Digital Commons Network^™

Grandparents In Education Project, Kim Renee Freund

Graduate Research Papers

The research strongly suggests that family involvement in education is vital to a child's academic achievement (Epstein, 1987; Zill, 1996). The Grandparent in Education Project goes beyond the parents and into the previous generation of grandparents. In many families grandparents have played a key role in children's lives. Today the numbers of grandparents that help raise or are full-time guardians to children are on the rise (Bafile, 1999). It is a logical connection to include them in today's educational environment.

Another important component is technology and the current role it plays in society. Digital media is continuing to influence communication …

Does Dowry Improve Life For Brides? A Test Of The Bequest Theory Of Dowry In Rural Bangladesh, Luciana Suran, Sajeda Amin, Lopita Huq, Kobita Chowdury

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

In recent years, dowry levels in Bangladesh have risen to previously unforeseen levels—sometimes three or four times a family’s total assets. Some recent economic writings suggest that dowry functions as a bequest or pre-mortem inheritance, implying it persists because it is “good for the bride.” Using panel data from an adolescent study in rural Bangladesh, this Population Council working paper explores the association between dowry and the prevalence of domestic abuse to test the bequest theory of dowry. Contrary to the prediction of the bequest theory, married females who paid dowry at marriage have a higher likelihood of reporting domestic …

Les Implications Du Mariage Précoce Pour Les Politiques De Vih/Sida, Judith Bruce, Shelley Clark

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

Ce dossier est basé sur un document contextuel préparé pour la Consultation Technique OMS/ FNUAP/Population Council sur les Adolescentes Mariées, tenue à Genève en Suisse du 09 au 12 Décembre 2003 (le document final intitulé "Inclure les adolescentes mariées dans les politiques de santé reproductive des adolescents et de VIH/SIDA"). La Consultation a réuni des experts provenant des Nations Unies, des bailleurs de fonds et des agences non gouvernementales pour examiner les faits concernant la santé reproductive des adolescentes mariées, leur vulnérabilité face à l’infection du VIH, leurs inégalités sociales et économiques ainsi que leurs droits. Les rapports avec des …

Forced Sexual Relations Among Married Young Women In Developing Countries, Deepika Ganju, William Finger, Shireen J. Jejeebhoy, Vijaya Nidadavolu, K.G. Santhya, Iqbal Shah, Shyam Thapa, Ina Warriner

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

Recent research in developing countries suggests that a considerable number of young women may experience forced sex within marriage, but most women may be inhibited from reporting these experiences due to shame, fear of reprisal, or deep-rooted unequal gender norms. In September 2003, a global consultative meeting on nonconsensual sex among young people in developing countries was held in New Delhi, India. The meeting was organized by the Population Council in collaboration with World Health Organization/Department of Reproductive Health and Research, and Family Health International/YouthNet. Participants included researchers, legal analysts, representatives from community-based NGOs, policy-makers, and young people themselves. Papers …

The Adverse Health And Social Outcomes Of Sexual Coercion: Experiences Of Young Women In Developing Countries, Deepika Ganju, William Finger, Shireen J. Jejeebhoy, Vijaya Nidadavolu, K.G. Santhya, Iqbal Shah, Shyam Thapa, Ina Warriner

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

Although evidence from developing countries is limited, what is available suggests that significant numbers of young women have experienced coercive sex. Studies in diverse settings in Africa, Asia, and Latin America reveal that forced sexual initiation and experiences are not uncommon in all of these settings. Many young victims of abuse fear disclosure as they feel they may be blamed for provoking the incident or stigmatized for having experienced it, and suffer such incidents in silence. Presentations at a meeting held in New Delhi in September 2003 highlighted findings from recent studies that suggest an association between early experiences of …

Moyens De Subsistance Des Adolescentes. Questions Primordiales Et Outils Essentiels : Rapport D'Un Atelier, Carey Meyers

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

This report, co-published by the Population Council and the International Center for Research on Women, describes a workshop convened in Cairo in 1999 to learn more about the nature of both younger and older adolescents' work experience, differentiate the particular needs and potentials of adolescent girls, and identify programs and policies that might have promise for supporting them.

Trends And Transitions In Children's Coresidence With Older Adults In Beijing Municipality, Zachary Zimmer, Xianghua Fang, Toshiko Kaneda, Zhe Tang, Julia Kwong

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

The reduction in family size in China and concurrent social and economic change are raising concerns that traditional sources of support may be eroding. This Population Council working paper paper examines a) whether rates of coresidence between older adults and their adult children in the Beijing municipality of China have been declining, and b) the determinants of coresidence and coresidence transitions. Results suggest that family support structures for the elderly, when they are facilitated through coresidence, remain basically intact, particularly for those who require the greatest amount of support. Further assessment is required to elucidate the effects of availability, need, …

Population Aging And The Rising Cost Of Public Pensions [Arabic], John Bongaarts

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

Rapid population aging is raising concerns about the sustainability of public pension systems in high-income countries. The first part of this study identifies the four factors that determine trends in public pension expenditures: population aging, pension benefit levels, the mean age at retirement, and the labor force participation rate. The second part presents projections to 2050 of the impact of demographic trends on public pension expenditures in the absence of changes in pension benefits, labor force participation, and age at retirement. These projections demonstrate that current trends are unsustainable, because without reforms population aging will produce an unprecedented and harmful …

Urban Poverty And Health In Developing Countries: Household And Neighborhood Effects, Mark R. Montgomery, Paul C. Hewett

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

In the United States and other high-income countries, where most people live in cities, there is intense scholarly and program interest in the effects of household and neighborhood living standards on health. This paper investigates whether in these cities the health of women and young children is influenced by both household and neighborhood standards of living. To judge from our results, it appears that as a rule, poor urban households do not tend to live in uniformly poor communities; indeed, about one in ten of a poor household’s neighbors is relatively affluent, belonging to the upper quartile of the urban …

Formal And Informal Abortion Services In Rajasthan, India: Results Of A Situation Analysis, Sandhya Barge, Hillary J. Bracken, Batya Elul, Nayan Kumar, Wajahat U. Khan, Shalini Verma, Carol Camlin

Reproductive Health

As part of a Population Council program of research on unwanted pregnancy and induced abortion in Rajasthan, the Population Council and the Centre for Operations Research and Training conducted a situation analysis of abortion services in both the formal and informal sectors in six districts. This report offers insights into the availability and organization of abortion services in the sampled areas in Rajasthan. The report also documents a vast array of informal providers who offer services for delayed menstruation or unwanted pregnancy. Informal providers appear particularly accessible to women because they are far more prevalent in rural areas than formal …

Willingness To Pay Surveys For Setting Prices For Reproductive Health Products And Services: A User's Manual, Karen G. Fleischman Foreit, James R. Foreit

Reproductive Health

Social programs need to balance volume (coverage) and revenue (sustainability). The law of demand says that we cannot get both coverage and sustainability at the same time—as prices go up, demand will come down. Client loss with increasing prices is inevitable, except in those cases where starting prices are so low or demand is so high that demand is insensitive to price changes. Willingness to pay surveys allow program managers to simulate price-related changes in demand without actually changing prices, giving them a way to make pricing decisions based on empirical information. In making pricing decisions, managers of social programs …

Integration Of Reproductive Health Services For Men In Health And Family Welfare Centers In Bangladesh, Ubaidur Rob, Sharif M.I. Hossain, M.E. Khan, Ahmed Al-Sabir, Mohammed Ahsanul Alam

Reproductive Health

Since the mid-1970s, the Bangladesh national family planning program primarily focused on motivating women to use modern contraceptive methods and encouraging them to seek services from clinics. In addition, female field workers were recruited to deliver contraceptive methods at homes. The program design facilitated women’s access to information and medical care through clinics and home visits. In the process, however, the medical needs of males were marginalized. Men generally seek services from pharmacies, private practitioners, and district hospitals, and often ignore preventive steps and postpone seeking medical care for chronic health conditions. In cases of acute illness, they often resort …

Community Involvement In Reproductive Health: Findings From Research In Karnataka, India, Foundation For Research In Health Systems

Reproductive Health

In 1996, the government of India decided to provide a package of reproductive and child health services through the existing family welfare program, adopting a community needs assessment approach (CNAA). To implement this approach, the government abolished its practice of setting contraceptive targets centrally and introduced a decentralized planning strategy whereby health workers assessed the reproductive health needs of women in their respective areas and prepared local plans to meet those needs. They also involved community leaders to promote community participation in the reproductive and child health program. Since 1998, several evaluation studies have assessed the impact of CNAA on …

A Multi-Sectoral Approach To Providing Reproductive Health Information And Services To Young People In Western Kenya: The Kenya Adolescent Reproductive Health Project, Ian Askew, Jane Chege, Carolyne Njue, Samson Radeny

Reproductive Health

Informing adolescents about appropriate and acceptable behaviors, and ways to protect themselves against unwanted and unprotected sex, has proved problematic in Kenya. Education programs for in- and out-of-school adolescents are lacking, there is controversy about providing services to sexually active adolescents, and a pervasive concern that sexuality education and contraceptive services leads to promiscuity. Unbiased and accurate information and services are needed if adolescents are to delay becoming sexually active, to resist pressures to engage in nonconsensual sex, and to protect themselves against unwanted pregnancies and infections if they do have sex. Moreover, strategies for providing such information and services …

Determining An Effective And Replicable Communication-Based Mechanisms For Improving Young Couples' Access To And Use Of Reproductive Health Information And Services In Nepal—An Operations Research Study, Center For Research On Environment Health And Population Activities (Crehpa)

Reproductive Health

This operations research study sought to determine an effective communication-based model for increasing the involvement of community-based groups in improving access to and use of reproductive health services and information by young married couples. The study employed a quasi-experimental design with two experimental and two nonequivalent control groups in the Udaypur district of Nepal. As stated in this report, this OR study clearly demonstrates the effectiveness of communication-based models such as the formation and reactivation of Youth Communication Action Groups and Mother’s groups, basic and refresher training, group interaction and mobilization, and social events in creating an enabling environment for …

Testing A Community-Based Distribution Approach To Reproductive Health Service Delivery In Senegal (A Study Of Community Agents In Kébémer), Diouratie Sanogo, Mady Cisse, Adama Ndoye, Laty G. Ndoye, Ousmane Faye, Balla Mbacke Mboup

Reproductive Health

The Division of Reproductive Health (DSR) of the Senegal Ministry of Health and Social Action, in partnership with the Population Council’s FRONTIERS in Reproductive Health program and Management Sciences for Health (MSH), conducted a study to test and compare three ways of providing reproductive health services to rural communities in the Kébémer district of Senegal in terms of their effectiveness, cost, and cost-effectiveness. FRONTIERS and MSH collaborated with the DSR to design the interventions, MSH supported the DSR in implementing the interventions, and FRONTIERS undertook the evaluation. This study, funded by USAID, responded to the recommendations of a 1999 workshop, …

New Findings From Intervention Research: Youth Reproductive Health And Hiv Prevention, Family Health International

Reproductive Health

On September 9, 2003, FRONTIERS/Population Council, Horizons/Population Council, and YouthNet/Family Health International co-sponsored a technical meeting in Washington, DC, “New Findings from Intervention Research: Youth Reproductive Health and HIV Prevention.” Approximately 150 HIV/AIDS, reproductive health, and youth development experts from a diversity of organizations and backgrounds participated. The purpose of the meeting was to disseminate newly available research findings on how to change youth reproductive health/HIV knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors in developing countries. The meeting also sought to stimulate discussion on lessons learned, best practices, and recommendations for future youth programs and research. This meeting report summarizes the presentations and …

Promoting Young People's Sexual And Reproductive Health: Stigma, Discrimination And Human Rights, Kate Wood, Peter Aggleton

Reproductive Health

Sponsored jointly by the DFID-supported Safe Passages to Adulthood program, John Snow International, YouthNet/Family Health International, and the Population Council, the international knowledge synthesis meeting on Promoting Young People’s Sexual and Reproductive Health: Stigma, Discrimination and Human Rights took place in Brighton, England, June 5–7, 2003. Participants from a wide variety of countries were invited to describe their experiences of working to challenge stigma and discrimination and promote human rights as they relate to young people’s sexual and reproductive health. The meeting brought together program leaders from a variety of countries to discuss stigma, discrimination, and human rights in relation …

Understanding Induced Abortion: Findings From A Programme Of Research In Rajasthan, India, Population Council

Reproductive Health

In India, abortion has been legal for over 30 years, following the enactment of the Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) Act in 1971. While the MTP Act permits abortion for a broad range of social and medical reasons, it also includes provisions regarding delivery of services that have proved to constrain access to safe and legal abortion for the great majority of women in India. Due in part to these constraints, up to 90 percent of the six million induced abortions estimated to occur annually in India are illegal—provided in uncertified settings and/or by uncertified providers. Many are unsafe and …

Unwanted Pregnancy And Induced Abortion In Rajasthan, India: A Qualitative Exploration, Batya Elul, Hillary J. Bracken, Shalini Verma, Rajani Ved, Rajesh Singhi, Karin Lockwood

Reproductive Health

As part of a Population Council program of research on unwanted pregnancy and induced abortion in Rajasthan, the Council and Ibtada conducted a qualitative exploration of attitudes and behaviors regarding unwanted pregnancy and induced abortion in Alwar district. The study was intended to lay the groundwork for two quantitative studies on abortion undertaken subsequently in six districts of Rajasthan. The qualitative exploration shows that women, particularly those who are poor, turn to largely untrained community-level providers for abortion services. Additionally, women use home remedies in an often unsuccessful attempt to terminate unwanted pregnancies. Women with greater financial means obtain surgical …

Unwanted Pregnancy And Induced Abortion: Data From Men And Women In Rajasthan, India, Batya Elul, Sandhya Barge, Shalini Verma, Nayan Kumar, Hillary J. Bracken, Hemlata Sadhwani

Reproductive Health

This report is the result of a collaborative project between the Population Council and the Centre for Operations Research and Training, conducted as part of a Council program of research on unwanted pregnancy and induced abortion in Rajasthan, India. Designed as a complement to service-delivery activities being undertaken in Rajasthan by the Indian nongovernmental reproductive health service provider Parivar Seva Sanstha, the program of research aimed to provide a multifaceted picture of the on-the-ground realities related to unwanted pregnancy and abortion in six districts of Rajasthan. Detailed pregnancy histories yielded data on levels of unwanted pregnancy and induced abortion in …

Safe Motherhood Demonstration Project, Western Province: Final Report, Charlotte E. Warren, Wilson Liambila

Reproductive Health

Since March 2000, the Population Council and the University of Nairobi have been assisting the Kenya Ministry of Health to implement Safe Motherhood activities in Western Kenya. The purpose of this project was to increase utilization of quality maternal services in the selected districts and, in an effort to improve pregnancy outcomes, focused on improving quality of antenatal care, essential obstetric care, clean and safe delivery, postpartum care, postabortion care, and management issues at all levels. In addition, the project focused on strengthening referral practices and addressing factors responsible for delays by pregnant women in making decisions on when, where, …

Making Motherhood Safer In Egypt, Karima Khalil, Farzaneh Roudi-Fahimi

Reproductive Health

Fewer Egyptian women die of maternal causes today than they did 10 or 15 years ago, due in large part to the national safe motherhood program. Nevertheless, maternal mortality is still relatively high, and the country faces challenges in reducing it further. Many of these challenges involve addressing the delays women face when they need essential obstetric care. In Egypt and other countries, most maternal deaths could be avoided if women had timely access to high-quality emergency obstetric services. Although Egypt’s level of maternal mortality is relatively high by international standards, recent evidence suggests that a woman’s lifetime risk of …

Social Surveys, Mary Jo Deegan

Department of Sociology: Faculty Publications

Social surveys are the systematic collection of data on a specific subject. From approximately 1890 to 1935, social surveys in the United States often encompassed broad topics, a whole city, or a very large sample of a target population. After World War II, surveys increasingly became more quantitative, narrower in their definition of populations, and more focused. Surveys were initially relatively infrequent events and were conducted face-to-face, but surveys now permeate daily life and increasingly occur over the telephone.

The earliest social surveys were done by governments taking a census of their people. Great Britain conducted an early count of …

Hull-House Maps And Papers, Mary Jo Deegan

Department of Sociology: Faculty Publications

Hull-House Maps and Papers (HHMP) was a groundbreaking text published in 1895 by the residents of Hull House, led by Jane Addams and Florence Kelley. They described and measured group patterns associated with immigrants, working conditions, specific laborers, labor unions, social settlements, and the function of art in the community. Women's moral agency was central to their use of social science to improve democracy and the lives of the disenfranchised.

The mapping of social and demographic characteristics of a population within a geographical area became the core methodology of sociologists at the University of Chicago during the 1920s and 1930s. …

'Married' To The Military : The Experiences Of Partners Of Australian Defence Force Members, Ngaere B. Stewart

Theses : Honours

This paper provides a review of the literature in order to understand the experiences of the partners of Australian Defence Force (ADF) personnel. A brief overview of the early research in this area sets the context for a review of the demands of the ADF lifestyle, such as geographic mobility and lengthy operational separations from the ADF member. Military-related injuries and illness is another demand of the ADF that is also discussed. These demands are then examined within a theoretical framework of incorporation theory; the work/family fit and the family life cycle models. The overall satisfaction of ADF partners with …

Causal Relationships Of Adolescent Aggression: Empathy, Prosocial Behavior, Self Esteem, And Social Support [In Korean], Young Hi Ha, Carolyn P. Edwards

Department of Child, Youth, and Family Studies: Faculty Publications

In this study of adolescent aggression, the subjects were 320 male and female 7th and 8th grade students in Changwon. Data were collected with questionnaires and analyzed by Pearson's correlation and multiple regression analysis. Results showed that, 1) low friend support, empathy, and prosocial behavior had direct paths to adolescent overt aggression. 2) Low teacher and friend support, empathy, and prosocial behavior had direct paths to adolescent verbal aggression. 3) Low empathy and self-esteem were indirectly related to adolescent aggression through low prosocial behavior. 4) Low teacher support was indirectly related to adolescent aggression through low empathy and self-esteem. 5) …

Olumlu Sosyal Davranışların İlişkisel, Kültürel, Bilişsel Ve Duyuşsal Bazı Değişkenlerle İlişkisi [Relational, Cultural, Cognitive, And Affective Predictors Of Prosocial Behaviors ], Asiye Kumru, Gustavo Carlo, Carolyn P. Edwards

Department of Child, Youth, and Family Studies: Faculty Publications

Bu araştırmada ergenlik dönemindeki gençlerin olumlu sosyal dawanışlannda yaş grobu ve cinsiyet farklılıklan ile bu davranışların anne-baba ve akran bağlılıklan, topluJukçu değerler, olumlu sosyal davranışla ilgili ahlaki muhakeme, empati ve başkalannın bakış açısını alma değişkenleri arasındakj ilişkiler jncelenmişrir. Araştırmanın ömeklemjni, yaşlan 11-21.5 (Ort. = 15.07, S = 2.50) arasında olan Ankara merkez ilindeki ilköğretjm, lise ve üniversitelerden ıoplam 550 öğrenci (300 erkek, 250 kız) oluşturmaktadır. Bulgular ergenlerin en çok itaarkar ve en az kamusal olumlu sosyal davranış sergiledjklerini göstermiş/jr. MANOVA bulgulan, küçük yaşlardili ergenlerjn daha çok kamusal ve iıaarkar büyük yaşlardili ergenlerin jse daha çok özgeci ve gizli olumlu sosyal …

Relationship Dynamics In Latino-White Intercultural Marriages: A Three Group Comparison, Raquel D. Muller

Seton Hall University Dissertations and Theses (ETDs)

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Humour And Marital Quality: Is Humour Style Associated With Marital Success?, Melissa Johari

Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive)

Humour has been postulated to be an important variable contributing to success in romantic relationships. Most past research has tended to view humour as a unitary construct with invariably beneficial relationship effects (e.g., Hampes, 1992). However, if used maladaptively, humour may be a detriment to relationship success (Cohan and Bradbury, 1997). The purpose of the current study was to determine the relationship between adaptive/positive and maladaptive/negative styles of humour and quality of marriage. It was expected that positive humour is associated with higher marital quality, while negative humour is associated with lower marital quality. A secondary goal was to examine …