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Caravanserai, Trade Routes, And Dark Mothers, Eahr Joan

Re-Genesis Encyclopedia

The caravanserai (or Turkish kervansaray) was a roadside area, structure or inn for pilgrims, traveling tradespeople, and their animals providing lodging, substance, trade and marketing opportunities. In addition to providing food and temporary lodgings, many caravanserais also included a black madonna temple, shrine room, holy of holies, sacred cave or adjacent rock shelter. Tethered to the advancement of the caravanserai, was also the spread of African rites and rituals, black madonna temples, and dark goddesses. This was especially apparent with the Phoenicians.

Devotion to the great goddess of the Levant was prolonged by the Phoenicians who lived along the …

Dark Mother Tan-Tan Of Morocco, Eahr Joan

Re-Genesis Encyclopedia

The dark African Palaeoart figure known as Tan-Tan from Morocco appears to be the earliest of the Afrocentric (dark mother) figures. Surrounding sediments indicate that the timeline is c. 500,000 to 300,000 BCE. In Bednarik’s archaeological report, “A Figurine From the African Acheulian 1,” the Tan-Tan female icon is c. 400,000 BCE * and represents the oldest known figure, therefore predating the Late-Acheulian Berekhat Ram. Even though both Tan-Tan and the Berekhat Ram show evidence of ocher (or ochre), the Tan-Tan figure is the first “known instance of pigment application, although older indirect evidence of such a practice does exist.” …

The Environmental Historiography Of The Maritime Peninsula, Brian Payne

History Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Sakharov's Dilemma: Pursuing Nuclear Disarmament During The Human Rights Revolution, Paul Rubinson

History Faculty Publications

The Soviet physicist Andrei Sakharov, a veritable human rights icon, maintained his whole life that the world’s priority must be nuclear disarmament. But during the 1970s, the pursuit of nuclear disarmament was the hallmark of détente between the superpowers. Détente offended human rights activists because it appeared to legitimize the Soviet Union, notorious for its noxious treatment of dissidents. While Sakharov’s actions demonstrated a fervent commitment to human rights, his rhetoric consistently—and paradoxically—prioritized nuclear disarmament. For their part, Soviet authorities evinced little concern for Sakharov’s disarmament ideas but greatly feared his influence as a human rights activist. Sakharov never reconciled …

Archeological Of The Proposed Fm 1626 Pass-Through Toll Project From Ranch-To-Market 967 To Farm-To-Market 2770 In Hays County, Texas, Matthew C. Stotts, Bradford M. Jones, Mason D. Miller, Samantha Walden Champion, Josh Haefner

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

Hicks & Company archeologists conducted an intensive, 100-percent linear archeological survey of approximately 3.3 miles of proposed expansions to Farm-to-Market (FM) 1626 west of the city of Buda, Hays County, Texas. The survey was conducted between July 2008 and October 2016 for compliance with the Antiquities Code of Texas and Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act on behalf of Hays County, the project engineer Klotz Associates, and the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT). The Area of Potential Effects (APE) for the proposed project is composed of 54.3 acres of existing right of way and 8.08 acres of proposed …

Cultural Resources Monitoring For Brackenridge Park River Wall Replacement Project, San Antonio, Bexar County, Texas, Stephen Smith, Paul Shawn Marceaux

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

From January through May 2016, The University of Texas at San Antonio (UTSA) Center for Archaeological Research (CAR) conducted archaeological monitoring of removal and repair of 30.5 m (100 ft.) of the historic river wall along a section of the San Antonio River within Brackenridge Park. The wall is a contributing resource to Brackenridge Park’s listing on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) and its designation as a State Antiquities Landmark (SAL). The CAR’s archaeological monitoring was done under contract with Adams Environmental, Inc. Project Archaeologist Stephen Smith monitored contractor’s excavations at the site. Paul Shawn Marceaux served as …

Archaeological Survey Of The Proposed Tomball Tollway Project, Montgomery County, Texas, Matthew Helmer, Jacob Foreman, Steve Cummins

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

On behalf of Halff Associates, Inc., and the Montgomery County Toll Road Authority (MCTRA), SWCA Environmental Consultants (SWCA) conducted an investigation of the proposed Tomball Tollway project located in Montgomery County, Texas. The proposed project area follows the existing Tomball Tollway (State Highway [SH] 249) northward approximately 3.3 miles from Spring Creek to the FM 1774 junction in Pinehurst. The proposed project involves the widening of SH 249 between existing feeders, as well as the construction of on-ramps. The project also involves the construction of three detention basins totaling approximately 22 acres utilizing a combination of floodplain fill mitigation and …

An Archeological Survey Of The City Of Arlington's Proposed Bowman Branch Hike-And-Bike Trail, Tarrant County, Texas, Jesse Todd

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

The City of Arlington in Tarrant County, Texas proposes to construct the Bowman Branch Hike-and-Bike trail in southeastern Arlington. In addition, portions of the trail will be constructed within the floodplain of the Bowman Branch which falls under the purvey of the Fort Worth District of the United States Army Corps of Engineers. Since the City of Arlington is a political entity of the State of Texas and land controlled by an entity of the State of Texas is involved, a Texas Antiquities Permit is required. In addition, the Archeology Division of the Texas Historical Commission acts as the Section …

Cultural Resources Monitoring: Archaeological Montioring Of Hand Excavated Trenches San Antonio, Bexar County, Texas, David M. Yelacic

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

To assist and support the installation of fiber-optic cable in the particularly sensitive and historic Downtown San Antonio, Texas, Terracon carried out archaeological monitoring of two small, hand-excavated trenches in City of San Antonio sidewalk easements. The undertaking is subject to compliance with the Antiquities Code of Texas and oversight from the Texas Historical Commission. Archaeological monitoring was carried out by David Yelacic, Principal Investigator, under Texas Antiquities Permit Number 7203.

Through the course of monitored excavation, very few cultural materials were encountered, and these materials (i.e., clear glass fragment, brown bottle glass fragment, wood, and rusted metal) were not …

Archeological And Historical Investigations For The Proposed 323.0-Acre City Of Pflugerville Community Park And Athletic Complex, Pflugerville, Travis County, Texas, Jeffrey D. Owens, Kathryn St. Clair

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

Horizon Environmental Services, Inc. (Horizon) was selected by Schrickel, Rollins and Associates, Inc. (SRA) on behalf of the City of Pflugerville to conduct an intensive cultural resources inventory and assessment of an approximately 130.7-hectare (323.0-acre) tract in Pflugerville, Travis County, Texas. This tract represents the proposed location of the City of Pflugerville Community Park and Athletic Complex, and it is located off the northeast side of Cameron Road approximately 1.9 miles (3.1 kilometers) southeast of its intersection with State Highway (SH) 130. For purposes of the cultural resources investigations, the project area was considered to consist of the entire 130.7-hectare …

Phase I Archaeological Survey Of The Proposed West Of The Pecos Solar Project, Reeves County, Texas, Damon Burden, Karl W. Kibler

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

In November and December 2015, personnel with Prewitt and Associates, Inc., conducted a Phase I archeological survey of the proposed 716-acre West of the Pecos Solar Project area in northern Reeves County, Texas. The survey resulted in the identification of six previously unrecorded archeological sites. The four Native American sites are an open campsite (41RV87) and three open campsites and lithic procurement localities (41RV89, 41RV90, and 41RV91) characterized by stone hearth remnants and sparse scatters of chipped stone and occasional ground or battered stone artifacts. No temporally diagnostic artifacts were identified at these sites. The two twentieth-century historic sites are …

Archeological Survey For The Canadian River Municipal Water Authority (Crmwa) Ii Water Pipeline, Carson, Gray, Potter, And Roberts Counties, Texas, Karl W. Kibler, Amy E. Dase

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

An archeological survey was conducted between March 8 and June 17, 2016, for the Canadian River Municipal Water Authority (CRMWA) II pipeline in Carson, Gray, Potter, and Roberts Counties, Texas. The proposed pipeline will transport water from wells located 27 km (17 miles) northeast of Pampa, Texas, to Amarillo, Texas. The total length of the pipeline, including a lateral line to the City of Pampa, is 108 km (68 miles). The pipeline will occupy a right of way that is 120 ft (36.6 m) wide, resulting in an Area of Potential Effects (APE) totaling 985 acres. The average depth of …

Phase I Archaeological Survey Of The Spring Creek Greenway Trail Phase Iiic, Harris County, Texas, C. Wesley Mattox, Todd Butler

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

On behalf of Harris County Public Infrastructure Department-Architecture and Engineering Division, SWCA Environmental Consultants (SWCA) conducted an intensive archaeological survey for the proposed Spring Creek Greenway Hike and Bike Trail Phase IIIc (project area). The project area covers a 100-footwide survey corridor approximately 2.29 miles in length (for a total surveyed area of 27.7 acres). The project area is located on either side of U.S. Interstate Highway 45 (I-45) along the south side of Spring Creek in Harris County, Texas. All work was conducted under Texas Antiquities Code permit number 7409 in compliance with the Antiquities Code of Texas, and …

A Cultural Resources Survey For Timber Thinning Along Cr 2133 Smith County, Texas, Victor Galan

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

In October 2015 Deep East Texas Archaeological Consultants (DETAC) conducted a cultural resource management survey for the City of Tyler, Texas of three tracts totaling 57 hectares (141 acres) at the east end of CR 2133 west of the Lake Tyler West for timber thinning operations. The pedestrian survey was conducted under Texas Antiquities Permit #7376 in compliance with the Antiquities Code of Texas. The visual examination of the tracts found two clearings with debris, a segment of South Hillcreek Road, and three segments of a logging road. No artifacts were collected. Shovel testing of the project area did not …

Phase I Cultural Resources Survey Of The Proposed Index 1-36 Replacement And Relocation Project Smith County, Texas, Jennifer L. Cochran, Michael Maddox, Allyson Walsh

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

Perennial Environmental Services, LLC (Perennial), on behalf of Gulf South Pipeline Company, LP (Gulf South), a subsidiary of Boardwalk Pipeline Partners, LP (Boardwalk), conducted an intensive cultural resources survey of the proposed Index 1-36 Replacement and Relocation Project (Project) located approximately 2.2 miles (mi) (3.5 kilometers [km]) northwest of Lindale in Smith County, Texas. The Project involves the replacement of approximately 930.0 feet (ft) (283.5 meters [m]) of 6-inch natural gas pipeline along Gulf South’s existing Index 1-36 pipeline via Horizontal Directional Drilling (HDD). Additionally, Gulf South intends to utilize approximately 0.9 mi (1.5 km) of temporary access roads to …

Caddo Ceramic Vessels From The Paul Mitchell Site (41bw4) On The Red River, Bowie County, Texas, Timothy K. Perttula, Bo Nelson, Mark Walters

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

The Paul Mitchell site (41BW4) is an ancestral Caddo habitation site and cemetery in the larger ancestral and historic occupation of the Upper Nasoni Village on the Red River in Bowie County, in the northeastern corner of the present state of Texas (Figure 1). Extensive excavations were conducted at the site in the 1930s by both professional and avocational archaeologists, and in the 1940s by an avocational archaeologist. The Paul Mitchell site is located in the McKinney Bayou floodplain about 2 miles from the current channel of the Red River to the north. The site is part of a large …

Caddo Archaeology In The Caddo Creek Valley Of The Upper Neches River Basin, Anderson And Henderson Counties, Texas, Timothy K. Perttula, Mark Walters

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

Caddo Creek is a generally eastward-flowing tributary of the Neches River that originates in Henderson County in East Texas. The creek flows ca. 30 km to its confluence with the Neches River, just south of the A. C. Saunders site (41AN19), one of the more important ancestral Caddo mound centers in this part of East Texas.

Caddo Creek flows from west to east across the eastern edge of the Post Oak Savannah and into the Pineywoods physiographic regions of East Texas (see Figure 1b; see also Diggs et al. 2006). The Pineywoods cover large parts of East Texas, have medium-tall …

Prairie Caddo Sites In Coryell And Mclennan Counties In Central Texas, Timothy K. Perttula

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

Did ancestral Caddo peoples live and settle on the prairies of Central Texas in prehistoric times (i.e., before A.D. 1680)? Story had noted that there is little known about “the nature of the Caddo connections” in these sites, and she wondered what these settlements represented: “(1) groups from the east who occupied the area year round and/or seasonally; or (2) local groups who were interacting with Caddoans [sic] through trade, marriage, and visitations…?” In this article, I am concerned with the consideration of “Caddo connections” as expressed in the character of the ceramic assemblages from four sites in Central Texas …

Archaeological Sites Along Cuthand Creek And The Sulphur River In The Mid–Sulphur River Basin, Red River County, Texas, Timothy K. Perttula, Gary W. Cheatwood

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

The Cuthand Creek and Little Mustang Creek drainage basins in the mid–Sulphur River basin are in the Post Oak Savannah of East Texas. Prehistoric archaeological sites are abundant in both basins and along the Sulphur River, dating from as early as Paleoindian times to the Late Caddo periods. Nevertheless, this area remains poorly known and there have been few professional archaeological investigations conducted here. In this article, we present information on a range of prehistoric sites and associated artifact assemblages known along Cuthand Creek and the Sulphur River in the mid–Sulphur River Basin, in Red River County, Texas. The artifacts …

The A. S. Mann (41he7/41an201) And M. S. Roberts (41he8) Sites In The Upper Neches River Basin, Henderson County, Texas, Timothy K. Perttula, Waldo Troell

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

The upper Neches River basin in East Texas has been the scene of archaeological research since the early 1900s, with a particular focus on the post-A.D. 1000 archaeological record of the Caddo peoples in the region. The A. S. Mann (41HE7) and M. S. Roberts (41HE8) sites are ancestral Caddo sites located in the modern-day Pineywoods that were investigated by University of Texas (UT) archaeologists in the 1930s. I want to thank Waldo Troell for bringing these sites to my attention.

Ceramic Beads From The Cloud Hammond Site (41sm244), Smith County, Texas, Mark Walters, Timothy K. Perttula

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

During investigations at the Cloud Hammond site (41SM244) during the 1960s, J. A. Walters recovered Caddo ceramics, two clay beads, Perdiz arrow points, and two Gary dart points. The site is located in northern Smith County, Texas, about 400 m east of the Middle Caddo period Jamestown Mound site (41SM54).

Of the artifacts reported to have been recovered from the site, only one clay bead was available for study. No record survives of the extent of investigations at the Cloud Hammond site or if any cultural features such as burials were found during the 1960s work.

The Wollard #2 Site (41he22) In The Upper Neches River Basin, Henderson County, Texas, Timothy K. Perttula

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

The Wollard #2 site (41HE22) was first identified by Leroy Johnson, Jr. and Edward B. Jelks in August 1957 during their survey of then proposed Blackburn Crossing Reservoir, now Lake Palestine, in Henderson County, Texas. The site was described by Johnson as located in an old cultivated field on the high ground directly to the west of Caney Creek and the Neches River floodplain, is one of the most prolific sites located in the reservoir area…The midden soil at the site extends to a depth of 16 inches and is rich in animal and shell remains as well as stone …

Further Surface Collecting And Shovel Testing Investigations At The Sanders Site (41lr2), Lamar County, Texas, Timothy K. Perttula, Bo Nelson

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

Archaeological investigations at the Sanders site (41LR2), an important ancestral Caddo mound center and village on the Red River in Lamar County, Texas, have been ongoing since 2013. The latest round of work at the Sanders site primarily concerned Dr. Chester P. Walker’s conducting geophysical work there in December 2014. Bo Nelson went to the site to show Walker the areas where artifactual materials have been collected from surface clusters in earlier investigations.

The weather was cold and rainy the entire time. Dr. Walker was able to work in between rain episodes. The fields were wet and muddy. Most of …

Recent Artifact Surface Collections From The M. S. Roberts (41he8) Mound Site In The Upper Neches River Basin In East Texas, Timothy K. Perttula, Mark Walters

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

In January 2015, the junior author obtained, with the assistance of the landowners, a surface collection of artifacts from the M. S. Roberts site (41HE8), a long-forgotten ancestral Caddo mound center and settlement in the upper Neches River basin in Henderson County, Texas. This collection of artifacts is discussed in this article, and comparisons are made to the larger assemblage of Caddo ceramic vessel sherds obtained during 1931 investigations at the site by Pearce and Jackson.

The W. A. Ford Site (41tt2), Titus County, Texas, Timothy K. Perttula

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

The W. A. Ford site (41TT2) is an ancestral Caddo cemetery on a natural sandy knoll on an alluvial terrace about 2 km south of the Sulphur River, along Sanders Slough, in the northwestern part of Titus County, Texas. There are also habitation deposits of both Woodland and Caddo age at the site, but no features were identified in these habitation deposits during the 1934 University of Texas investigations. The site is located in the modern Blackland Prairie habitat, but just to the north of the northern extent of the modern Post Oak Savannah. In this article, I focus on …

Reaping The Whirlwind: The Caddo After Europeans, Timothy K. Perttula, Robert Cast

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

The De Soto chronicles introduce us to the Caddo Indian peoples of East Texas in what we can arbitrarily call “historic times.” The Gentleman of Elvas had this to say when the Spaniards reached the Caddo province of Naguatex on the Red River in the Great Bend area of southwestern Arkansas in August of 1542.

The cacique [of Naguatex], on beholding the damage that his land was receiving [from the Spanish forces], sent six of his principal men and three Indians with them as guides who knew the language of the region ahead where the governor [Luis de Moscoso] was …

Ceramic Sherds From The Millsey Williamson Site (41rk3), Rusk County, Texas, Timothy K. Perttula

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

The Millsey Williamson site (41RK3) is an 18th century Nadaco Caddo settlement and cemetery situated on an alluvial terrace on the east side of Martin Creek in the Sabine River basin. Some portions of the site are now covered by the waters of Martin Creek Lake, constructed in the 1970s. The site was first investigated in the 1930s, when at least 11 historic Caddo burials were excavated in the cemetery at the western end of the landform. Buddy Calvin Jones excavated a disturbed historic burial at the site in 1955, and also occasionally collected glass beads from the surface of …

Bone Tools From Caddo Sites In The Angelina River Basin In East Texas, Timothy K. Perttula, Mark Walters

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

In addition to the use of stone for tools, ancestral Caddo communities in East Texas also relied on organic materials for tools, including animal bones and plant parts (i.e., cane and wood). Bone tools were an important part of the technological system of Caddo groups and their study helps to understand the range of activities that occurred at Caddo sites in particular locations and regions. However, they are often not preserved in habitation deposits and features on East Texas Caddo sites due to bioturbation and erosion of sandy sediments where artifacts came to accumulate during an occupation or series of …

The Archaeology Of The Archaic Periods In East Texas, Timothy K. Perttula

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

The archaeology of the Archaic periods—Early, ca. 10,000–8000 years B.P., Middle, ca. 8000–5000 years B.P., and Late, ca. 5000–2500 years B.P.—in East Texas is not well understood in broad terms, although valuable information on the archaeological character of the Archaic peoples in the region has been gained over the years from the detailed investigation of a few specific sites. New knowledge concerning the archaeology of the Archaic periods in East Texas is slow in coming, due in part to the kinds of Archaic sites that have been identified by archaeologists during survey investigations and/or recommended by archeologists, state agencies, and …

Historic Caddo Archaeological Sites In Cherokee County, Texas, Timothy K. Perttula, Kevin Stingley, Mark Walters

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

The historic archaeology of the Caddo Indian peoples in East Texas has been the subject of considerable interest by Caddo archaeologists for a number of years. Much of that interest has been focused on the investigation of the effects of European contact on Caddo cultural traditions and practices, particularly the impact of introduced European epidemic diseases, and the impact of Spanish, French, and American colonization efforts.

In recent years, another focus of Historic Caddo archaeological investigations has been on characterizing the material culture record of the different clusters of Caddo Indian sites in East Texas, most notably the study of …