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Volcanic Caves Of East Africa - An Overview, Jim W. Simons
Volcanic Caves Of East Africa - An Overview, Jim W. Simons
International Journal of Speleology
Numerous Tertiary to recent volcanoes are located in East Africa. Thus, much of the region is made up volcanic rock, which hosts the largest and greatest variety of East Africas caves. Exploration of volcanic caves has preoccupied members of Cave Exploration Group of East Africa (CEGEA) for the past 30 years. The various publications edited by CEGEA are in this respect a treasure troves of speleological information. In the present paper an overview on the most important volcanic caves and areas are shortly reported.
The Cave Exploration Group Of East Africa And Volcanic Caves In Kenya, Michael Declan Kennedy
The Cave Exploration Group Of East Africa And Volcanic Caves In Kenya, Michael Declan Kennedy
International Journal of Speleology
This paper looks at the history of the Cave Exploration Group of East Africa with special reference to the exploration of volcanic caves. It demonstrates that the group has concentrated on two main areas, the Chyulu HiIls and Mt. Suswa, although other areas have also been studied. The Cave Exploration Group of East Africa has had to cope with various problems. The most important of which are related to the socio-economic conditions of a developing country. These problems have not prevented the group from making a valuable contribution to vulcanospeleology.
Lave Caves Of Kilimanjaro. Mawenzi Lava Tubes, Clive Ward
Lave Caves Of Kilimanjaro. Mawenzi Lava Tubes, Clive Ward
International Journal of Speleology
This is the first short report on the exploration of lava tubes in the upper part of Kilimanjaro. The area seems to be extremely interesting from vulcanospeleological point of view.
Lava Caves Of Grande Comore, Indian Ocean: An Initial Reconnaissance, September 1997, Gregory J. Middleton
Lava Caves Of Grande Comore, Indian Ocean: An Initial Reconnaissance, September 1997, Gregory J. Middleton
International Journal of Speleology
What are believed to have been the first speleological investigations in the Comoros Islands were carried out on Grande Comore island between 7 and 13 September 1997. A number of caves were located with the help of local informants and the more significant ones surveyed. Exploration of some caves was not able to be completed. The potential for further significant discoveries is believed to be high.
Hollow Volcanic Tumulus Caves Of Kilauea Caldera, Hawaii County, Hawaii, William R. Halliday
Hollow Volcanic Tumulus Caves Of Kilauea Caldera, Hawaii County, Hawaii, William R. Halliday
International Journal of Speleology
In addition to lava tube caves with commonly noted features, sizable subcrustal spaces of several types exist on the floor of Kilauea Caldera. Most of these are formed by drainage of partially stabilized volcanic structures enlarged or formed by injection of very fluid lava beneath a plastic crust. Most conspicuous are hollow tumuli, possibly first described by Walker in 1991. Walker mapped and described the outer chamber of Tumulus E-1 Cave. Further exploration has revealed that it has a hyperthermic inner room beneath an adjoining tumulus with no connection evident on the surface. Two lengthy, sinuous hollow tumuli also are …
Sheet Flow Caves Of Kilauea Caldera, Hawaii County, Hawaii, William R. Halliday
Sheet Flow Caves Of Kilauea Caldera, Hawaii County, Hawaii, William R. Halliday
International Journal of Speleology
Terminal lobes of sheet flows of pahoehoe lava sometimes form three-dimensional nests, initially separated by partitions consisting of accreted "skins” of each lobe. Melting breaks down these partitions, forming a uniform flow unit. In Kilauea Caldera we have found and mapped sizable drained cavities in low-slope sheet flows. Their general pattern includes three-dimensional nests, with partially melted septa evident in some examples. Christmas Cave is the most extensive found to date, with 632 meters surveyed on two levels. It is located at the lower end of an inflated sheet flow tongue which underwent local deflation as a result of drainage …
"Pit Craters", Lava Tubes, And Open Vertical Volcanic Conduits In Hawaii: A Problem In Terminology, William R. Halliday
"Pit Craters", Lava Tubes, And Open Vertical Volcanic Conduits In Hawaii: A Problem In Terminology, William R. Halliday
International Journal of Speleology
Almost from the 1849 publication of the term pit crater, volcanologists have disagreed about the parameters differentiating these features from other vertical volcanic structures. Kaluaiki is a jameo giving entry to Thurston Lava Tube in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. Long-standing misidentification of it as a pit crater is an example of misunderstandings arising from the lack of a clear definition of pit crater. In general, pit craters are unrelated to lava tube caves genetically, but two special cases are discussed. One probably is genetically related to a rift tube deep below the surface; the other is a complex of a …
Lava Tube Remelt By Radiant Heat And Burning Gasses, Kevin Allred
Lava Tube Remelt By Radiant Heat And Burning Gasses, Kevin Allred
International Journal of Speleology
Some volcanologists assume that interior surfaces of hot lava tubes can commonly be remelted by burning gases and radiant heat. Pending further data, this appears to be unlikely.
The Origin Of Tubular Lava Stalactites And Other Related Forms, Kevin Allred, Carlene Allred
The Origin Of Tubular Lava Stalactites And Other Related Forms, Kevin Allred, Carlene Allred
International Journal of Speleology
Tubular lava stalactites are often found in lava tubes. Field observations, sample analysis, and comparative studies indicate that these are segregations extruded during cooling from partially crystallized lava al about 1,070 - 1,000 °C. Retrograde boiling (gas pressure) within the lava provides a mechanism to expel the interstitial liquid. In addition to tubular lava stalactites, a variety of other lava features can also result, such as lava helictites, lava coralloids, barnacle-like stretched lava, runners, runner channels, and some lava blisters and squeeze-ups.
Chemical Deposits In Volcanic Caves Of Argentina, Carlos Benedetto, Paolo Forti, Ermanno Galli, Antonio Rossi
Chemical Deposits In Volcanic Caves Of Argentina, Carlos Benedetto, Paolo Forti, Ermanno Galli, Antonio Rossi
International Journal of Speleology
During the last Conference of the FEALC (Speleological Federation of Latin America and Caribbean Islands) which was held in the town of Malargue, Mendoza, in February 1997, two volcanic caves not far from that town were visited and sampled for cave mineral studies. The first cave (Cueva del Tigre) opens close to the Llancanelo lake, some 40 kms far from Malargue and it is a classical lava tube. Part of the walls and of the fallen lava blocks are covered by white translucent fibres and grains. The second visited cave is a small tectonic cavity opened on a lava bed …
A Preliminary Assessment Of Wave, Current, And Sediment Interactions On The Louisiana Shoreface Adjacent To The Isles Dernieres, David A. Pepper, Gregory W. Stone, Ping Wang
A Preliminary Assessment Of Wave, Current, And Sediment Interactions On The Louisiana Shoreface Adjacent To The Isles Dernieres, David A. Pepper, Gregory W. Stone, Ping Wang
Geology Faculty Publications
The Louisiana coast is generally characterized as a low wave-energy environment where sediment transport is dominated by the influence of the Mississippi and the Atchafalaya Rivers. Winter cold fronts, however, generate waves and currents that have a significant impact on a variety of Louisiana’s coastal environments, although field data regarding their influence on the inner shelf are extremely sparse. During a 12-d period that included the passage of two cold fronts, waves and near-bed currents were measured on the Louisiana inner-shelf (depth-8 m) using a sophisticated bottom-mounted instrumentation system. Bottom boundary layer parameters were then calculated using wave-current interaction models, …
Guano Mining In Kenyan Lava Tunnel Caves, Jim W. Simons
Guano Mining In Kenyan Lava Tunnel Caves, Jim W. Simons
International Journal of Speleology
Commercial mining of bat guano for agricultural fertilizer only became possible in Kenya through discovery of major deposits in the lava tunnel caves of Mt. Suswa and the North Chyulu Hills in the early 1960’s. This paper provides historical information leading up to the guano mining, describes the cave deposits, outlines the mining under-takings, and provides information on the guano producing bats and insect faunas. The results of guano analyses, details of the tonnages extracted and sold to recipients between 1966 to 1984, and some benefits which resulted from its use on crops are given. A brief outline of attempts …
Lava Caves Of The Republic Of Mauritius, Indian Ocean, Gregory J. Middleton
Lava Caves Of The Republic Of Mauritius, Indian Ocean, Gregory J. Middleton
International Journal of Speleology
In their Underground Atlas, MIDDLETON & WALTHAM (1986) dismissed Mauritius as: “very old volcanic islands with no speleological interest”. Recent investigations indicate this judgement is inaccurate; there are over 50 significant caves, including lava tube caves up to 687 m long (one 665 m long was surveyed as early as 1769) and 35 m wide. Plaine des Roches contains the most extensive system of lava tube caves with underground drainage rising at the seashore. Notable fauna includes an insectivorous bat and a cave swiftlet (Collocalia francica), the nests of which are unfortunately prized for ‘soup”. The caves …
"Hades" - A Remarkable Cave On Oldoinyo Lengai In The East African Rift Valley, Gordon J. Davies
"Hades" - A Remarkable Cave On Oldoinyo Lengai In The East African Rift Valley, Gordon J. Davies
International Journal of Speleology
Oldoinyo Lengai is the world’s only active carbonatite volcano, situated in northern Tanzania within the Eastern Rift Valley, al 2.751 degrees S, 35.902 degrees E. It forms an isolated symmetrical cone at the southern end of Lake Natron, with a summit elevation of 2,890 m (9,480 ft). Periodic eruptions of ash and lava have been recorded since about 1880, and with increasing precision during this century since 1904. In 1990 a routine expedition to monitor activity levels at the summit led to the discovery of a remarkable cave located in the crater floor, filled with numerous long delicate pale yellow …
Tectonic Caves Of Solai In The Kenyan Rift Valley, Robert A. Davis
Tectonic Caves Of Solai In The Kenyan Rift Valley, Robert A. Davis
International Journal of Speleology
Tectonic caves at Solai, Kenya, were explored in 1970. These lie in a complex geological area of the Great Rift Valley in columnar-faulted ignimbrite. Fissures are presumed to have been widened by later tectonic activity -e.g. the major earthquake of January, 1928. The caves and exploration are briefly described. Questions of formation, drainage and possibilities of steam reservoirs are discussed.
The 1981 Eruptive Fissure On Mt. Etna: Considerations On Its Exploration And Genesis, Angelo Leotta, Marco Liuzzo
The 1981 Eruptive Fissure On Mt. Etna: Considerations On Its Exploration And Genesis, Angelo Leotta, Marco Liuzzo
International Journal of Speleology
This paper is targeted to an analysis of features common to various fissure caves on Mt. Etna, Sicily. The Authors report the preliminary results of the exploration carried out in the 1981 eruptive fissure, the technical problems met during the exploration, the flow trends and the different courses of the molten material inside the fissure, the particular morphologies. A genetic model is proposed, different from those characterising the lava tube cave genesis, and links are suggested between the various fissures and the main tectonic stress systems operating on Mt. Etna, as well as the morpho-structural conditions of the volcanic edifice …
Effective Elastic Thickness Of The Lithosphere Along The Easter Seamount Chain, Sarah E. Kruse, Zhengro J. Liu, David F. Naar, Robert A. Duncan
Effective Elastic Thickness Of The Lithosphere Along The Easter Seamount Chain, Sarah E. Kruse, Zhengro J. Liu, David F. Naar, Robert A. Duncan
Geology Faculty Publications
Bathymetry and gravity data collected during Legs 5, 6, and 7 of the 1993 GLORIA Expedition and the recently released 2-min altimetry-derived global gravity grid are used to determine the effective elastic thickness of the lithosphere along the Easter Seamount Chain (ESC). Forward modeling, admittance, and coherence methods yield consistent results. With the exception of the eastern and western ends of the ESC the effective elastic thickness along the chain is ∼1–4 km. The thin elastic thickness for the majority of the ESC seamounts is compatible with a young seafloor age at the time of loading derived from new radiometric …
Characteristics Of Street Sweepings In Florida Cities, Robert Brinkmann, Jeffrey G. Ryan, Mark Billus
Characteristics Of Street Sweepings In Florida Cities, Robert Brinkmann, Jeffrey G. Ryan, Mark Billus
Geology Faculty Publications
No abstract provided.
Distribution Patterns And Accumulation Rates Of Fine-Grained Sediments In Upper Tampa Bay, Florida, Gregg R. Brooks
Distribution Patterns And Accumulation Rates Of Fine-Grained Sediments In Upper Tampa Bay, Florida, Gregg R. Brooks
Reports
Tampa Bay, a drowned river valley, is the largest estuary on Florida's west coast.
Surface sediments consist of a mixture of carbonate and terrigenous clastic sands and muds.
The objectives of this study are to determine accumulation rates and processes controlling the distribution patterns of fine grain sediments.
Transient Electromagnetic Sounding For Groundwater, David V. Fitterman, Mark T. Stewart
Transient Electromagnetic Sounding For Groundwater, David V. Fitterman, Mark T. Stewart
Geology Faculty Publications
The feasibility of using the transient electromagnetic sounding (TS or TDEM) method for groundwater exploration can be studied by means of numerical models. As examples of its applicability to groundwater exploration, we study four groundwater exploration problems: (1) mapping of alluvial fill and gravel zones over bedrock; (2) mapping of sand and gravel lenses in till; (3) detection of salt or brackish water interfaces in freshwater aquifers; and (4) determination of hydrostratigraphy. These groundwater problems require determination of the depth to bedrock; location of resistive, high-porosity zones associated with fresh water; determination of formation resistivity to assess water quality; and …
Surface Sediment Composition And Distribution In Hillsborough Bay, Florida 1986, City Of Tampa Department Of Sanitary Sewers Bay Study Group
Surface Sediment Composition And Distribution In Hillsborough Bay, Florida 1986, City Of Tampa Department Of Sanitary Sewers Bay Study Group
Reports
Surface sediments were mapped to determine the approximate boundaries and percent areal coverage of "mud" in Hillsborough Bay. Depth recorder soundings along 29 transects were used in conjunction with sediment grain size analyses form 19 stations to produce a sediment map.
Geophysical And Hydrogeological Effects Of Astorm-Water Retention Pond On The Floridan Aquifer, Hillsborough County, Florida, Abdullah M. Alamri
Geophysical And Hydrogeological Effects Of Astorm-Water Retention Pond On The Floridan Aquifer, Hillsborough County, Florida, Abdullah M. Alamri
USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations
An integrated geologic, hydrologic, and geophysical investigation was conducted to determine the effect of a storm-water retention pond on the Floridan aquifer. Surface DC resistivity surveys were used to delineate the hydrostratigraphy. There are four distinct geoelectric layers: (1) Layer 1, high resistivity, 3 meters thick, fine to very fine unsaturated sand; (2) Layer 2, moderate resistivity, 1 to 2.5 meters thick, saturated sands and silts; (3) Layer 3, lower resistivity, 4 to 10 meters thick, silt and clay; (4) Layer 4, moderate resistivity, argillaceous limestone. Two fracture zones are defined by resistivity lows and marked by deep, V-shaped depressions …