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Mgrre_Thinsections_Mgrre-139_25, Mgrre Mar 2026

Mgrre_Thinsections_Mgrre-139_25, Mgrre

Thin Sections

No abstract provided.


Mgrre_Thinsections_Mgrre-139_52, Mgrre Mar 2026

Mgrre_Thinsections_Mgrre-139_52, Mgrre

Thin Sections

No abstract provided.


Mgrre_Thinsections_Mgrre-139_74, Mgrre Mar 2026

Mgrre_Thinsections_Mgrre-139_74, Mgrre

Thin Sections

No abstract provided.


Mgrre_Thinsections_Mgrre-139_82, Mgrre Mar 2026

Mgrre_Thinsections_Mgrre-139_82, Mgrre

Thin Sections

No abstract provided.


Response Of Botovskaya Cave To Local And Regional Environmental Dynamics, Jade Margerum, Oksana Gutareva, Franziska Lechleitner, Maria Box, Stuart Umbo, Anton Vaks, Hanno Meyer, Aleksandr Kononov, Aleksander Osintsev, Dimitri Sokol'nikov, Norbert Marwan, Ola Kwiecien, Sebastian Breitenbach Mar 2026

Response Of Botovskaya Cave To Local And Regional Environmental Dynamics, Jade Margerum, Oksana Gutareva, Franziska Lechleitner, Maria Box, Stuart Umbo, Anton Vaks, Hanno Meyer, Aleksandr Kononov, Aleksander Osintsev, Dimitri Sokol'nikov, Norbert Marwan, Ola Kwiecien, Sebastian Breitenbach

International Journal of Speleology

Speleothems from caves in near-permafrost regions can provide unique insights into the climatic history of temperature-sensitive environments. These regions are often remote and only seasonally accessible, which makes cave monitoring – a requirement for speleothem-based proxy interpretation – challenging. We document ventilation, the infiltration regime, and the isotopic composition of dripwater in Botovskaya Cave in southern Siberia, a host to speleothems previously used to reconstruct Quaternary permafrost dynamics in continental Eurasia. We explore surface and cave temperature records, cave air CO2 concentration data and stable isotopes in precipitation and dripwater and evaluate infiltration conditions and the sensitivity of speleothems …


No Name Ditch Filter Request, Chad Pritchard, Sonja Durr Mar 2026

No Name Ditch Filter Request, Chad Pritchard, Sonja Durr

EWU PFAS Research Collection

This is a one-page request showing the need for filtration at No Name Ditch at the SE corner of Fairchild Air Force Base (FAFB), West Plains, Spokane County, Washington.  Surface water levels in the ditch and stormwater ponds that feed the system can exceed 20,000 ppt for PFOS while groundwater can be up to 2,000 ppt for PFOS, per a remedial investigation report for FAFB in 2025.  The federal drinking water standard for PFOS is 4 ppt. While surface water and stormwater are not regulated for PFAS levels, these polluted waters enter the groundwater just off base and likely contaminate …


Pedagogy On Teaching A Totally Blind Student Physical & Historical Geology & Labs, Kenneth R. Neuhauser Feb 2026

Pedagogy On Teaching A Totally Blind Student Physical & Historical Geology & Labs, Kenneth R. Neuhauser

SACAD: Scholarly Activities

Teaching the salient points of both physical and historical geology and labs to a totally blind student was accomplished through pre-planning, extra staff, daily preparation, low-cost supplies, teamwork, and at times ‘on-the-spot’ creativity.


Exceptional Variety Of Baryte-Celestine-Series Speleothems In Lechuguilla Cave (New Mexico, Usa), Max Wisshak, Johannes Birkenstock, Andrea Schröder-Ritzrau, Norbert Frank, Hazel A. Barton, Harvey R. Duchene Feb 2026

Exceptional Variety Of Baryte-Celestine-Series Speleothems In Lechuguilla Cave (New Mexico, Usa), Max Wisshak, Johannes Birkenstock, Andrea Schröder-Ritzrau, Norbert Frank, Hazel A. Barton, Harvey R. Duchene

International Journal of Speleology

An inventory of speleothems primarily composed of the closely related sulfate minerals baryte (BaSO4) and celestine (SrSO4) in Lechuguilla Cave (New Mexico, USA) has revealed an extraordinary variety. This includes subaerial stalactites, stalagmites, flowstone, coralloids, wall crusts, floor crystals, snow, frostwork, and subaqueous pool crystals. Large baryte and celestine crystals have also been documented in hydrothermal veins in the host rock, predating the cave and truncated when intersected by it. The respective carbonate mineral phases witherite (BaCO3) and strontianite (SrCO3), in contrast, were found to be rare in the studied speleothem samples, …


Evaluating Groundwater-Surface Water Interactions At Selected Streams In The Mississippi River Valley Alluvial Aquifer, Usa, And Comparison To Regional Potentiometric Surfaces, Joshua Michael Blackstock, Oladipo S. Obembe, Aaron Shew, Phillip Hays, Phillip R. Owens, Christopher D. Delhom Feb 2026

Evaluating Groundwater-Surface Water Interactions At Selected Streams In The Mississippi River Valley Alluvial Aquifer, Usa, And Comparison To Regional Potentiometric Surfaces, Joshua Michael Blackstock, Oladipo S. Obembe, Aaron Shew, Phillip Hays, Phillip R. Owens, Christopher D. Delhom

Geosciences Faculty Publications and Presentations

Field measurements of groundwater-surface water interactions (GWSW) are critical for quantifying stream leakage, but are often limited in availability. In the Mississippi River Valley alluvial aquifer (MRVAA), USA, GWSW interactions are often inferred through interpolated potentiometric surfaces, which can provide information on GWSW changes through time, but are often limited in spatial resolution. Field measurements of GWSW interactions were conducted at several locations and compared with potentiometric surfaces using objectively calculated cell sizes. The potentiometric surfaces showed similar regional-scale groundwater-flow patterns irrespective of grid cell size. Field measurements of GWSW interactions exhibited a broader range of gaining and losing conditions …


Pitfalls Of Multiplied 3d Landforms Projection: Mapping Deep Multilevel Cave Systems In The Alps (Gamssteig Cave System, Göll Massif), Mateusz Golicz, Jacek Szczygieł Jan 2026

Pitfalls Of Multiplied 3d Landforms Projection: Mapping Deep Multilevel Cave Systems In The Alps (Gamssteig Cave System, Göll Massif), Mateusz Golicz, Jacek Szczygieł

International Journal of Speleology

Cave mapping represents one of the most complex challenges in geomorphological cartography, as it must convey the true three-dimensional geometry of subterranean spaces such as overlapping passages, irregular cross-sections, and variable ceiling and floor morphologies, within a two-dimensional framework. This study examines the methodological and interpretive challenges of cave mapping, utilizing the Gamssteighöhle cave in the Austrian Alps as a case study. During the 11 years of exploration, over 10 km of passages were surveyed using the DistoX vector survey method. Yet, the complex morphological forms necessitated deviations from the standard symbology recommended by the International Union of Speleology. Several …


Ureilite Meteorite Petrofabrics: Evolution And Formation Deformational Conditions, Benjamin Botwe Agyemang Jan 2026

Ureilite Meteorite Petrofabrics: Evolution And Formation Deformational Conditions, Benjamin Botwe Agyemang

Dissertations and Theses

This thesis examines the origin and development of crystallographic fabrics in ureilites, which are primitive achondritic meteorites interpreted as residues of partial melting from a differentiated parent body. In this study, we evaluate three fabric-forming mechanisms: gravitational cumulate crystallization, shock-induced deformation, and flow alignment associated with melt extraction and convective stirring. A quantitative Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD) analysis was conducted on six ureilitic meteorites to assess olivine Lattice Preferred Orientation (LPO), Shape Preferred Orientation (SPO), the connection between SPO and LPO, and other deformation metrics, including Grain Orientation Spread (GOS), and Crystal Rotation Axis (CRA). Our results suggest that most …


Microbial Communities And Biogeochemistry Of A Melting Rocky Mountain Glacier, Pacifica Sommers, Elizabeth Traver, Alison Orthel, Andrew G. Fountain, Jacki Klancher, Steven K. Schmidt Jan 2026

Microbial Communities And Biogeochemistry Of A Melting Rocky Mountain Glacier, Pacifica Sommers, Elizabeth Traver, Alison Orthel, Andrew G. Fountain, Jacki Klancher, Steven K. Schmidt

Geology Faculty Publications and Presentations

Mountain glaciers are disappearing rapidly, and with their disappearance, we may be losing unstudied biodiversity and genetic resources. A variety of habitats for microorganisms exist on glaciers, especially within pockets of supraglacial sediments (cryoconite) that support high levels of biological activity and diversity. We used biogeochemical approaches, high-throughput DNA sequencing, and microscopy to describe the biogeochemistry and microbial communities of supraglacial sediments on the Dinwoody Glacier in the Wind River Range, Wyoming. Carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) concentrations were high, and C:N ratios were close to the Redfield ratio indicating active nutrient cycling. We found unique microbial communities in sediments …


Exploring Mesoproterozoic Marine Redox States In A Young Banded Iron Formation From The Needle Mountains, Jaya Sharma, Brenhin Keller Jan 2026

Exploring Mesoproterozoic Marine Redox States In A Young Banded Iron Formation From The Needle Mountains, Jaya Sharma, Brenhin Keller

Wetterhahn Science Symposium Posters

Banded iron formations (BIF), as redox-dependent chemical sedimentary rocks, have served as proxies for marine and atmospheric oxygen and iron conditions throughout Earth history. While abundant in the Archean and early Proterozoic, the widespread deposition of BIFs declined following the Great Oxidation Event, as oxygenated surface waters prevented the accumulation of ferrous iron. However, the Needle Mountains, located in southwestern Colorado, houses an anomalously young BIFs deposited between 1.786±10 - 1.801±6 Ga given existing geochronology. Here, we use rare earth element (REE) systematics, bulk chemistry, and petrographic analysis to determine the depositional conditions under which this BIF was formed. We …


Timing, Orbital Pacing, And Provenance Of Late Paleogene Loess In The Western United States, Xiangwei Guo Jan 2026

Timing, Orbital Pacing, And Provenance Of Late Paleogene Loess In The Western United States, Xiangwei Guo

Earth & Environmental Sciences Dissertations - Archive

This project examines the timing of loess emergence, the nature of the fluvial–eolian transition, orbital forcing on dust accumulation, and sediment recycling in the late Paleogene White River Formation (Group) of Wyoming and Nebraska, western United States. By integrating traditional sedimentology with machine learning–enhanced grain-size analysis, this research shows that loess accumulation at Flagstaff Rim in central Wyoming began during active fluvial deposition at approximately 35.8 Ma, indicating a gradual transition from fluvial to eolian conditions. Machine learning complements field sedimentology and granulometric interpretation while enabling the development of new, testable hypotheses. Extending this framework eastward to Toadstool Geologic Park …


Understanding How Erosion And Unit Thickness Alter The Deformation Of Fold-Thrust Belts, Kaitlyn E. Gallis, Caroline M. Burberry Jan 2026

Understanding How Erosion And Unit Thickness Alter The Deformation Of Fold-Thrust Belts, Kaitlyn E. Gallis, Caroline M. Burberry

Nebraska Academy of Sciences: Programs and Proceedings

When a collision of two tectonic plates occurs, fold thrust belts develop, which are widely recognized as the most common mode in which the crust accommodates shortening. Most analog models do not consider erosion when documenting fold thrust belt formation. The lack of experiments on this topic means there are limited consistent studies on the relationship between erosion and deformation. Preliminary experiments suggest that the typical forward breaking thrust sequence is altered by eroding the hinterland, something this experiment series aims to prove or disprove. The new contribution of this work is a systematic evaluation of the variation in initial …


Nebraska Statewide Groundwater-Level Monitoring Report 2025, Aaron R. Young, Mark E. Burbach, Sue Olafsen Lackey, Robert Matthew Joeckel, Jeffrey Westrop Jan 2026

Nebraska Statewide Groundwater-Level Monitoring Report 2025, Aaron R. Young, Mark E. Burbach, Sue Olafsen Lackey, Robert Matthew Joeckel, Jeffrey Westrop

Conservation and Survey Division: Faculty and Staff Publications

No abstract provided.


Metamorphosed Components In Cv Chondrites Camel Donga 003 And Camel Donga 040 As Evidence For Varying Degrees Of Metamorphism Within The Parent Body, Kathryn E. Stone Jan 2026

Metamorphosed Components In Cv Chondrites Camel Donga 003 And Camel Donga 040 As Evidence For Varying Degrees Of Metamorphism Within The Parent Body, Kathryn E. Stone

Honors Theses

The CV carbonaceous chondrites are a group of primitive stony meteorites that record early solar-system evolution processes. They are typically of low metamorphic grade, though some metamorphosed CVs have recently been found. Two CV chondrite breccias, Camel Donga 003 (CD 003) and Camel Donga 040 (CD 040) consist of multiple lithologies. CD 003 consists of three lithologies, one of which – Lithology C – has been metamorphosed to petrologic type ~3.7 (Alevy et al. 2025). CD 040 consists of two lithologies, one of which is metamorphosed to petrologic type 3.7 (Dunn and Alevy, 2024; Dunn et al. unpublished). Both samples …


Co2 Enhanced Oil Recovery In The Dickinson Lodgepole Mounds, University Of North Dakota. Energy And Environmental Research Center Jan 2026

Co2 Enhanced Oil Recovery In The Dickinson Lodgepole Mounds, University Of North Dakota. Energy And Environmental Research Center

EERC Brochures and Fact Sheets

Fact sheet about CO2 enhanced oil recovery (EOR) in the Dickinson Lodgepole Mounds of Stark County, North Dakota. Includes geological information and how stored CO2 increases local oil production.


Fulbright Project In Iceland In The Summer Of 2026, Irina Filina Jan 2026

Fulbright Project In Iceland In The Summer Of 2026, Irina Filina

Nebraska Academy of Sciences: Programs and Proceedings

This upcoming Fulbright project is inspired by an ongoing debate in the scientific community about the tectonic origin of Iceland. A long-standing theory of Iceland’s formation by excessive magmatism at the Mid-Atlantic spreading center over the well-known hot spot (i.e., oceanic crustal affinity) was recently challenged by the alternative hypothesis that the Icelandic crust is continental in nature and is being stretched and gradually modified by magmatic processes. Based on this hypothesis, a new sunken continent, Icelandia, has been proposed. One of the foundations for the proposed Icelandia is the presence of felsic lavas (indicative of continental flavor in the …


Preliminary Investigation Of The Carbon Storage Potential In The Fort Worth Basin: Reservoir Characterization And Modeling Of The Lower Atoka Grant South Sand In Tarrant County, Texas, Mary Ann M. Moody Jan 2026

Preliminary Investigation Of The Carbon Storage Potential In The Fort Worth Basin: Reservoir Characterization And Modeling Of The Lower Atoka Grant South Sand In Tarrant County, Texas, Mary Ann M. Moody

Earth & Environmental Sciences Theses

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is crucial for mitigating atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions that rise from industrial activities. Paleozoic sedimentary basins in Texas are significant reservoirs for hydrocarbon production, and when depleted, show promise for CCS. Long-term reservoir storage suitability requires a multifaceted approach, including site screening and ranking, as well as reservoir characterization, modeling, and simulation. This project first evaluates the CCS potential for the Fort Worth Basin in North Central Texas, then focuses on reservoir characterization of the Lower Atoka Grant South (STH) Sand in Tarrant County and finally assesses the sand’s CO2 storage …


Modeling Landslide-Generated Tsunami For Hazard Analysis: A Case-Study Of Grewingk, Ak, Cassidy J. Deer Jan 2026

Modeling Landslide-Generated Tsunami For Hazard Analysis: A Case-Study Of Grewingk, Ak, Cassidy J. Deer

All Master's Theses

Landslide-generated tsunamis pose an increasing hazard in glacial and paraglacial environments, where glacial retreat results in slope instability and the potential for mass movement events into a body of water. This thesis analyzes a landslide–generated tsunami at Grewingk Lake in October 1967 by integrating numerical simulations from the D-Claw and GeoClaw models, which are both derived from the Clawpack framework for solving hyperbolic conservation laws. By modeling landslide dynamics and wave propagation in a coupled manner, this study seeks to improve understanding of the hazard, risks and spatial impact at Grewingk. The D-Claw and GeoClaw modeling approaches complement each other …


Testing The Limits Of Provenance Analysis From Basaltic Fluvial Sediment Near Sandvatn, Iceland, As A Mars Analog, Audrey R. Putnam, Kirsten L. Siebach, Michael T. Thorpe, Valerie M. Tu, Elizabeth B. Rampe, Candice C. Bedford, Gelu Costin, Joseph J. Tamborski Jan 2026

Testing The Limits Of Provenance Analysis From Basaltic Fluvial Sediment Near Sandvatn, Iceland, As A Mars Analog, Audrey R. Putnam, Kirsten L. Siebach, Michael T. Thorpe, Valerie M. Tu, Elizabeth B. Rampe, Candice C. Bedford, Gelu Costin, Joseph J. Tamborski

OES Faculty Publications

Detrital sediments that accumulate downstream and are preserved in sedimentary rocks can allow characterization of geologic formations that are inaccessible for spatial or temporal reasons. However, mixing, sorting, and alteration of sediment during transport may complicate reconstruction of protolith characteristics. We test the preservation of three key provenance signals in coarse fluvial sand at a Mars analog watershed in Iceland to determine whether detrital sediments capture (a) watershed magmatic chemical variation, (b) textural indicators of lava-water interaction during eruption and cooling, and (c) hydrothermal alteration. Specifically, we tested whether diagnostic variations in rock mineralogy, chemistry, and texture can be recovered …


The Effects Of A Microplate On Plume-Ridge Interactions: Constraints From Comparing Easter And Juan Fernandez Microplates In The Eastern Pacific Ocean, Katherine Ames, Jennifer Georgen Jan 2026

The Effects Of A Microplate On Plume-Ridge Interactions: Constraints From Comparing Easter And Juan Fernandez Microplates In The Eastern Pacific Ocean, Katherine Ames, Jennifer Georgen

OES Faculty Publications

This study investigates the nature of plume-ridge interactions near a tectonic microplate using mantle Bouguer anomaly (MBA) gravity calculations. The focus of this investigation is a comparison of the Easter and Juan Fernandez microplates, which are located in the eastern Pacific Ocean along the Pacific, Nazca, and Antarctic plate boundaries. The microplates have several similar characteristics, including general size, time of formation, and clockwise rotation within the larger bounding mid-ocean ridge systems. Unlike the Juan Fernandez microplate, however, the Easter microplate is located near a mantle plume (Easter/Salas y Gomez). Previously published geochemical data suggest that material from this plume …


Supplemental Bibliographic Details. From 2001 Mars Odyssey To Earth’S Climate Crisis: Integrating Gamma Spectroscopy, Martian Soil Simulants, And Plant Genomes For Agroecology, Anchored In Sri Lanka’S Mars-Context Serpentinites, Suniti Karunatillake, Maheshi Dassanayake, Carlos Gary Bicas Jan 2026

Supplemental Bibliographic Details. From 2001 Mars Odyssey To Earth’S Climate Crisis: Integrating Gamma Spectroscopy, Martian Soil Simulants, And Plant Genomes For Agroecology, Anchored In Sri Lanka’S Mars-Context Serpentinites, Suniti Karunatillake, Maheshi Dassanayake, Carlos Gary Bicas

Planetary Science Lab

Bibliographic details follow to supplement hyperlinked citations in the multinational GANGOTRI-supporting project conceived by Karunatillake, Dassanayake, and Gary-Bicas


Investigating The Impact Of Climate Change On Physical And Chemical Hydrology Of A Michigan Wetland, Emmalynn Boulton Jan 2026

Investigating The Impact Of Climate Change On Physical And Chemical Hydrology Of A Michigan Wetland, Emmalynn Boulton

Senior Honors Theses and Projects

Wetlands support biodiversity, regulate water cycles, and sustain ecological health. Understanding their functions and the relative contributions of groundwater and precipitation are key to conserving these ecosystems effectively, especially under changing climate conditions. Fish Lake Environmental Education Center (FLEEC) is 240 acres of diverse, glacially-influenced wetlands located near Lapeer, Michigan. This site encompasses a bog consisting of sphagnum moss and peat underlain by clay, as well as many glacial kettles that form ephemeral vernal pools during periods of frequent precipitation. Previous studies have shown that groundwater flows from the north to the southeast, from the bog towards Fish Lake. The …


Applied Machine Learning In Mineral Prospectivity Mapping In The South Pass-Granite Mountains Of Wyoming, Carl D. York Jan 2026

Applied Machine Learning In Mineral Prospectivity Mapping In The South Pass-Granite Mountains Of Wyoming, Carl D. York

Graduate Theses/Dissertations

The South Pass-Granite Mountains, comprised of Archean to Tertiary rocks embedded with an Archean greenstone belt in Central Wyoming, have historically been mined for gold, iron, steel, and silver. Rare earth elements have been of increasing interest in the region and thus, several datasets have become available. Knowledge driven and data driven models are used in mineral prospectivity mapping with input data including geological mapping, geochemical data, geophysical (USGS Critical Mineral magnetic and gravity data), radiometric (U, Th, K) data and multispectral remote sensing data. Mineral prospectivity has seen a rapid improvement in recent years using advancements in machine learning …


The Occurence Of Expansive Clay Soils In Illinois And Their Effects On Shallow Lightly Loaded Foundations, Greg James Gollaher Jan 2026

The Occurence Of Expansive Clay Soils In Illinois And Their Effects On Shallow Lightly Loaded Foundations, Greg James Gollaher

Masters Theses

"The damage caused to shallow foundations and slabs on grade by the shrink-swell activity of clay soils is well documented across the United States. There are local and national resources available that delineate areas that are problematic and areas that are not. These resources paint Illinois as an undemanding foundation environment. However, our experience differs from this. Our experience tells us that damage related to the shrink-swell activity of clay soils is widespread, and commonly severe causing not only cosmetic damage to structures and hard improvements but also affecting the serviceability and longevity of structures. My goal is to accurately …


A Geospatial Assessment Of Groundwater Salinization In A Multi-Aquifer System: Durango, Mexico, Juan Lopez-Sierra Jan 2026

A Geospatial Assessment Of Groundwater Salinization In A Multi-Aquifer System: Durango, Mexico, Juan Lopez-Sierra

Graduate Theses/Dissertations

Groundwater salinization poses a critical environmental concern for water resource sustainability in arid and semi-arid regions. This study evaluates spatial and temporal patterns of groundwater salinity across the state of Durango, Mexico, using total dissolved solids (TDS), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), as salinity indicators and nitrate-nitrogen (NO₃–N) as an anthropogenic indicator. Groundwater quality data were obtained from (CONAGUA), a Mexican water agency. To assess salinity variations with respect to time, while minimizing interannual sampling bias, two multi-year sampling periods were selected: 2012-2013, and 2020-2021. Final datasets consisted of 122 wells for 2012–2013 and 131 wells for 2020–2021. The wells were …


Milankovitch Paleoclimatic Signals In Upper Permian–Lower Triassic Fluvial-Lacustrine Records, Bogda Mountains, Greater Turpan-Junggar Intracontinental Rift Basin, Nw China, Wentao Zhang Jan 2026

Milankovitch Paleoclimatic Signals In Upper Permian–Lower Triassic Fluvial-Lacustrine Records, Bogda Mountains, Greater Turpan-Junggar Intracontinental Rift Basin, Nw China, Wentao Zhang

Doctoral Dissertations

"The objective of this study is to understand whether Milankovitch climatic and/or tectonic processes influenced the sedimentation of the upper Permian–Lower Triassic fluvial-lacustrine cyclic deposits in Bogda Mountains, greater Turpan-Junggar intracontinental rift basin, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, NW China. This study carried out gamma analysis, gamma and astronomical tuning, and spectral analysis on the Wutonggou, Jiucaiyuan, and Shaofanggou low-order cycles of the South and Central Taodonggou, South and North Tarlong, Dalongkou, and Zhaobishan sections. Stable and positive gamma values support the assumption of facies-dependent sedimentation rates for non-marine facies. The sedimentation rates range from 0.04 to 2.43 m/kyr, and 0.21 …


Investigation Of Reey Concentrations In Argillaceous Rocks Associated With Coal Beds In Southwestern West Virginia, Alyssa Cameron Long Jan 2026

Investigation Of Reey Concentrations In Argillaceous Rocks Associated With Coal Beds In Southwestern West Virginia, Alyssa Cameron Long

Theses, Dissertations and Capstones

Rare earth elements (REEs) and Yttrium are classified as “critical minerals” that are used in many industries and are typically extracted from carbonatites and related alkaline plutonic rocks. The limited availability of REE+Y requires finding alternate sources such as coal fly ash, tonstein, fireclays, and shales. This study investigates the potential enrichment of shales, fireclays, and siltstones interbedded with coal from southwestern WV in REEY, and the mechanisms of such enrichment. Using ICP-AES analysis of various rock types shows that shales, silty shales, and siderite nodules interbedded with Fire Clay and Chilton Coal beds in the Kanawha Formation record the …