Digital Commons Network^™

Algorithmic Law In Contemporary Brazil: From Cyber-Libertarianism To Constitutional Rights, Pedro Rubim Borges Fortes

Latin American & Caribbean Law Review

This article provides a reflection of Brazilian algorithmic law, exploring how law regulates algorithms by defining prohibitions, permissions, standards, and rights in contemporary Brazil. Importantly, the concept of “algorithmic law” implies a normative idea, that is, that law should regulate algorithms, defining prohibitions, permissions, standards, and rights. This study examines the ideological transformation of law and technology, as Brazilian society moved from a libertarian approach to a perspective of establishing protective legislation, regulation, and constitutional rights to technology users. It explains the ‘Civil Rights Framework for the Internet.’ the ‘General Data Protection Law,’ the legislative project of an Artificial Intelligence …

Table Of Contents, Latin American & Caribbean Law Review

Latin American & Caribbean Law Review

No abstract provided.

J Mich Dent Assoc Oct. 2026

The Journal of the Michigan Dental Association

The October 2026 issue of the Journal of the Michigan Dental Association highlights advocacy, leadership, clinical practice, and practice management for Michigan dentists. The cover story examines how MDA advocacy led to the passage of Senate Bill 105, prohibiting forced virtual credit card transaction fees. Features include a profile on Dr. Raymond Gist, first Black ADA president; clinical guidance on caries management with Dr. Melissa Seibert; insights from the LEAD leadership program; and surgical mindfulness by Dr. Anish Gupta. Regular departments cover unlicensed employee legalities, supporting caregiver employees, open health insurance enrollment, and MDA organizational updates.

Introduction: A Roadmap To The Naval War With Iran, James Kraska

International Law Studies

No abstract provided.

The Colorado River Upper Initial Units Take Center Stage, Eric Kuhn, Anne Castle, Jack Schmidt, Kathryn Sorensen, Katherine Tara

The Traveling Wilburys of the Colorado River

In 1956, Congress authorized the Upper Initial Units—Flaming Gorge Reservoir,

Navajo Reservoir, and the Aspinall Unit (UIUs)—for a variety of water use

purposes in the Upper Colorado River Basin, including compliance with the

1922 Colorado River Compact (1922 Compact). The historical record is clear

that the primary reason these reservoirs exist is to satisfy the math of the 1922

Compact and the obligations it imposed on the Upper Division States

regarding flows at Lee Ferry.

Mmu: 10/05/26-10/11/26, Student Bar Association

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Comments On Reg-119882-25, Application Of The Personal Responsibility And Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act Of 1996 To The Refunded Portion Of Certain Federal Refundable Tax Credits, 91 Fed. Reg. 53,812 (Aug. 20, 2026); Irs Docket No. Irs- 2026-1057, Islame Hosny, Addison H. Brown, Andrew E. Hoppe, Nafisa Jeb, Parker W. Kinney, Shane M. Rice, Audrey Hager, Anna Russell, Cornell Law School Low-Income Taxpayer Clinic

Cornell Law School J.D. Student Research Papers

On October 5, 2026, the Cornell Law School Low-Income Taxpayer Clinic submitted this comment letter on proposed Treasury and IRS regulations (REG-119882-25, 91 Fed. Reg. 53,812). The regulations would apply the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 (PRWORA) to the refunded portions of the adoption tax credit, child tax credit, American opportunity tax credit, and earned income tax credit. The letter argues that Treasury has not adequately reconciled PRWORA's "qualified alien" test with the Code's residency and Social Security number rules. It also argues that Treasury has not justified treating the adoption credit as a federal public …

Victim Behaviour And Phone Snatching In Kano Metropolis: A Literature Review Based On Victim Precipitation Theory, Mu'azu Ya'u Abdullahi

African Journal of Criminology and Justice Studies

This paper reviews studies on the problem of phone snatching in Kano Metropolis, with focus on the behaviour of victims. Many studies have explained the crime by linking it to poverty, unemployment, and weak policing among others. However, less attention has been given to how people’s everyday actions may increase their risk. Using Victim Precipitation Theory, this review shows that behaviours such as openly displaying phones, walking alone in unsafe places, or using phones while distracted create easy chances for offenders. The review also notes that wider issues, such as poor street lighting and active black markets, combine with victim …

Fake News From Fake Dudes: Why State Statutes Regulating Political Deepfakes Are Both Necessary And Constitutional, Jay Kennedy

Northwestern University Law Review

As technology advances and more Americans use the internet to get their news, AI-generated “deepfakes” have become a powerful tool for misinformation. One common use of deepfakes is to make fake, but convincing, videos of electoral candidates or government officials. Deepfakes pose particular harm to local governments and officials because, unlike federal leaders, local leaders usually do not have the financial resources to fund the counterspeech sufficient to disprove deepfakes. Thus, to help defend the integrity of local governments, this Note argues that every state should enact legislation prohibiting deepfakes of public officials and proposes a First Amendment-compliant framework for …

Chapter 4: Untangling The “Legal Vortex”: Transit, Tolls, And Truce In The Strait Of Hormuz, James Kraska

International Law Studies

No abstract provided.

Tech Oligarchs And Corporate Vigilantism, Joao Marinotti, Asaf Lubin

Articles by Maurer Faculty

Big Tech’s unchecked power has evolved from a regulatory crisis into one concerning the rule of law itself. Shielded by the First Amendment, Section 230 of the 1996 Communications Decency Act, corporate law, and contract law, technology giants have circumvented traditional government oversight, amassing a level of power that eclipses even that of some sovereign states. No longer guided by cautious boards of directors, today’s tech empires are often ruled by impulsive billionaire CEOs, who, through a single policy change or algorithmic tweak, can upend individual rights, destabilize global markets, and erode democratic governance itself.

The scale of such dangers …

Source & Solidarity, Sari Mazzurco

Michigan Law Review

Trademark law has become the new frontier of unionbusting. Companies like Trader Joe’s, Starbucks, and Medieval Times have brought unprecedented suits against their employee unions for trademark infringement in relation to their organizing activities. This sort of litigation puts courts in the difficult position of reconciling trademark protection with unionization rights. Their attempts to apply standard trademark doctrines in this context reveal a deeper problem: Current trademark law is incoherent when applied to labor unions.

This incoherence stems from a disconnect between current trademark law and the original purpose behind its application to labor unions. This Article recovers that basis …

How Did We Get Here?, Michael J. Klarman

Fordham Law Review

President Donald J. Trump’s second administration has transgressed basic rules and norms of democracy and the rule of law in myriad ways. Below, I have laid out my own top ten list of transgressions, though others could surely have made out a good case for their own “favorites.” It would not be difficult to come up with a longer list, yet the purpose of my Levine Lecture is less to describe where we are than to explain how we got here. Following an enumeration of Trump administration transgressions, my lecture turns to two questions. First, why have traditional checks on …

The Alien Enemies Act Of 1798, Andrew Kent

Fordham Law Review

For the first time since World War II—and for the first time ever outside a formally declared war—an American president has invoked the Alien Enemies Act of 1798 to detain and deport noncitizens. Enacted during the Quasi-War with France, the Act’s operative language remains largely unchanged today. In March 2025, President Donald J. Trump proclaimed that members of the Venezuelan gang Tren de Aragua present in the United States are “alien enemies,” asserting that their activities, allegedly coordinated with President Nicolás Maduro’s government, constitute an “invasion” or “predatory incursion” within the meaning of the statute. Litigation challenging the invocation of …

News That Will Not Break: How The First And Fourth Amendments Can Jointly Protect The Press From Secret Government Intrusions Into Newsgathering, Julianna Margolin

Fordham Law Review

The modern constitutional and statutory framework permits the U.S. government to obtain journalists’ confidential source information and work product by secretly serving third-party service providers with subpoenas. While the First Amendment protects journalists and the Fourth Amendment guards against unreasonable government searches, new technology and the involvement of third parties complicate the balance between independent newsgathering and government access.

This Note examines reporters’ privilege jurisprudence stemming from the seminal U.S. Supreme Court decision Branzburg v. Hayes, which declined to recognize a categorical privilege. This Note also explores the subpoena power in the digital age as it converges with privacy …

Public Libraries, Limited Forums: Critiquing The Fifth Circuit’S Decision In Little V. Llano County, Spencer Emelia Petrick-Knoll

Fordham Law Review

Conflicts over the collections of public libraries have become increasingly frequent in the twenty-first century. In 2025, the Fifth Circuit held that library collections are government speech, thereby preventing patrons from challenging book removals. This Note critiques that decision and analyzes which First Amendment doctrine should govern the curation decisions of a public library. It examines the historical evolution of the public library and First Amendment doctrine to argue for classification of the public library’s collection as a limited public forum. This classification allows libraries to make reasonable, viewpoint-neutral decisions about retaining books in their collections while ensuring that viewpoint …

The Mirage Of Meta Pixel Code: Redefining Pii In The Era Of Generative Ai, Sophie Venter

Fordham Law Review

Data privacy laws are intended to put consumers in control of whether their identifying data can be sold and used for targeted advertising. However, these laws do not provide adequate protections in the era of generative artificial intelligence (AI). This Note examines one way that existing privacy law permits companies to profit from selling data for targeted advertising without obtaining user consent: transferring video watching data in a pixel code. Some U.S. Courts of Appeals have determined that these data transfers do not sufficiently identify users and the videos they watched to constitute violations of user privacy. This has led …

Richmond Law Magazine: Autumn 2026

Richmond Law Magazine

To Lead is to Empower

The House That Family Money Built

The Front Line of Virginia's Judicial Systen

Student Perceptions Of Artificial Intelligence-Generated Child Sexual Abuse Material: An Qualitative Content Analysis, Paige Horton, Amanda Isabel Osuna

Dignity: A Journal of Analysis of Exploitation and Violence

The rapid growth of artificial intelligence (AI), especially generative AI and deepfake technology, has introduced new challenges in the production and dissemination of child sexual abuse material (CSAM). While existing research has examined the technological and legal implications of AI-generated child sexual abuse material, less is known about how the public, especially young adults who are most likely to use AI technologies, perceive these developments. The present study addresses this gap by examining undergraduate student perceptions of AI-generated child sexual abuse material at a medium-sized private university in the Southeastern United States. Using data from a Qualtrics survey, this study …

How Many Pieces Form A Forbidden Picture? Protecting Privacy Through The Mosaic Theory Of The Fourth Amendment, Sam Ciaccio

MC Law Review

No abstract provided.

Closing Loopholes Or Creating Gaps: The Future Of Obstruction Of Justice Laws After Fischer V. United States, Helaina Theos

MC Law Review

No abstract provided.

Chapter 3: Blockade, Prize, And Targeting: The Revival Of Economic Warfare In Operation Epic Fury, James Kraska

International Law Studies

No abstract provided.

Mengenal Hcch 1970 Taking Evidence Abroad Convention, Priskila Pratita Penasthika

Jurnal Hukum & Pembangunan

Since mid-2023, the Supreme Court of the Republic of Indonesia has prioritised the strengthening and harmonisation of Indonesian civil procedural law to better align with international practices and standards. This initiative seeks to enhance the competitiveness of Indonesian judicial institutions in resolving commercial disputes through acceding to relevant private international law instruments. The HCCH 1970 Evidence Convention is among the key private international law instruments identified by the Supreme Court as a priority for Indonesia's accession. Nonetheless, academic literature in the Indonesian language on private international law instruments, particularly those issued by the Hague Conference on Private International Law (HCCH), …

Refleksi Kritis Pengaruh Kebijakan Efisiensi Anggaran Terhadap Pelayanan Publik Dan Pembangunan Daerah, Rizky S. Widyaningtyas, Moza A. Paradhiva

Jurnal Hukum & Pembangunan

The central government's policy of mandating budget efficiency has had a significant impact on regions, particularly those dependent on central government transfers. In the context of the Special Region of Yogyakarta, efficiency not only impacts regular regional budget (APBD) revenues but also Special Fund transfers. Using a socio-legal approach, this study explores and analyzes the impact of efficiency on public service delivery and regional development in the Special Region of Yogyakarta (DIY), as well as the regional government's strategies for budget optimization. The results indicate that, first, budget efficiency has significantly created various obstacles in development and service delivery, including …

Haruskan Debitur Mengatakan "Ya"? Menyoal Persetujuan Debitur Dalam Pengalihan Piutang Oleh Bank, Ihsanuddin Nursyie

Jurnal Hukum & Pembangunan

Financial Services Authority Regulation No. 26 of 2024 concerning the Expansion of Banking Business Activities requires the inclusion of an assignment of receivables clause in credit agreements and, where such a clause is not provided, requires the debtor’s consent before the assignment is carried out. This article analyzes the appropriateness of debtor consent as a protection instrument in the assignment of receivables through cessie. This research employs a doctrinal legal method by analyzing legislation, legal doctrines, and relevant literature. The findings indicate that debtor consent is not an inherent requirement of cessie, while the risks to debtor protection are more …

Pengenaan Data Provisioning Fee Sistem Layanan Informasi Keuangan (Slik) Terhadap Lembaga Pengelola Informasi Perkreditan: Tinjauan Implikasi Prinsip Resiprokal Dan Aspek Keadilan Dalam Pungutan Otoritas Jasa Keuangan, Gumelar Taufik Yugo Rahmanto, Gunardi Sa Lumbantoruan, Henry Darmawan Hutagaol

Jurnal Hukum & Pembangunan

The dual system model in the implementation of credit information in Indonesia makes the relationship between the Financial Services Authority (OJK) as a public credit registry and the Credit Information Management Institution (LPIP) as a private credit bureau interesting to observe. In particular, the relationship is related to access to the Financial Information Service System (SLIK), which is one of the data sources used by LPIP in carrying out its activities. This study aims to examine the implication of the principle of reciprocity in the exchange of credit information through SLIK, as well as the fairness aspect of the imposition …

Dari Penafsiran Ke Konstruksi Konstitusi: Evolusi Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Tentang Keserentakan Pemilihan Umum, Khairul Fahmi, Desip Trinanda

Jurnal Hukum & Pembangunan

Abstract

The Constitutional Court's decisions regarding election simultaneity demonstrate a highly progressive development in constitutional reasoning. The Constitutional Court has issued at least three decisions related to the election simultaneity model: Decision Number 14/PUU-XI/2013, Decision Number 55/PUU-XVII/2019, and Decision Number 135/PUU-XXII/2024. So far, studies of these decisions have tended to be placed within the framework of constitutional interpretation. However, the Constitutional Court's stance in Decision Number 135/PUU-XXII/2024 goes beyond merely interpreting the constitution to also construct a constitutional provision on election simultaneity by separating national and local elections. Therefore, the focus of this article is the shift in the Constitutional …

Gagasan Kode Etik Untuk Mantan Hakim Konstitusi: Perbandingan Dengan Federal Constitutional Court Jerman, Ryan Muthiara Wasti, Fitra Arsil, Aidul Fitriciada Azhari, Fatmawati Fatmawati

Jurnal Hukum & Pembangunan

One aspect of evaluating the Constitutional Court, which has been in existence since 2003, is the issue of ethical compliance. Although a code of ethics for constitutional judges currently exists, it applies only to sitting constitutional judges. In reality, however, many former constitutional judges frequently act as parties in cases heard by the Constitutional Court. The author found that there are still former Constitutional Court judges who have served as parties—either as principals or as legal representatives. Although there is no explicit prohibition, the involvement of former constitutional judges in case proceedings raises the potential for conflicts of interest and …

Introduction, Katherine M. Houlden

Nebraska Journal on Advancing Justice

No abstract provided.

ข้อพิจารณาการประมวลผลข้อมูลส่วนบุคคลของลูกค้าในธุรกิจธนาคารพาณิชย์ตามพระราชบัญญัติคุ้มครองข้อมูลส่วนบุคคล พ.ศ. 2562 (Considerations For The Processing Of Customer Personal Data In Commercial Banking Business Under The Personal Data Protection Act B.E. 2562 (2019)), Pawat Pabhawattawan

Chulalongkorn University Law Journal

ธุรกิจธนาคารพาณิชย์เป็นธุรกิจประเภทหนึ่งที่มีการประมวลผลข้อมูลส่วนบุคคลของลูกค้าเป็นจำนวนมาก โดยภายหลังจากที่พระราชบัญญัติคุ้มครองข้อมูลส่วนบุคคล พ.ศ. 2562 (“PDPA”) มีผลใช้บังคับโดยสมบูรณ์ ธนาคารพาณิชย์หลายแห่งมีการกำหนดมาตรการและนโยบายในการประมวลผลข้อมูลส่วนบุคคลของลูกค้าเพื่อคุ้มครองข้อมูลส่วนบุคคลอย่างเคร่งครัด แต่ถึงอย่างไรก็ดี ในปัจจุบัน เนื่องจากการตีความตาม PDPA รวมถึงกฎหมายที่เกี่ยวข้องยังไม่มีคำพิพากษาของศาลที่ครอบคลุมในทุกประเด็นเป็นบรรทัดฐาน จึงทำให้ในทางปฏิบัติแล้วอาจเกิดปัญหาในการตีความและใช้ PDPA รวมถึงกฎหมายที่เกี่ยวข้องเพื่อดำเนินธุรกิจของธนาคารพาณิชย์ได้ ในบทความนี้ ผู้เขียนจึงจะหยิบยกและนำเสนอข้อพิจารณาหรือประเด็นที่น่าสนใจในเชิงปฏิบัติของการประมวลผลข้อมูลส่วนบุคคล (การเก็บรวบรวม ใช้ และเปิดเผยข้อมูลส่วนบุคคล) ของลูกค้าในธุรกิจของธนาคารพาณิชย์โดยพิจารณาตามฐานการประมวลผลข้อมูลตามกฎหมายของ PDPA ที่ผู้เขียนมีความคิดเห็นว่า ประเด็นที่จะนำเสนอในบทความนี้อาจถูกนำไปใช้พัฒนาและต่อยอดในการกำหนดแนวปฏิบัติหรือมาตรการการคุ้มครองข้อมูลส่วนบุคคลของลูกค้าโดยธนาคารพาณิชย์ เพื่อให้ธนาคารพาณิชย์สามารถให้บริการลูกค้าได้อย่างมีประสิทธิภาพโดยที่ลูกค้าได้รับการคุ้มครองข้อมูลส่วนบุคคลตามกฎหมายอย่างเต็มที่ หรือป้องกันปัญหาต่าง ๆ ที่อาจเกิดขึ้นได้ในอนาคต