Digital Commons Network^™

Operational Agency: A Permeable Legal Fiction For Tracing Culpability In Ai Systems, Anirban Mukherjee, Hannah H. Chang

Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business

Modern artificial intelligence (AI) systems act with a high degree of independence yet lack legal personhood—a paradox that fractures doctrines grounded in human-centric notions of mens rea and actus reus. This Article introduces Operational Agency (OA)—a permeable legal fiction structured as an ex post evidentiary framework—and Operational Agency Graph (OAG)—a tool for mapping causal interactions among human actors, organizations, and AI systems. OA evaluates an AI’s observable operational characteristics: its goal-directedness (as a proxy for intent), predictive processing (as a proxy for foresight), and safety architecture (as a proxy for standard of care). OAG operationalizes that analysis by embedding these …

Co-Matching: Towards Human–Model Collaborative Legal Case Matching, Chen Huang, Xinwei Yang, Yang Deng, Wenqiang Lei, Jiancheng Lv, Tat-Seng Chua

Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems

Recent efforts have aimed to improve AI models in legal case matching by integrating legal domain knowledge. However, successful legal case matching requires the tacit knowledge of legal practitioners, which is difficult to verbalize and encode into models. This emphasizes the crucial role of involving legal practitioners in high-stakes legal case matching. To address this, we propose a collaborative matching framework called Co-Matching, which encourages both the model and the legal practitioner to participate in the matching process, integrating tacit knowledge. Unlike existing methods that rely solely on the model, Co-Matching allows both the legal practitioner and the model to …

Learning By Writing: Exploring Authentic Legal Learning Through Case Summaries, Ee-Ing Ong, Wei Yang Quek, Duan Ning, Magdeleine Lew

Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law

We use authentic learning as a pedagogical framework in a collaboration between our law school and the national Supreme Court of a Southeast Asian country, which facilitates law students’ development of their legal analytical and writing skills, and helps them better bridge the gap between existing legal curricula and the needs of legal practice. Akin to a writing apprenticeship, students write summaries on selected Supreme Court judgments, with their output reviewed by faculty as well as judicial law clerks from the court. The results are published on the court’s website and circulated to other stakeholders. In the post-exercise survey, participating …

Offshore Philanthropy: A Critical Look At Family Offices Using Hybrid Trusts, Hang Wu Tang

Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law

Family offices manage substantial wealth and often undertake philanthropic initiatives as part of their broader objectives. These offices may assume a variety of legal forms, ranging from corporations, partnerships, trusts administered by private trust companies or a combination of these forms. This article is concerned with family offices which use trusts administered by private trust companies in offshore jurisdictions. In response to competition for global wealth, several offshore jurisdictions have enacted trust laws that relax traditional doctrinal constraints to accommodate the needs of family offices. These include the creation of discretionary trusts for hybrid purposes in perpetuity ie trusts that …

An Exploratory Analysis Of Neurocognitive Performance And Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (Ptsd) Among Latinx Asylum Seekers, Elsie A. Arias

Doctoral Dissertations

Asylum seekers are exposed to violence and traumatic events in their home countries at high rates, leading to mental health challenges such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). PTSD symptoms and comorbidities such as depression and alcohol misuse are associated with impacts to multiple domains of cognitive functioning among populations such as Veterans. However, the neurocognitive performance of Latinx asylum seekers who experience PTSD symptoms are under-documented in the current literature despite its meaningful impact on clinical care engagement and navigation of the legal process. This study utilized an exploratory, quantitative, cross-sectional design to examine whether higher levels of self-reported PTSD, …

Other People's Poverty, Emmanuel Hiram Arnaud, Shaun Ossei-Owusu

Faculty Scholarship

Puerto Ricans have a relationship with the United States that is historically unparalleled. They have been citizens of the United States since 1917, served in every major conflict since World War I, and have been influential members of American culture, politics, and society. Yet, Puerto Rico is not fully part of the United States. The island of 3.2 million people— more than the population of eighteen states—is a U.S. territory. This means the federal government wields its complete and largely unrestrained plenary power over the Island, often treating Puerto Ricans differently than the rest of the United States. This differential …

Faculty List

Journal of Dispute Resolution

No abstract provided.

The Limits Of Disclosure: Artificial Intelligence, Arbitration, And The Illusion Of Informed Consent, Rishi Batra

Journal of Dispute Resolution

Consider the following scenario: A warehouse worker brings a wage and hour claim against her employer under her state's labor code. Her employment contract, which she signed on her first day of work, contains a mandatory arbitration clause that she did not negotiate, did not fully read, and — like most employees in her situation — did not fully understand. An arbitrator is appointed, a hearing is held, and an award is issued in the employer's favor several weeks later, denying the employee's claims entirely. The award is well-organized and internally consistent, addressing each of the worker's claims with what …

A Decade Of Change: Technology’S Impact On Negotiation Deepens In The Age Of Ai, Noam Ebner

Journal of Dispute Resolution

When people consider the notion of negotiation changing, they tend to look first toward that magnificent negotiation construct, “the table.” Here are some immediately apparent areas of table-novelty: • There is often a screen on our table, rather than another person sitting across from us. • The table we “go” to negotiate at is not in our office or that of our counterpart; rather, it is a communications system such as email or an online platform developed by a third-party provider. • The table, in its online-platform form, sometimes structures process and facilitates communication in ways that our trusty old …

Mirror, Mirror On My Screen, Can You Feel Like A Human Being?, Lauren A. Newell

Journal of Dispute Resolution

We cannot go anywhere without encountering artificial intelligence (AI) these days. AI has infiltrated our phones, our cars, and our washing machines. It is with us in doctors’ offices, at the drive-through, and at sporting events. It has taken over our calendars and our inboxes and our videoconferences, and it would like to help us brush our teeth, too.

Beyond City Limits: Access To Adr And Child Client-Directed Counsel In Missouri’S Rural Family Courts, Reghan Matlock

Journal of Dispute Resolution

Reba McEntire once sang, “Don’t trust your soul to no backwoods southern lawyer”—a warning that still echoes in today’s debates about rural justice and representation. The catchy murder ballad captures a story driven by dramatic family ties and a broken justice system. While the song exaggerates for effect, it taps into a realistic concern: an existing divide in access to justice between rural and urban communities. This divide impacts all areas of law, including family law—where concerns about confidentiality and privacy are heightened because small communities make it difficult to shield sensitive matters from public view. The divide is troubling, …

คำเสนอปิดผนึกเพื่อประนอมข้อพิพาทในการอนุญาโตตุลาการระหว่างประเทศ (Sealed Offer In International Arbitration), Suwit Suwan

Chulalongkorn University Law Journal

คำชี้ขาดที่เกิดจากกระบวนการอนุญาโตตุลาการระหว่างประเทศมักจะลงท้ายด้วยส่วนที่เป็นประกาศิต 2 ส่วน ส่วนแรกเป็นคำชี้ขาดที่ว่าด้วยจำนวนค่าเสียหาย ค่าสินไหมทดแทนที่ฝ่ายแพ้คดีจะต้องชำระหรือใช้คืนให้แก่ฝ่ายชนะคดีหรือปฏิบัติการชำระหนี้รูปแบบอื่นให้แก่ฝ่ายที่ชนะคดี รวมเรียกว่าเป็นคำชี้ขาดในเนื้อความแห่งคดี ส่วนที่สองเป็นคำชี้ขาดในเรื่องค่าใช้จ่ายซึ่งมักกำหนดจำนวนค่าใช้จ่ายในการอนุญาโตตุลาการที่ฝ่ายแพ้คดีต้องชำระหรือใช้คืนให้แก่ฝ่ายชนะคดี เรียกว่าคำชี้ขาดในส่วนค่าใช้จ่าย ค่าใช้จ่ายในการอนุญาโตตุลาการมีจำนวนสูงขึ้นอย่างสม่ำเสมอ แม้ว่าเทคโนโลยีจะได้รับการพัฒนาให้ก้าวหน้าอย่างต่อเนื่องและมีการนำเอาเทคโนโลยีมาใช้ในกระบวนการอนุญาโตตุลาการอย่างกว้างขวางก็ตาม คู่พิพาทฝ่ายที่แพ้คดีอนุญาโตตุลาการระหว่างประเทศนอกจากต้องแบกรับภาระค่าใช้จ่ายของตนแล้วยังจะถูกบังคับโดยคำชี้ขาดให้เข้ารับภาระหรือชดใช้ค่าใช้จ่ายของฝ่ายที่ชนะคดีด้วย ทั้งนี้เป็นไปตามหลักเกณฑ์ที่ว่า “Costs follow the event” หรือ “ผู้แพ้เป็นผู้รับผิดชอบค่าใช้จ่าย” ที่ถือปฏิบัติกันอยู่ในวงการอนุญาโตตุลาการระหว่างประเทศ หลักเกณฑ์นี้กำเนิดขึ้นในประเทศอังกฤษ ต่อมาถูกนำไปใช้กันอย่างแพร่หลายทั่วโลกทั้งในประเทศคอมมอนลอว์และประเทศซิวิลลอว์ คู่พิพาทที่หวั่นวิตกว่าจะต้องรับภาระค่าใช้จ่ายที่สูงลิ่วหากตนตกเป็นฝ่ายแพ้คดี สามารถนำเอาวิธีการยื่นคำเสนอปิดผนึกเพื่อประนอมข้อพิพาทมาใช้เป็นเครื่องมือจำกัดหรือลดค่าใช้จ่ายดังกล่าว หลักปฏิบัติในเรื่องการทำคำเสนอปิดผนึกเพื่อประนอมข้อพิพาทถือเป็นเรื่องใหม่สำหรับประเทศไทย ผู้เขียนมีความประสงค์ที่จะนำเสนอหลักกฎหมายและประเพณีปฏิบัติในเรื่องดังกล่าวที่แพร่หลายอยู่ในสถาบันอนุญาโตตุลาการหลักของโลกให้ผู้ประกอบธุรกิจและนักกฎหมายไทยได้รับทราบและนำไปใช้ให้เป็นประโยชน์หากต้องเข้าไปเกี่ยวพันกับการอนุญาโตตุลาการระหว่างประเทศ

Ice Arrests In The Mountain West, 2025, Cason Noll, Caitlin J. Saladino, William E. Brown Jr.

Criminal Justice

This fact sheet presents data from the Prison Policy Initiative briefing on Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) arrest data for the five Mountain West states of Arizona, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, and Utah from January to October of 2025.  This fact sheet reports the number of ICE arrests by location and arrest rates per 100,000 residents in each Mountain West state.

ความเป็นมาทางประวัติศาสตร์ของการปฏิรูปกฎหมายวิธีพิจารณาความแพ่งไทยภายใต้อิทธิพลกฎหมายอังกฤษ (Historical Background Of The Reform Of Thai Civil Procedure Law Under The Influence Of English Law), Wiriya Kongsiriwong, Kittipob Wangkham

Chulalongkorn University Law Journal

ในช่วงของการเปลี่ยนผ่านจากการใช้วิธีพิจารณาความแบบโบราณตามกฎหมายตราสามดวงมาสู่การจัดทำประมวลกฎหมายวิธีพิจารณาความแพ่ง สยามในยุคปฏิรูประบบกฎหมายได้ใช้วิธีการตรากฎหมายวิธีพิจารณาความใช้ไปพลางก่อนในการชำระคดีแพ่ง เช่น พระราชบัญญัติลักษณะพยาน ร.ศ. 113 และ พระราชบัญญัติกระบวนพิจารณาความแพ่ง ร.ศ. 115 จากการศึกษาพบว่ากฎหมายวิธีพิจารณาความดังกล่าวได้รับอิทธิพลอย่างมากจากกฎหมายวิธีพิจารณาความของอังกฤษ ทั้งนี้ เนื่องจากปัจจัยหลายประการ เช่น สนธิสัญญาเบาว์ริงและการเกิดขึ้นของศาลกงสุลอังกฤษ อิทธิพลของกฎหมายอังกฤษต่อนักกฎหมายชาวไทยผ่านระบบการศึกษา ตลอดจนอิทธิพลของประเทศอังกฤษเหนือดินแดนบางส่วนของสยาม แนวคิดวิธีพิจารณาความตามแบบกฎหมายอังกฤษจึงได้รับการส่งต่อเรื่อยมาในกฎหมายวิธีพิจารณาความแพ่งของไทยตั้งแต่ในอดีตจนกระทั่งในประมวลกฎหมายวิธีพิจารณาความแพ่งฉบับปัจจุบัน บทความนี้มีวัตถุประสงค์ในการศึกษาความเป็นมาเชิงประวัติศาสตร์ของกฎหมายวิธีพิจารณาความแพ่งของไทยตั้งแต่วิธีพิจารณาความแบบโบราณตามกฎหมายตราสามดวงจนถึงการจัดทำประมวลกฎหมายวิธีพิจารณาความแพ่ง เพื่อชี้ให้เห็นถึงอิทธิพลของกฎหมายอังกฤษที่มีต่อกฎหมายวิธีพิจารณาความแพ่งของไทย

Writing – Écriture, Peter Goodrich

Articles

This is the twentieth article in this series (and the fifth in volume 77).

Expanding The Cognitive Attentional Standards Platform Through Artificial Influence Assessment (Aia): Rationale, Development, And Measurement Design, Delante Clark

Graduate Scholarship and Creative Works

Artificial intelligence is increasingly shaping how individuals access information, make decisions, and interact with digital environments. The Cognitive Attentional Standards Platform (C.A.S.) was developed to assess attention related harms, cognitive safety, digital autonomy, and platform influence across digital systems (Clark, 2026). However, the growth of generative AI, conversational agents, and algorithmic decision support technologies has introduced new forms of influence that may not be fully captured by existing assessment domains. This paper proposes the Artificial Influence Assessment (AIA) as an expansion of the C.A.S. framework designed to measure AI mediated influence on cognition, behavior, autonomy, and information processing. Drawing on …

Governing Algorithmic Attention: Attention Safeguard Models And The Cognitive Attentional Standard As System Level Interventions In Human Computer Interaction, Behavioral Economics, And Artificial Intelligence, Delante Clark

Graduate Scholarship and Creative Works

Algorithmic recommendation systems and interface designs shape attention by combining visually salient cues with uncertain reward timing and low friction interaction. These conditions can sustain anticipatory checking, extend time on task, and reduce natural disengagement points through patterns such as infinite scrolling and autoplay. This paper synthesizes research across neuroscience, human computer interaction, behavioral economics, and artificial intelligence to argue that attention capture is a predictable outcome of incentive driven design rather than an individual failure of self regulation. It advances the Attention Safeguard Models and the Cognitive Attentional Standard as system level interventions that regulate exposure conditions, pacing, and …

Judicial Rhetoric: Writing Persuasive Opinions, Gerald Lebovits

Arkansas Law Review

In 1947, Judge George Rose Smith denounced, in the Arkansas Law Review, the “dearth of material concerning the mechanics of writing a judicial opinion” as a “striking omission in legal literature.” He was right.

The lack of attention given to the judicial opinion-writing process back then was hard to justify. Judges spend much of their time writing decisions. Decisions are important. They determine rights and responsibilities, as well as resolve controversies. Scholars have written about every aspect of judging and legal issue—except one of the most important ones: how to decide a case and justify the decision. Judicial opinions set …

Teachers’ Awareness Of Family Engagement In Multilingual Education, Sedighe Zamani Roodsari

Journal of Multicultural Affairs

This study investigated public school teachers’ awareness of family engagement as a linguistic and cultural resource for multilingual students. Multilinguals are typically described as individuals who can communicate in more than one language, with English not being their native language, and their linguistic choices are influenced by societal norms and systems (Šifrar Kalan et al., 2024; Wei, 2008). Preparing pre-service teachers to enhance opportunities for multilingual students remains a critical need in teacher education programs, as they strive to move beyond monolingual ideologies in their teaching practices (Cárdenas Curiel et al., 2024; Kim & Choi, 2020; Williams & Ewing, 2019). …

Rejecting Salinas V. Texas’S Catch-22: Towards State Constitutional Protections For Silence In New Mexico, Kayla Herring

New Mexico Law Review

The landmark United States Supreme Court case, Miranda v. Arizona, protects individuals’ constitutional rights in coercive environments, like custodial interrogations, where law enforcement officers apply immense psychological pressure through specialized techniques. However, subsequent caselaw distorts Miranda’s intent to enable prosecutors to comment on silence. Doing so divorces Miranda from the reason the United States Supreme Court established Miranda warnings in the first place. This subsequent caselaw narrows individuals’ constitutional right against having their silence used against them in later criminal proceedings to imply guilt based on the custodial framework established in Miranda. Salinas v. Texas is one of those subsequent …

What’S Past Is Prologue: Prior Convictions As Evidence Of Dangerousness In State V. Romero, Alexander Guel-James

New Mexico Law Review

State v. Romero marked the first time the New Mexico Court of Appeals considered whether a New Mexico law disarming every person with a state felony conviction was unconstitutional under the Second Amendment. The court upheld the law, but only to the extent that it disarmed dangerous felons. The court found that the appellant was dangerous because he was previously convicted of dangerous crimes. This note questions whether prior convictions alone are sufficient to prove dangerousness. Criminal justice data and constitutional theory caution against dangerousness findings based on criminal history alone. Courts should determine dangerousness under the disarmament law using …

Decolonizing International Law, Modirzadeh’S Critique, And Homework For Islamic International Law Scholarship: An Attasian Approach, Fajri Matahati Muhammadin, Rafsi Azzam Hibatullah Albar

Indonesian Journal of International Law

Naz Khatoon Modirzadeh published an article criticizing the Third World Approaches to International Law (TWAIL) movement for its purported inability to achieve its purpose as a response to one of the major international law decolonization projects. One of her criticisms is that TWAIL lacks a cohesive counter-vision of international law, actual representation of third-world views, and organized political movements. Within the heavily diverse (which is one of the problems) TWAIL camp, among others, is the voice of Islamic law. Most Muslim nations have been at the receiving end of the brute force of colonialism. Colonialism is, in fact, responsible for …

The Role Of National Recapitalization Funds In Sovereign Lending, Elena Gabriela Olariu, Konstantina Panagopoulou Perez

Journal of Financial Crises

The Global Financial Crisis of 2007–2009 showed that a substantial portion of funds borrowed by a state from a lender of last resort may be allocated to bank recapitalization. While national recapitalization funds are not themselves borrowers, they play a key role in recovery operations. This article analyses how lenders, such as the European Stability Mechanism (ESM) and the European Financial Stability Facility (EFSF), incorporate recapitalization funds into their lending framework and how they deal with extraordinary events, such as corporate transformations or liquidation of these funds. To do this, we formulate three key principles that a lender may consider …

Breaking Down Barriers To Giving: Policy Reform Needed To Protect Donors, Volunteers, And Food Charities, Ally Depriest

Journal of Food Law & Policy

Charitable organizations often depend on public support to fulfill their missions. This is especially true in the charitable food system, a network of nonprofit organizations, including food banks, pantries, and meal programs, which provide no-cost food to those in need. Within this system, volunteers, donors, and food charities each play an important role, such as donating surplus food, directing traffic at food drives, stocking local pantries, and preparing and serving meals at soup kitchens. Together, they provide both hope and nutrition to those in need. Without this public support, many food charities would be unable to operate. Encouraging public participation …

A Sovereign Peace: Reconceptualizing The Law Of Sovereignty In The Taiwan Strait, Alyssa Resar

International Law Studies

China and Taiwan’s enduring dispute stems from a fundamental disagreement over Taiwan’s sovereignty. Drawing on binary conceptions of sovereignty in international law, the Chinese government argues that there can only be one legitimate Chinese sovereign—and that China is this sovereign. Meanwhile, Taiwan’s current government maintains that the Republic of China (Taiwan’s official title) is itself a sovereign, independent entity. As the two governments cling fiercely to their positions, bilateral diplomacy has ceased, and the risk of catastrophic war has risen.

This article argues that international law nonetheless offers the conceptual tools needed to build peace in the Taiwan Strait by …

And Scene: Cross-Border Torts And The “Last Act” Under Virginia’S Lex Loci Delicti Rule, Wesley A. Vorberger

Liberty University Law Review

How does a court go about determining which jurisdiction’s substantive law applies to the parties in a particular dispute? Usually, the resolution of this question is straightforward: if the parties are from one jurisdiction and the event giving rise to the lawsuit occurred entirely within that jurisdiction, then that jurisdiction’s substantive law applies. However, when the parties are domiciled in one state, but the entirety of the liability-producing event occurred in another state (i.e., a multi-state tort), courts will apply one of several approaches to determine which substantive law applies. Some courts apply a flexible approach that evaluates the factual …

Felony Murder: What Courts Ignore In Ohio Rev. Code § 2903.02(B), Richard S. Walinski

Et Cetera

Ohio has two levels of felony murder. One is aggravated felony murder, 2903.01(b). It is an approximate equivalent of the common-law felony-murder rule. The other is a felony-murder rule for the lesser offence of simple murder, 2903.02(B). In felony-murder cases prosecuted under Ohio Revised Code § 2903.02(B), the nearly universal practice among the lower courts in Ohio is to ignore certain explicit text in the statute.

To warrant a conviction, 2903.02(B) requires that death have occurred as a proximate result of the defendant’s having committed or having attempted to commit one of many predicate offenses that the General Assembly labeled …

The Unspoken And The Unseen: An Analysis Of Victim Gender And Linguistic Framing Of Sexual Assault In Judicial Discourse, Sarnika Ali

Quantitative Social Science Undergraduate Senior Theses

Sexual assault is a profound legal and social crisis. However, it is also fundamentally a linguistic one. The words used, or conspicuously not used, to describe victims, perpetrators, and their actions are not neutral arbiters of fact. They are powerful mechanisms that shape perceptions of harm, attributions of blame, and assignments of credibility. The central battleground for survivors is credibility, and while a “credibility discount” is often applied to female victims, the male victim is rendered nearly invisible. This research is therefore guided by one central, overarching question: how does a sexual assault victim’s gender influence the judicial language used, …

Digital Bodily Autonomy: Consent Issues, Labor Displacement, And Legal Understandings Of Ai Generated Deepfake Pornography, Mariah Barrett

Undergraduate Theses, Capstones, and Recitals

In the United States, nonconsensual pornographic deepfakes are becoming an increasingly prevalent problem as AI deepfake creation software improves and becomes widely available. Despite this, patchwork legislation across the country is inconsistent and conflicting regarding this issue. In this paper, I explore the background of pornography and obscenity laws and demonstrate how these frameworks are not properly constructed to apply to the digital sphere. Then, I address major themes within deepfake literature such as consent issues, bodily autonomy, labor displacement, and verifiable identity as a commodity through the case study of OnlyFans. I explore current and proposed legislation within the …

The Disproportionate Impact Of Legal Deserts: A Policy Proposal To Address The Legal Needs Of Rural Nevadans, Madelyn Wold

Undergraduate Theses, Capstones, and Recitals

Despite the large number of attorneys in the United States, the disproportionate concentration of attorneys in urban areas leaves rural residents to navigate the complex legal system on their own. This uneven distribution creates ‘legal deserts’, or areas where residents lack access to attorneys. The Southwestern United States has especially dire legal deserts, and Nevada is no exception. While defendants in criminal matters are guaranteed legal representation, parties in civil legal issues are not granted the same right to representation. Civil legal issues largely impact vulnerable populations and can have profound impacts on individuals’ family, economic circumstances, and physical wellbeing. …