายแรงของการกระทำความผิดดังเช่นหลักเกณฑ์ตามประมวลกฎหมายอาญาของสาธารณรัฐฝรั่งเศสเพื่อให้เกิดความเป็นธรรมต่อผู้เสียหาย ทั้งยังควรนำวิธีการคุมประพฤติมาใช้บังคับหลังจากที่จำเลยพ้นโทษในกรณีที่ผู้นั้นได้กระทำความผิดร้ายแรงดังเช่น สาธารณรัฐฝรั่งเศสและประเทศอังกฤษ เพื่อป้องกันมิให้ผู้นั้นกลับมากระทำความผิดซ้ำขึ้นอีก

Ai And The Erosion Of Law’S Moral Authority, Joseph Avery

BYU Law Review

Over the past decade, artificial intelligence (AI) has begun to assist, augment, and influence judicial and legislative work. At the end of 2023, U.S. Supreme Court Chief Justice John Roberts was “confident” that technological changes would continue to transform the common law and that judicial work would “be significantly affected by AI.”

In the legislative realm, there are AI tools devoted exclusively to drafting statutes, and the use of AI by members of the U.S. Congress is now officially sanctioned. These developments have led to a focus on technical and performance-related issues with AI, including those of accuracy and reliability, …

Not Her Fault: Ai Deepfakes, Nonconsensual Pornography, And Federal Law’S Current Failure To Protect Victims, Taylor Percival James

BYU Law Review

No abstract provided.

Breaking Barriers Exploring Guardianship & Public Administration Challenges Facing Egyptian Widows, Caroline Maher

Theses and Dissertations

This thesis examines the influence of guardianship policies and the administrative infrastructure on the well-being of widows' families in Egypt. Widows in Egypt encounter significant challenges in exercising their guardianship rights due to patriarchal norms, bureaucratic hurdles, inefficient systems, and limited access to information. These obstacles can negatively impact their children's well-being, as well as economic and social stability. Despite social media activism, calls for administrative reforms, and legislative debates, no changes have occurred. This study aims to conduct in-depth exploratory qualitative research to analyze the challenges and limitations of current guardianship policies and administrative systems affecting widows’ families in …

Be Curious, Not Judgmental: Neurodiversity In Legal Education, Katherine Silver Kelly

Arkansas Law Review

This Article takes the position that the curiosity associated with legal education is limited to those who are neurotypical. For students who are neurodivergent, law school is a place of judgment, not curiosity. The number of neurodiverse law students is increasing, yet they are not sufficiently supported in law school. This Article will seek to show how the current structures of legal education, although fundamentally sound, have become overly rigid. Instead of providing students with intellectual foundations of legal doctrine that prepare them for the challenges of practicing law, the existing status quo stifles those goals. By limiting our practices …

Transforming Care: An Academic And Community Symposium On Transgender Care And Experience, Alison Sutton-Ryan, Kimberly Van Vulpen

Transforming Communities

Background: Transgender experience is often excluded from education and training. An emphasis has been often placed on sexual identities instead of gender differences rendering transgender care invisible in the healthcare system (Gahagan & Colpitts 2017). Lack of education and training has created significant barriers to accessible gender-affirming care, contributing to disproportionately high levels of discrimination for transgender individuals seeking medical services (Redcay et al., 2021). Purpose: The Interprofessional Education Symposium on Transgender Care and Experience was an innovative initiative developed by the newly formed Transgender Interprofessional Care Team (TICT) at a medium-sized suburban university. This collaborative team, comprising key …

Grundnorm, Pure Theory Of Law, And Monism In The Dynamics Of International Law, Fx Adji Samekto, Muh. Afif Mahfud, Adya Paramita Prabandari

Indonesian Journal of International Law

The Grundnorm is Hans Kelsen’s teaching that was integrated into his theory known as the Pure Theory of Law. The Grundnorm is the highest source of legal imperative, which is accepted by every individual human being, based on his free will to submit orders that are no longer debated because they are accepted as truth. The Grundnorm being the source of the validity of legal imperatives, it means that is the highest source of the validity of regulatory law within the scope of national and international law. This is the background of the justification of the Monism school, which is …

Challenges In The Enforcement Of International Legal Framework Against Child Soldiering, Shedrack Ekpa, Daniel Friday Atidoga

Indonesian Journal of International Law

The war crime of child soldiering has contagiously blossomed, necessitating the application of several prohibitive legal standards for its extermination. As the impact of this heinous and atrocious crime soars, the multi-dimensional scope for the protection against child soldiering becomes more sternly entrenched. This article aims to interrogate this global and worrying phenomenon in the light of existing international legal framework. Alhough doctrinal in nature, this article relies on both primary and secondary sources of data. It was found that despite the high retinue of prohibitive norms as stipulated in various legal instruments, the war crime of child soldiering has …

Demanding More From Distance Learning: The Virtual & Democratized Futures Of Legal Education, Antonio M. Coronado, Gabriela Elizondo-Craig

Seattle University Law Review Online

Antonio M. Coronado and Gabriela Elizondo-Craig examine the transformative potential of online legal education through their work at Innovation for Justice, where they lead virtual legal training programs for community-based justice workers. They trace the development and limitations of ABA Standard 306, highlighting how the COVID-19 pandemic exposed both the rigidity of traditional legal education and the possibilities of technology-enabled learning. Drawing on adult education theory and best practices in online pedagogy, Coronado and Elizondo-Craig challenge prevailing critiques of distance legal education and advocate for a learner-centered, accessible, and inclusive model. Their experience demonstrates how online legal education, when intentionally …

United States: National Bank Holiday, 1933, Ayodeji George

Journal of Financial Crises

By mid-February 1933, the United States was in the depths of the Great Depression and the banking system faced sustained depositor runs and currency hoarding. On February 14, the governor of Michigan declared a holiday for all banks and trusts in the state. There followed a wave of declared bank holidays and bank runs across the country. The public withdrew $1.8 billion in gold and currency from banks in February and early March, with nearly two-thirds of those withdrawals occurring in the week ended Friday, March 3. By that date, 25 of 48 states had implemented bank holidays or restricted …

Robbing The Cradle: Georgia's Battle To Enact "Raise The Age" Legislation Through Hb 462, Elizabeth Hammond

Georgia Criminal Law Review

In the state of Georgia, seventeen-year-olds are not old enough under the law to vote or consume alcohol and tobacco products. Despite this, they are old enough to be criminally tried as adults. Georgia is one of three states that continues to process seventeen-year-old juvenile offenders through the criminal justice system instead of juvenile court. In September 2023, forty-five juveniles were prosecuted as adults and incarcerated in Georgia prisons. This is significant because juvenile offenders experience better outcomes when they are processed through the juvenile court system because juvenile courts account for a youth’s “naturally high capacity for change and …

The Shadow Pandemic: The Response To Domestic Violence In The Wake Of Covid-19 And What We Can Carry Forward, Presley Sneed

Georgia Criminal Law Review

When the COVID-19 virus brought the pandemic to the United States in March of 2020, the legal system was not prepared for the increase in domestic and intimate partner violence that would follow. The United Nations (UN) later identified this social phenomenon as a second pandemic, a “shadow pandemic” that resulted from an increase in stay-at-home orders and a decrease in support services for victims. By the end of 2021, forty-five percent of women globally reported either they themselves or a woman they know had experienced some form of domestic or intimate partner violence since the emergence of COVID-19. One …

Time To Put Down Iq Testing: Analyzing The Unreliability Of Iq Testing In Capital Offenses, Nik Giyanani

Georgia Criminal Law Review

Georgia sentences individuals with intellectual disability (“ID”) to death at an alarming rate. As a result, Georgia has likely executed individuals with ID in violation of the United States Constitution already. These unjust executions are a result of the impossibly high “beyond a reasonable doubt” burden of proof that capital defendants in only Georgia must meet to prove they are intellectually disabled. One large hurdle for defendants attempting to meet this standard is the unreliability of IQ testing. IQ testing, a soft science, provides inconsistent results due to ever-changing variables in the testing process. Additionally, the generally accepted threshold IQ …

Misreading The Federal Child Pornography Statutes, Owen Senders

Georgia Criminal Law Review

For the past 40 years, federal courts have committed two grievous textual errors in interpreting the federal child-pornography statutes and sentencing guidelines. These errors have caused hundreds of wrongful convictions—many the bases for decades-long sentences—and have produced a body of caselaw that is profoundly incoherent and in direct conflict with basic tenets of First Amendment doctrine. They have also likely endangered children. This article identifies these errors, surveys their consequences, and suggests legal arguments for people charged or convicted under the child-pornography statutes.

The first error impacts the application of all of the federal child-pornography statutes and sentencing guidelines. These …

Penyalahgunaan Kekuasaan Dan Viktimisasi Proyek Strategis Nasional Di Pulau Rempang, Dandi Jayusman, Annarentika Faajra Shakhila, Benedikta Wewieta Li Pena, Elly Saskia, Esterlita Nova Yaser Rantung, Heni Nur Febriyanti, Athifah Danika Pramesti

Jurnal Hukum & Pembangunan

Implementing the National Strategic Project (PSN) on Rempang Island caused controversy over the abuse of power that harmed some local communities. This research aims to analyze the conception of victims of abuse of power in the implementation of PSN, the structural victimization of PSN, the impact of PSN victimization, and the regulation of the rights of people affected by PSN. The research method used is doctrinal research with statutory regulations, victimology, and case approaches. The study shows that communities who experienced repression and violence during the implementation of PSN on Rempang Island are victims of abuse of power. Structural victimization …

Director, Military Cyber Institute, Joseph Schafer

Military Cyber Affairs

No abstract provided.

Throughput Of Ascon Compared With Popular Iot Encryption Algorithms, Mitchel R. Harvey (Ryan), Andrew M. Kaiser, Garrett W. Hoiness

Military Cyber Affairs

No abstract provided.

Anomaly Detection Of Network Layer Attacks Against Cyber Physical Systems Using Machine Learning And Deep Learning Techniques, James Alger, Michael Tu

Military Cyber Affairs

This research paper presents the analysis of using machine learning and deep learning algorithms on detecting anomalous network traffic in Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS). Using a real PLC CPS-based system, normal and anomalous network traffic will be captured using Wireshark. The research analyzes a DDoS attack. The focus of the research is to identify the most effective feature combinations and evaluate them on ML and DL models. The emphasis is on enhancing detection strategies rather than exploiting device vulnerabilities. The detection of network attacks often involves handling a vast array of high-level features. Previous studies (Li & Chasaki, 2022) apply machine …

Characterizing Caldera’S Cyber Attack Emulation Capabilities, Caleb Chang, Matthew Cao, Kenyou Teoh, Ekzhin Ear, Shouhuai Xu

Military Cyber Affairs

Autonomous cyber attack emulation can aid cyber defenders to identify and remediate cyber risks. MITRE’s Caldera software is the state-of-the-practice for automated attack emulation. Yet, it has not been systematically analyzed, putting its performance and effectiveness into question. This paper systematically characterizes Caldera’s architecture, abilities and use cases, and assesses its strengths and weaknesses. It draws useful insights, such as: Caldera excels in stealthy access and execution tactics to pilfer data against Windows operating systems. It also discusses two directions for Caldera improvement: module-level automation and end-to-end attack emulation.

The Digital Battlefield: Safeguarding Military Drones Against Cyberattacks, Jason Ashong, Arun Venkitanarayanan, Benjamin Yankson

Military Cyber Affairs

The Internet of Battlefield Things (IoBT) is an advanced network of interconnected devices that significantly enhance military operations through real-time data exchange and situational awareness. While IoBT offers tactical advantages like improved surveillance, reconnaissance, and operational effectiveness, it also introduces substantial cybersecurity risks. Adversaries can exploit vulnerabilities within these networks, potentially compromising mission integrity and national security. This research examines the cybersecurity measures of commercial drone controllers and their correlation with military devices. It aims to enhance future vulnerability assessments with advanced tools and approaches to better secure critical military operations. The study highlights the need for robust security architectures …

Using Blockchain Technology To Help Secure America's Defense Critical Infrastructure, Vimal Buck, Aerin Krebs, Brynn Hillard, Jakob Gerha, Joseph Lutma, Srikar Maduposu, Ted Allen

Military Cyber Affairs

Critical water infrastructure in the United States faces increasing cybersecurity threats from state-sponsored actors, with potentially devastating consequences for national security, economic stability, and public health. (Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency, 2025). This infrastructure supports defense critical assets and is actively being targeted by various state-sponsored hacking groups, which poses a major concern for civilians and military alike. K. Herath (personal communication, February 24, 2025) reported being aware of two attacks on Ohio water systems during his tenure as Cybersecurity Strategic Advisor to Ohio Governor Mike DeWine.

Water is essential to everyday life and defense and presents as a high-value …