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History of Art, Architecture, and Archaeology

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Intensive Archeological Survey For The Proposed Enclave At Pecan Creek Residential Development (Swf-2018-00261), Providence Village, Denton County, Texas, Melissa M. Green, Brett Lang Jan 2019

Intensive Archeological Survey For The Proposed Enclave At Pecan Creek Residential Development (Swf-2018-00261), Providence Village, Denton County, Texas, Melissa M. Green, Brett Lang

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

On July 3 and 5, 2019, an intensive archeological survey was completed in order to evaluate potential impacts associated with the proposed construction of a residential subdivision in the Town of Providence Village in east-central Denton County, Texas. A total of 162.64 acres (65.81 hectares) were examined with 65.39 acres (26.46 hectares) intensively shovel tested. The project would be situated between Farm-to-Market Road 2931 and Pecan Creek at the intersection of Farm-to-Market Road 2931 and Brewer Road with private properties as the north and south boundaries.

Brett Lang (Principal Investigator) of Cox|McLain Environmental Consulting, Inc. carried out the survey in …


Archaeological Survey Of The Proposed Emli At Pecan Creek Housing Development Denton County, Tx, Kathryn A. Cross, Kathryn M. Crater Gershtein Jan 2019

Archaeological Survey Of The Proposed Emli At Pecan Creek Housing Development Denton County, Tx, Kathryn A. Cross, Kathryn M. Crater Gershtein

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

Liberty Multifamily, LLC is proposing to develop approximately 12 acres of a 22-acre tract east of FM2931, approximately 0.4 miles north of its intersection with Ike Byrom Road in Denton County, Texas. Liberty Multifamily, LLC contracted with AR Consultants, Inc. to conduct an intensive cultural resources survey of the 12 acres slated for development. Archaeological survey of the tract was conducted on July 17-18, 2019. Based on the research conducted prior to the survey, two hypotheses were developed. AR Consultants, Inc. hypothesized that there is moderate potential for encountering prehistoric and low potential for encountering historic archaeological sites within the …


Archeological Survey Report Farm-To-Market Road 549 Improvements Project, Christopher Goodmaster Jan 2019

Archeological Survey Report Farm-To-Market Road 549 Improvements Project, Christopher Goodmaster

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

This report documents the substantive findings and management recommendations of an archeological survey conducted by Integrated Environmental Solutions, LLC (IES) for the Farm-to-Market Road (FM) 549 Improvements Project (CSJ 1015-01-024). The proposed project will expand and realign a portion of FM 549 southeast of the City of Rockwall, Rockwall County, Texas. As the project sponsor, the Texas Department of Transportation, is a political subdivision of the State of Texas, the proposed project will require coordination with the Texas Historical Commission (THC) prior to construction, per the provisions of the Antiquities Code of Texas (ACT).

The goal of this survey was …


Human Interactions With The Late Holocene Landscape On Martha's Vineyard, Jessica Watson Jan 2019

Human Interactions With The Late Holocene Landscape On Martha's Vineyard, Jessica Watson

Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)

The role of humans in pre-Contact ecosystems has been a focus of archaeological attention for decades in New England, where Native groups continue to live after over 10,000 years of settlement. On Martha’s Vineyard, a small island off the southern coast of Massachusetts, research has often focused on models of coastal specialization, particularly within the many shell middens that litter the coastline. This dissertation seeks to understand human interactions with this environment from two shell middens: the Frisby Butler and Hornblower II sites, located on the shores of Squibnocket Pond in southwestern Martha’s Vineyard. This study was motivated by three …


Returning The Radiant Gaze: Visual Art And Embodiment In A World Of Subjects, Beth Carruthers Sep 2018

Returning The Radiant Gaze: Visual Art And Embodiment In A World Of Subjects, Beth Carruthers

The Goose

Drawing on the latter thinking of Maurice Merleau-Ponty, as well as on the ideas of other contemporary philosophers and theorists, this essay considers the denigration of vision from Plato to twentieth-century anti-ocularism, and argues for the reclamation of vision and visual perception as sensuous, embodied interplay between humans and world, self and other—an opening to wonder and more sensitive human-world relations. It does so through a phenomenological exploration of the process of art-making, and consideration of the role and value of artworks and images in the world. This essay is first and foremost an enquiry. As such it promises no …


The Larger Conversation: Contemplation And Place By Tim Lilburn, Emory Shaw Aug 2018

The Larger Conversation: Contemplation And Place By Tim Lilburn, Emory Shaw

The Goose

Review of Tim Lilburn's The Larger Conversation: Contemplation and Place.


Complete Issue Jun 2018

Complete Issue

Landscapes: the Journal of the International Centre for Landscape and Language

The complete issue 1 of volume 8, Landscapes Journal.


Radical Social Ecology As Deep Pragmatism: A Call To The Abolition Of Systemic Dissonance And The Minimization Of Entropic Chaos, Arielle Brender May 2018

Radical Social Ecology As Deep Pragmatism: A Call To The Abolition Of Systemic Dissonance And The Minimization Of Entropic Chaos, Arielle Brender

Student Theses 2015-Present

This paper aims to shed light on the dissonance caused by the superimposition of Dominant Human Systems on Natural Systems. I highlight the synthetic nature of Dominant Human Systems as egoic and linguistic phenomenon manufactured by a mere portion of the human population, which renders them inherently oppressive unto peoples and landscapes whose wisdom were barred from the design process. In pursuing a radical pragmatic approach to mending the simultaneous oppression and destruction of the human being and the earth, I highlight the necessity of minimizing entropic chaos caused by excess energy expenditure, an essential feature of systems that aim …


The Positive Developments And Applications Of Geospatial Technologies In Archaeology On Fort Benning, Georgia, Jane Mader May 2018

The Positive Developments And Applications Of Geospatial Technologies In Archaeology On Fort Benning, Georgia, Jane Mader

Theses and Dissertations

This thesis explores the advantages of using geospatial technologies in the field of archaeology. The purpose of this study, conducted on Site 9CE16 on Fort Benning, Georgia, was to examine the ways in which Geographic Information Systems (GIS) can be used to more accurately depict artifacts and features present on archaeological sites. With the research I gathered, I constructed an updated site map which can be viewed in Figures 1.1, 1.2, and 1.3. The map produced includes more features than were initially mapped at Site 9CE16 and help paint a clearer picture of the structures which existed at the original …


Hiding In The Archives: The History Of The Art History Department At Dominican University Of California, Maura Wilson May 2018

Hiding In The Archives: The History Of The Art History Department At Dominican University Of California, Maura Wilson

Senior Theses

When students register for classes, they often take for granted the subjects that they register for. To these students their classes represent a means to an end. However, in the midst of the registration rush, when the registering student takes a moment to consider the time and work that had to be invested in to establishing these subjects, they might find a new appreciation for the classes that they are taking. This work is a tribute to the work of Dominican University faculty members who had to work hard to bring to fruition the Art History department as it exists …


The Beholder, Allan Lake Mar 2018

The Beholder, Allan Lake

Landscapes: the Journal of the International Centre for Landscape and Language

A poem on the effect of landscape on the emotions.


Shifting Rurality American Gothic, Iowa Nice, Biotech And Political Expectations In Rural America, William D. Nichols 890252 Mar 2018

Shifting Rurality American Gothic, Iowa Nice, Biotech And Political Expectations In Rural America, William D. Nichols 890252

Landscapes: the Journal of the International Centre for Landscape and Language

This paper traces the linkage between heritage landscape within the context of the election of Donal Trump. Trump's invocations of heritage riled certain regions of the US which had a distinct connection to Regionalism, both as a political idea and as an aesthetic practice. Focusing on Iowa, home to the quintessential American painting, American Gothic, the paper looks at modernity and agriculture, and how the two categories seem to rely on (but also negate) heritage. By examining what a genetically modified landscape might mean in relation to the historical image of the pastoral/provincial farmer, a network of frictions and …


On The Wire, Sarah F. Lumba Mar 2018

On The Wire, Sarah F. Lumba

Landscapes: the Journal of the International Centre for Landscape and Language

“On the Wire” is a work of creative non-fiction that weaves together a local myth and actual events to describe the devastating effects of Typhoon Ketsana, which struck Marikina, a small but progressive city in the Philippines, on September 2009. It explores how colonial subjugation has erased a people’s memory of their collective soul and has severed their strong ties to the land, thus putting the lives of future generations in jeopardy.


Poetry Of Roe 8, Nandi Chinna Mar 2018

Poetry Of Roe 8, Nandi Chinna

Landscapes: the Journal of the International Centre for Landscape and Language

Poetry of Roe 8

The occasion for the writing of these poems was activism surrounding the controversial highway known as the Roe 8 extension in the areas of Cockburn and Fremantle in Western Australia. Planned in the 1950s, Roe 8 is contentious for a number of reasons, including extraordinary political deals over funding, undue process regarding environmental reporting, lack of a business case, inadequate noise and traffic modelling, erasure of Indigenous heritage sites, and clearing of the sensitive Beeliar wetlands and Coolbellup banksia woodlands which were designated a Threatened Ecological Community in 2016. During the summer of 2016/2017 contractors started …


Intensive Cultural Resources Survey For The Proposed Farm-To-Market 1625 Realignment Project, Travis County, Texas, Ashely Eyeington, Christopher Shelton Jan 2018

Intensive Cultural Resources Survey For The Proposed Farm-To-Market 1625 Realignment Project, Travis County, Texas, Ashely Eyeington, Christopher Shelton

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

At the request of Brookfield Residential, SWCA Environmental Consultants (SWCA) conducted an intensive cultural resources survey for the proposed realignment of Farm-to-Market Road (FM) 1625 in southeast Austin, Travis County, Texas. Portions of the project area are located within road right-of-way (ROW) owned by the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT), a political subdivision of the State of Texas. As such, the proposed undertaking is subject to review under the Antiquities Code of Texas. Archaeological field investigations required a Texas Antiquities Permit issued by the Texas Historical Commission. SWCA conducted investigations under Antiquities Permit No. 7975 issued to Principal Investigator Ken …


Intensive Archeological Survey Of The Willrae Tract City Of Florence, Williamson County, Texas, Caitlin Gulihur, Beth Valenzuela, Ann M. Scott Jan 2018

Intensive Archeological Survey Of The Willrae Tract City Of Florence, Williamson County, Texas, Caitlin Gulihur, Beth Valenzuela, Ann M. Scott

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

Georgetown Independent School District (GISD) has proposed the Willrae Tract project where school facilities will be constructed south of Florence, Williamson County, Texas. GISD retained Terracon Consultants, Inc. to conduct a systematic, intensive pedestrian survey of the approximate 100-acre project area. Because GISD, a political subdivision of the State of Texas, sponsored the project, the proposed undertaking is subject to compliance with the Antiquities Code of Texas and oversight from the Texas Historical Commission. In addition, the survey meets the standards for compliance under Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as amended, should a US Army …


Archeological And Historical Investigations Of The Proposed 28.7-Acre Sweeny Hospital Tract, Sweeny, Brazoria County, Texas, Jeffrey D. Owens, Eugene Foster Jan 2018

Archeological And Historical Investigations Of The Proposed 28.7-Acre Sweeny Hospital Tract, Sweeny, Brazoria County, Texas, Jeffrey D. Owens, Eugene Foster

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

Horizon Environmental Services, Inc. (Horizon) was selected by Berg-Oliver Associates, Inc. (BOA), on behalf of the Sweeny Hospital District, to conduct a cultural resources inventory survey and assessment for the proposed development of an approximately 11.6-hectare (28.7- acre) tract in Sweeny, Brazoria County, Texas. The proposed tract consists of a largely undeveloped, lightly wooded parcel bounded on the north by County Road (CR) 524 (a.k.a. Main Street) and on the south by Stevenson Slough. The proposed project would involve the construction of a new hospital that represents a single-site replacement facility for an existing community hospital. The Area of Potential …


Cultural Resources Investigation Report Of The Proposed Longview Arboretum In Longview, Texas Gregg County, Texas, Michael Ryan, Victor Galan Jan 2018

Cultural Resources Investigation Report Of The Proposed Longview Arboretum In Longview, Texas Gregg County, Texas, Michael Ryan, Victor Galan

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

Sphere 3 Environmental, Inc. (Sphere 3) and Deep East Texas Archaeological Consultants (DETAC) conducted an intensive pedestrian cultural resources survey of an approximately 10.5- hectare (26-acre) tract of land on April 2, 2018 for MHS Planning & Design, LLC. Proposed development includes 1,255.8 meters (m) (4,120 feet (ft)) of trails 3.1 m (10.0 ft) wide with two bridges, three benches, and a boardwalk for the Longview Arboretum in Longview, Texas. The project area is located east of the Muade Cobb Convention Center, south of W. Cotton Street, west of The Green, and north of Highway 31. The land is owned …


Intensive Archaeological Survey Of The Proposed Saws Masterson Road Water Line Project, Bexar County, Texas, Virgina Moore Jan 2018

Intensive Archaeological Survey Of The Proposed Saws Masterson Road Water Line Project, Bexar County, Texas, Virgina Moore

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

At the request of the San Antonio Water System (SAWS), an intensive archaeological survey was conducted by Pape-Dawson for the proposed Masterson Road water line project located southwest of the City of San Antonio in Bexar County, Texas. The project area’s southern terminus is 6,560 feet (ft) (2,000 meters [m]) south of U.S. Highway 90 (US 90), and the linear project area extends north along Masterson Road for about 2,904 ft (885 m) before turning east and northeast along a proposed new road (Copper Crossing Street), for a total length of 6,726 ft (2,050 m). The proposed water line will …


Sh 71 At Pope Bend Road Intersection, Bastrop County, Texas, Jon Dowling Jan 2018

Sh 71 At Pope Bend Road Intersection, Bastrop County, Texas, Jon Dowling

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

PROJECT TITLE: Intensive Archeological Survey of SH 71 at Pope Bend Road Intersection, Bastrop County, Texas.

PROJECT DESCRIPTION: The proposed undertaking would consist of roadway improvements along SH 71 between Pope Bend Road and Still Forest Drive for a distance of approximately 1.75 miles. This area is comprised of properties owned by the State of Texas (existing right-of-way [ROW]), as well as properties that are privately owned (proposed new ROW). Blanton & Associates, Inc. conducted survey of portions of the project area of potential effects (APE) on behalf of the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT), Austin District.

PROJECT LOCATION: Bastrop …


Intensive Archeological Survey For The Bridge Replacement On County Road 279 At Kings Creek, Kaufman County, Texas, Jay King, Benjamin Morton Jan 2018

Intensive Archeological Survey For The Bridge Replacement On County Road 279 At Kings Creek, Kaufman County, Texas, Jay King, Benjamin Morton

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

On behalf of the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT), SWCA Environmental Consultants (SWCA) conducted an intensive archeological survey on June 6–7, 2018, of a potential bridge replacement consisting of approximately 2.0 acres of new and existing rightof-way (ROW) along County Road (CR) 279 in Kaufman County, Texas. Because the project will receive funding from the Federal Highways Administration, it qualifies as an undertaking as defined in Title 36 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Part 800.16(y) and, therefore, the work was conducted in compliance with Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act (54 U.S. Code 306108). Furthermore, the project must …


Intensive Mechanical Scraping Near The Mitchell Cemetery, Tarrant County, Texas, Fort Worth District, Christopher Shelton, Steve Carpenter Jan 2018

Intensive Mechanical Scraping Near The Mitchell Cemetery, Tarrant County, Texas, Fort Worth District, Christopher Shelton, Steve Carpenter

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

On behalf of the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT), SWCA Environmental Consultants (SWCA) conducted an intensive archeological survey in April 2018 of 0.22 acres of existing TxDOT right of way (ROW) adjoining the western side of the Burlington Northern/Santa Fe railroad located within the City of Fort Worth in Tarrant County. This survey was conducted in support of the proposed State Highway (SH) 183 improvements. Investigations included pedestrian survey and intensive mechanical scraping to assess the presence of or potential for unmarked extramural graves associated with the historic Mitchell Cemetery. Because the project will receive funding from the Federal Highways …


Marine Archaeological Survey For The Lavaca Bay Lng Project Off Calhoun County, Texas, Michael C. Tuttle, Jim Hughey Jan 2018

Marine Archaeological Survey For The Lavaca Bay Lng Project Off Calhoun County, Texas, Michael C. Tuttle, Jim Hughey

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

HRA Gray & Pape, LLC, of Houston, Texas conducted a Phase I marine cultural resources survey for the proposed Lavaca Bay LNG project. All marine fieldwork and reporting activities were completed with reference to state law (Antiquities Code of Texas [Title 9, Chapter 191 of the Texas Natural Resources Code] and Texas State rules found in the Texas Administrative Code [Title 13, part 2, Chapters 26 and 28]) for Cultural Resources investigations. Work was completed under Texas Antiquities Permit Number 6335. The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission has been identified as the Lead Federal Agency.

The Phase I underwater archaeological investigation …


Intensive Cultural Resources Survey For The Weatherford East Loop, Weatherford, Parker County, Texas, Melissa M. Green, Emily Reed, Izabella Dennis, Sandra Shannon, Heather Goodson, Brett Lang Jan 2018

Intensive Cultural Resources Survey For The Weatherford East Loop, Weatherford, Parker County, Texas, Melissa M. Green, Emily Reed, Izabella Dennis, Sandra Shannon, Heather Goodson, Brett Lang

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

Parker County proposes to build the eastern segment of a loop north of the City of Weatherford, in Parker County, Texas). This portion of the loop, designated East Loop, is approximately 6.65 miles long. It begins at the intersection of the eastern terminus of the Ric Williamson Memorial Highway (or West Loop) at State Highway 51 north of the city. The proposed route continues eastward for approximately 4 miles, crosses Farm-to-Market 730 before turning south for approximately 2 miles, crosses US Highway 180 at Center Point Road, and follows Center Point Road to terminate at Interstate Highway 20.

The East …


Intensive Archeological Survey For The Bridge Replacement Project On County Road 1511 At Resaca Creek, Leon County, Texas, Dan Rodriguez Jan 2018

Intensive Archeological Survey For The Bridge Replacement Project On County Road 1511 At Resaca Creek, Leon County, Texas, Dan Rodriguez

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

On behalf of the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT), SWCA Environmental Consultants (SWCA) conducted an intensive archeological survey on April 16–17, 2018, of a potential bridge replacement consisting of approximately 1.5 acres of existing right-of-way (ROW) along Farm-to-Market (FM) Road 1511 in Leon County, Texas. Because the project will receive funding from the Federal Highways Administration, it qualifies as an undertaking as defined in Title 36 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Part 800.16(y) and, therefore, the work was conducted in compliance with Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act (54 U.S. Code 306108). Furthermore, the project must also comply …


Intensive Archeological Survey For The Bridge Replacement On Farm-To-Market 1511 At Serasca Creek, Leon County, Texas, Mary Rodriguez Jan 2018

Intensive Archeological Survey For The Bridge Replacement On Farm-To-Market 1511 At Serasca Creek, Leon County, Texas, Mary Rodriguez

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

On behalf of the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT), SWCA Environmental Consultants (SWCA) conducted an intensive archeological survey on April 16–17, 2018, of a potential bridge replacement consisting of approximately 2.4 acres of existing right-of-way (ROW) along Farm-to-Market (FM) Road 1511 in Leon County, Texas. Because the project will receive funding from the Federal Highways Administration, it qualifies as an undertaking as defined in Title 36 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Part 800.16(y) and, therefore, the work was conducted in compliance with Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act (54 U.S. Code 306108). Furthermore, the project must also comply …


Data Recovery Excavations At Site 41hr751, Woodforest Road, Harris County, Texas, Nicola Hubbard, Linda Wootan Ellis, William Mcclure, Lee Nordt, Laurie Zimmerman Jan 2018

Data Recovery Excavations At Site 41hr751, Woodforest Road, Harris County, Texas, Nicola Hubbard, Linda Wootan Ellis, William Mcclure, Lee Nordt, Laurie Zimmerman

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

41HR751 is located in southeastern Harris County, at the confluence of Greens Bayou and an unnamed tributary, both of which are part of the larger Buffalo Bayou/San Jacinto drainage system. 41HR751 was identified during a cultural resource survey of a 65-acre tract of land north of Interstate 10 that was undertaken for the Maxey Road Venture as mandated under United States Army Corps of Engineers, Galveston District, Permit Application 18735(02). The site falls along the proposed route for the extension of Woodforest Road between Maxey Road on the east, and Normandy Road on the west, and thus was recommended for …


Intensive Survey Of The Proposed Aragorn Solar Farm On University Lands, Culbertson County, Texas, Billy D. Turner, Solveig A. Turpin Jan 2018

Intensive Survey Of The Proposed Aragorn Solar Farm On University Lands, Culbertson County, Texas, Billy D. Turner, Solveig A. Turpin

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

IP Aragorn LLC plans to develop a solar farm on a 1,765-acre tract on University Lands (UL) in Culberson County, Texas. In March and April 2018, Turpin and Sons Inc. (TAS) assessed the potential for significant cultural resources under the authority of Texas Antiquities Permit 8374 issued to UL, Aragorn and TAS with Jeff Turpin acting as Principal Investigator. The project area is a barren extent of interfluvial gypsum plain between the Rustler Hills on the east and the Delaware Mountains on the west. One previously recorded site, 41CU558, barely extends to the access road on the northeastern end of …


A Pedestrian Survey Of A Temporary Building Pad Site And A 1000-Ft Roadway Segment On The University Of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville Campus, Cameron County, Texas, Mark P. Luzmoor Jan 2018

A Pedestrian Survey Of A Temporary Building Pad Site And A 1000-Ft Roadway Segment On The University Of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville Campus, Cameron County, Texas, Mark P. Luzmoor

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

In June 2015, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville (UTRGVB) (Client) contracted with Raba Kistner Environmental, Inc. (RKEI) to perform an intensive cultural resources survey for a temporary building pad site and a 1000-ft. road segment and accompanying parking lot to be constructed on the UTRGVB Campus, Brownsville, Cameron County, Texas. In addition, the asphalt pavement over an existing parking lot was to be removed. The project is sponsored and the right-ofway is owned by the University. Given these parameters, the project falls under the jurisdiction of the Antiquities Code of Texas as administered by the Texas Historical …


Cultural Resources Survey Of The Proposed William Ward Road, Springtown, Parker County, Texas, Brett Lang Jan 2018

Cultural Resources Survey Of The Proposed William Ward Road, Springtown, Parker County, Texas, Brett Lang

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

In April 2018, an intensive cultural resources survey of the proposed William Ward Road in Springtown, Parker County, Texas was completed in order to inventory all cultural resources prior to construction of the new road. The project corridor is entirely located from the intersection of Knob Road and Summerfield Court at the north end continuing south/southeast approximately 0.66 miles (1.06 kilometers) to Walnut Creek Drive. It is bordered to the north by residential development, to the south by Walnut Creek, with pastureland, hayfields, and oilfields in between. The current archeological project area consists of the entire footprint of the proposed …