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Contraception In Wildlife Management: Reality Or Illusion?, David C. Guynn Jr. Oct 1993

Contraception In Wildlife Management: Reality Or Illusion?, David C. Guynn Jr.

Contraception in Wildlife Management

Nuisance wildlife in areas where hunting is not an accepted practice and declining public support of lethal control measures have prompted research on contraceptives as a way to manage population levels. However, complex legal. biological, economic, and ethical issues should be addressed before such techniques are tested even on small, isolated populations. Regulatory authority by State and Federal agencies must define protocols for using contraceptive materials in wild populations. Registration of wildlife contraceptives either as pesticides or vaccines will likely be necessary. Health-related issues include harmful effects on target species, nontarget species and humans who may consume carcasses. Models for …

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Considerations For Lmmunocontraception Among Free-Ranging Carnivores: The Rabies Paradigm, Cathleen A. Hanlon, Charles E. Rupprecht Oct 1993

Considerations For Lmmunocontraception Among Free-Ranging Carnivores: The Rabies Paradigm, Cathleen A. Hanlon, Charles E. Rupprecht

Contraception in Wildlife Management

The raging North American controversy over the reintroduction of wolves into the ecosystem of the greater Yellowstone National Park area exemplifies the emotive relationship between humankind and the Carnivora. What forces act in concert to portray this much maligned Order in unfavorable light? Control of free-ranging carnivore populations by Homo sapiens has been practiced for centuries as part of a pastoral lifestyle, with the intent of protecting one's own life and livelihood from becoming freshly killed prey in the onslaught from mammalian competitors. Traditionally, control is equated most commonly with population reduction through direct elimination of individuals (e.g., typically social …

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Research To Develop Contraceptive Control Of Brushtail Possums In New Zealand, Simon E. Jolly, Phil E. Cowan, Janine A. Duckworth Oct 1993

Research To Develop Contraceptive Control Of Brushtail Possums In New Zealand, Simon E. Jolly, Phil E. Cowan, Janine A. Duckworth

Contraception in Wildlife Management

Common brushtail possums are serious pests in New Zealand, where they threaten the survival of native plants and animals and spread bovine tuberculosis. A National Science Strategy Committee established in 1991 to coordinate possum research gave high priority to research aimed at biological control of possums, particularly contraceptive control. Surveys are identifying pathogens and potential vectors, and research has begun on immunology, gene transcription, potential contraceptive targets, and sociobiology. As there are more than 60 million possums in New Zealand, contraceptive vaccine delivery systems need to be cost effective, and they must be publicly acceptable. A vaccine could be included …

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Surgical Sterilization: An Underutilized Procedure For Evaluating The Merits Of Induced Sterility, James J. Kennelly, Kathryn A. Converse Oct 1993

Surgical Sterilization: An Underutilized Procedure For Evaluating The Merits Of Induced Sterility, James J. Kennelly, Kathryn A. Converse

Contraception in Wildlife Management

Despite more than 4 decades of effort, development of effective wildlife damage control programs based on sterilization of target species has met with limited success. This is partly due to the fact that investigators have assumed, rather than empirically tested, whether the reproductive strategies of the target populations were vulnerable to the planned treatment. Equally important, methods selected to induce sterility usually involve a chemical agent that can affect sociosexual behaviors of the nuisance population. In this report, we illustrate how surgically induced sterility circumvents both problems-how it enables one to assess the feasibility and applicability of the concept without …

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Remotely Delivered Contraception With Needle-Less Norgestomet Implants, Darrel J. Kesler Oct 1993

Remotely Delivered Contraception With Needle-Less Norgestomet Implants, Darrel J. Kesler

Contraception in Wildlife Management

A remotely delivered contraceptive was developed that suppressed estrus and prevented pregnancy in deer with 100-percent efficacy. This contraceptive utilized norgestomet, a potent progestin that is approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in cattle. Although the needle-less norgestomet implant is not FDA approved for use in deer, it is safe for treated animals, humans, and the environment. The remote delivery of this implant can be accomplished up to 40 m away and causes minimal tissue damage and stress if administered properly. Because of its ease, its simplicity of delivery, and the control it provides for proper …

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Contraception Of Wild And Feral Equids, Jay F. Kirkpatrick, J.W. Turner Jr., I.K.M. Liu Oct 1993

Contraception Of Wild And Feral Equids, Jay F. Kirkpatrick, J.W. Turner Jr., I.K.M. Liu

Contraception in Wildlife Management

Fertility control in wild horses has been attempted with both stallions and mares. Nonreversible surgical sterilazaiton by means of vasectomy has been successful in inhibiting reporcution in wild horses in Montana and Nevada. Administration of a microencapsulated form of testosterone to wild stallions reduced sperm counts and motility and foal counts. In a third approach, intraperitoneal SilasticTM implants containing ethinylesdtradiol and progesterone blocked ovulation in wild mares for up to 3 years.

The first immunological fertility control of free-ranging wildlife was accomplished with wild horses, Initial experiments demonstrated that immunization with porcine zonae pellucidae was capable of causing contraception …

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Overview Of Delivery Systems For The Administration Of Contraceptives To Wildlife, Terry J. Kreeger Oct 1993

Overview Of Delivery Systems For The Administration Of Contraceptives To Wildlife, Terry J. Kreeger

Contraception in Wildlife Management

Successful contraception in wildlife requires both an efficacious and safe contraceptive agent and an efficacious and safe method of delivering that agent to the animal. Remote delivery systems (RDS)-mechanical devices capable of administering a single dose to an unrestrained animal, usually by means of a ballistic projectile-can target specific animals and facilitate the administration of contraceptives on a body weight basis. Liquid, solid, and semisolid formulations can be delivered via RDS, and sometimes treatment costs can go down with this methodology. Disadvantages of RDS include the fact that many of them can be used only on larger animals and RDS’ …

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Development Of A Bait For The Oral Delivery Of Pharmaceuticals To White-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus Virginianus), J. Russell Mason, N.J. Bean, Larry S. Katz, Heidi Hales Oct 1993

Development Of A Bait For The Oral Delivery Of Pharmaceuticals To White-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus Virginianus), J. Russell Mason, N.J. Bean, Larry S. Katz, Heidi Hales

Contraception in Wildlife Management

Solid and liquid baits were tested for the delivery of drugs to white-tailed deer. The solid bait was compromised of a mineral block paired with apple, peanut butter, or acorn extract. The liquid bait was compromised of water, apple juice, glycerine, salt, and either peanut butter or apple odor. Although both solid and liquid baits were attractive to deer, the latter may be more useful because consumption can be measured directly, ingestion by nontarget animals is minimized, and bait degradation by weathering is reduced.

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Delivery Of Lmmunocontraceptive Vaccines For Wildlife Management, Lowell A. Miller Oct 1993

Delivery Of Lmmunocontraceptive Vaccines For Wildlife Management, Lowell A. Miller

Contraception in Wildlife Management

Immunocontraceptive technology appears to be a viable approach for population control of nuisance species of wildlife. The administration of immunocontraceptive vaccines is presently performed by syringe injection or by remote delivery via darts or biobullets. In order for immunocontraception to be successful in free-roaming animals, the vaccine must be delivered in an oral form. Recent advances in molecular biology, immunology, and pathology of mucosal infections give us tools to develop effective oral vaccines. Oral vaccines encapsulated in either biodegradable microspheres, synthetic adhesive liposomes, or nonvirulent live vectors hold promise as a practical approach for immunocontraception of free-roaming wildlife. Issues of …

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Contraception In Wildlife Management: Index Oct 1993

Contraception In Wildlife Management: Index

Contraception in Wildlife Management

Index

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Lmmunocontraception In White-Tailed Deer, John W. Turner Jr., Jay F. Kirkpatrick, Irwin K.M. Liu Oct 1993

Lmmunocontraception In White-Tailed Deer, John W. Turner Jr., Jay F. Kirkpatrick, Irwin K.M. Liu

Contraception in Wildlife Management

lmmunocontraception may have management application for white-tailed deer populations in parks and preserves. where hunting 1s illegal or impractical. This study examines physiological aspects of immunocontraception with porcine zonae pellucidae in 53 fertile white-tailed does. In separate studies, we employed protocols of three and two porcine zonae pellucidae (PZP) injections as well as two different protocols using one injection. Each one-injection vaccination consisted of one dose of porcine zonae pellucidae as in other protocols plus a second controlled-release dose of the material delivered via an osmotic minipump implant or injected, biodegradable polymer microspheres. We monitored fawn production for 1 to …

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Lmmunosterilization For Wild Rabbits: The Options, C.H. Tyndale-Biscoe Oct 1993

Lmmunosterilization For Wild Rabbits: The Options, C.H. Tyndale-Biscoe

Contraception in Wildlife Management

Control of wildlife pest populations by sterilization could be more effective than conventional mortality agents, provided that two conditions are met: (1) the endocrine function of affected animals is not compromised, so as to exploit the natural suppression of reproduction of subordinate members of the population that occurs in many species; and (2) the incidence of sterility is sufficient to lower population recruitment and growth. Both conditions could, theoretically, be met by use of an infectious recombinant virus, expressing genes for specific reproductive antigens. Using the rabbit, I describe the research required to test the concept and discuss the legal …

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Research And Field Applications Of Contraceptives In White-Tailed Deer, Feral Horses, And Mountain Goats, Robert J. Warren, Richard A. Fayrer-Hosken, Lisa I. Muller, L. Paige Willis, Robin B. Goodloe Oct 1993

Research And Field Applications Of Contraceptives In White-Tailed Deer, Feral Horses, And Mountain Goats, Robert J. Warren, Richard A. Fayrer-Hosken, Lisa I. Muller, L. Paige Willis, Robin B. Goodloe

Contraception in Wildlife Management

This paper reviews our applications of long-acting implantable steroids and immunocontraceptives in selected wild ungulates. We implanted captive white-tailed deer does with levonorgestrel but did not successfully prevent conception. We also evaluated antisperm immunocontraceptives delivered remotely via biobullet. Does immunized with plasma membrane proteins isolated from deer or porcine sperm showed persistence of antisperm antibody titers for 5 months, but these titers did not cause infertility. Our research also has included applications via biobullet or antigonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), antisperm, and antiporcine zona pellucida (ZP) vaccines in female horses. Although the biobullet was effective in delivering immunocontraceptives at distances of ≤ …

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Suburban Deer Management: A Matter Of Perspective, Paul D. Curtis, Daniel J. Decker, Rebecca J. Stout, Milo E. Richmond Oct 1993

Suburban Deer Management: A Matter Of Perspective, Paul D. Curtis, Daniel J. Decker, Rebecca J. Stout, Milo E. Richmond

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

Many metropolitan areas in the eastern United States are experiencing management conflicts associated with overabundant deer (Odocoileus virginianus) populations. Sometimes these deer populations exceed the biological carrying capacity of available habitat and wildlife acceptance capacity (Decker and Purdy 1988) of local residents. For nearly 2 decades, a deer management controversy has been developing in Durand Eastman Park and the Town of Irondequoit, located in the greater Rochester metropolitan area, Monroe County, New York. Three local citizen organizations concerned about deer are described, and each has promoted various nonhunting alternatives to reduce human-deer problems. For 15 years, the New …

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Opportunities And Challenges In Handling Nuisance Wildlife Damage In North Carolina, Peter T. Bromley, Carl Betsill, Rodney Cannon, Jon F. Heisterberg, Edwin J. Jones, William T. Sullivan Jr., Perry Sumner, Randall C. Wilson, David D. Woodward Oct 1993

Opportunities And Challenges In Handling Nuisance Wildlife Damage In North Carolina, Peter T. Bromley, Carl Betsill, Rodney Cannon, Jon F. Heisterberg, Edwin J. Jones, William T. Sullivan Jr., Perry Sumner, Randall C. Wilson, David D. Woodward

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

The current procedure for handling wildlife nuisance problems in North Carolina requires the landowner, manager, or lessee to obtain a Wildlife Depredation Permit from the North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission (NCWRC), except when an animal is caught damaging property. The Wildlife Damage Committee of the North Carolina Chapter of The Wildlife Society bas evaluated the policy. Current laws and regulations do protect valuable, native wildlife species, but these requirements are unsatisfactory for handling routine nuisance wildlife problems. Citizen demand for assistance could be satisfied better if existing legislation were rewritten to provide the Commission more latitude in declaring certain animals …

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Wildlife Damage Management On A Public Water Supply, Paul J. Lyons Oct 1993

Wildlife Damage Management On A Public Water Supply, Paul J. Lyons

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

Wildlife populations can pose a variety of problems to managers of public water supplies. Further, new federal and state regulations governing the management and protection of drinking water supplies require greater consideration and mitigation of these problems. The Metropolitan District Commission (MDC) manages watershed lands that provide high quality drinking water to more than 2.4 million people in Massachusetts. This water originates from the central and western portions of the state, from 3 watersheds and 2 reservoirs that also provide habitat for a wide variety of wildlife species. In recent years, the MDC has evaluated the impacts of various wildlife …

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Propagation Of Bamboo As Blackbird Lure Roost Habitat, Richard D. Flynt, James F. Glahn Oct 1993

Propagation Of Bamboo As Blackbird Lure Roost Habitat, Richard D. Flynt, James F. Glahn

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

Bamboo and native cane species have been suggested as optimal lure roost habitat for shifting blackbird winter roosts away from objectionable urban/suburban sites. As the second phase in developing this potential concept of alleviating conflicts with blackbirds, we report on information gathered from the literature, consultations with bamboo horticulturists, and on-site visits to previously developed bamboo plantations to select desirable species of bamboo for this purpose, and to identify preferred propagating techniques. Bamboo species Phyllostachys rubromarginata and P. nigra henonis ranked highest in terms of greatest cold tolerance, greatest propensity for lateral spreading, and most suitable structure characteristics for maximizing …

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Predator Depredations On Sheep In Pennsylvania, Gary W. Witmer, Arnold Hayden, Michael Pipas Oct 1993

Predator Depredations On Sheep In Pennsylvania, Gary W. Witmer, Arnold Hayden, Michael Pipas

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

The eastern coyote (Canis Iatrans) has become common and widespread in many eastern states. We surveyed 331 sheep producers in Pennsylvania (PA); 22% reported predator losses in 1991, primarily to dogs and coyotes. Losses were heaviest in the southwest part of PA and producers reporting losses tended to have more sheep and more acreage in pasture. To reduce losses, producers used lambing sheds, fences, guard dogs and donkeys, confinement of sheep, trapping, and shooting. It appears that we can expect greater depredations in the future because of increased coyote numbers and a relatively low level of protection of …

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Techniques For Reducing Bird Use At Nanticoke Landfill Near E. A. Link Airport, Broome County, New York, Paul D. Curtis, Charles R. Smith, William Evans Oct 1993

Techniques For Reducing Bird Use At Nanticoke Landfill Near E. A. Link Airport, Broome County, New York, Paul D. Curtis, Charles R. Smith, William Evans

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

Human and wildlife conflicts have increased in importance in many suburban areas of the United States. Birds pose a serious hazard to air traffic, and 1,200 - 1,500 bird strikes are reported to the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) annually. The location of a landfill near an airport may increase avian activity because landfills provide a food source for omnivorous birds. To reduce avian hazards at airports, FAA Order 5200.5A established a proximity criterion prohibiting the location of any runway used by turbojet aircraft within 3,048 m of a landfill. However, existing landfills within this proximity may be kept open if …

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Similarities Between Big Game Repellent And Predator Urine Repellency To White-Tailed Deer: The Importance Of Sulfur And Fatty Acids, Rebecca Lewison, N. Jay Bean, Evgeny V. Aronov, John E. Mcconnell Jr., J. Russell Mason Oct 1993

Similarities Between Big Game Repellent And Predator Urine Repellency To White-Tailed Deer: The Importance Of Sulfur And Fatty Acids, Rebecca Lewison, N. Jay Bean, Evgeny V. Aronov, John E. Mcconnell Jr., J. Russell Mason

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

In the present experiment, we evaluated the repellency of Big Game Repellent® (BGR), whole coyote urine, coyote urine with sulfur compounds removed, and water. Each stimulus was applied to an ornamental plant (hostas, Alba marginata) at 5 sites in the vicinity of Poughkeepsie, N.Y. At weekly intervals for 5 weeks, damage was recorded, treatments were reapplied, and plants were replaced when necessary. There was no damage to plants treated with either BGR or whole coyote urine. This was not true for plants sprayed with sulfur-free urine or water. We conclude that the repellency of coyote urine is largely …

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Effects Of A Bird Hazard Reduction Force On Reducing Bird/Aircraft Strike Hazards At The Atlantic City International Airport, Nj., Andrew J. Montoney, H. Christopher Boggs Oct 1993

Effects Of A Bird Hazard Reduction Force On Reducing Bird/Aircraft Strike Hazards At The Atlantic City International Airport, Nj., Andrew J. Montoney, H. Christopher Boggs

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

Bird-aircraft strikes at the Atlantic City International Airport (ACY) increased from 18 in 1989 to 37 in 1990. The number of bird-aircraft strikes involving gulls (Larus spp.) during this time rose from 6 to 27, a 350% increase. The predominant species involved in bird strikes was the laughing gull (L. atricilla). Pursuant to an interagency agreement between the U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT), Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)/ Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS)/ Animal Damage Control (ADC), ADC established a Emergency/Experimental Bird Hazard Reduction Force (BHRF) at ACY …

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An Evaluation Of Max-Flex Fast Fence™ For Reducing Deer Damage To Crops, John T. Owen, James B. Armstrong, H. Lee Stribling, M. Keith Causey Oct 1993

An Evaluation Of Max-Flex Fast Fence™ For Reducing Deer Damage To Crops, John T. Owen, James B. Armstrong, H. Lee Stribling, M. Keith Causey

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

A 2-year study was undertaken to assess the effectiveness of Max-Flex Fast Fence™ electric fencing materials (polytape) for reducing damage to crops. Specifically, our goal was to look at the efficacy of this product for the home gardener. In the first phase of the project, plots of approximately 1/40 acre were established in areas of historically high deer densities. Each plot was planted with soybeans and randomly assigned to 1 of 4 fencing configurations or to the open control group. Within each plot, 6' wide strips were tilled across the length. These tilled areas were checked for the presence of …

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The Use Of Odors To Induce Avoidance Behavior In Pine Voles, Christopher J. Salatti, Anthony D. Woolhouse, John G. Vandenbergh Oct 1993

The Use Of Odors To Induce Avoidance Behavior In Pine Voles, Christopher J. Salatti, Anthony D. Woolhouse, John G. Vandenbergh

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

Commercial orchards, ornamental nurseries, and residential horticulture in North Carolina experience economic losses due to pine vole (Microtus pinetorum) depredation. Predator odors and the herbicide Casoron were tested as potential repellents for pine voles. To test for avoidance behavior, animals were allowed to build a nest in one of two chambers attached to each arm of a Y-maze. The cage containing the nest was treated with either a test repellent compound, methylene chloride (solvent control), or left unmanipulated (control). Animals were categorized as either maintaining or changing nest cage preference between pre-test and test periods. The number of …

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Rejex-It™Ag-36, A Potential Tool To Protect Seeds From Bird Depredation, Peter F. Vogt Oct 1993

Rejex-It™Ag-36, A Potential Tool To Protect Seeds From Bird Depredation, Peter F. Vogt

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

The ever increasing bird populations (e.g., Black birds, geese etc.) are known to cause considerable losses to agriculture. This problem has reached serious proportions for crops that are farmed on large tracts and are seeded by aerial application such as rice and canola. ReJeX-iT™AG-36, a non-toxic, biodegradable bird aversion formulation, derived from food grade ingredients, has been proven in pen tests and field trials to be effective as a seed treatment to prevent birds from eating the treated seeds. The product does not harm the seeds or the effected birds in any way, even if ingested; it just makes the …

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Status And Management Of Vole Damage To Horticultural Plantings In North Carolina, Peter T. Bromley, William T. Sullivan Jr. Oct 1993

Status And Management Of Vole Damage To Horticultural Plantings In North Carolina, Peter T. Bromley, William T. Sullivan Jr.

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

A trapping study in 1979 indicated that voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus and M. pinetorum) were distributed widely in North Carolina. In 1991, Extension Agents with the North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service were surveyed to determine the distribution, nature and severity of vole damage to horticultural plantings, home orchards, and other plantings. Data from the statewide trapping survey and the poll of agents coincided to indicate that voles, particularly pine voles, caused damage from the mountains to the coast. Existing, legal control methods were judged grossly inadequate by agents. Pursuant to the surveys, the North Carolina Pesticide Board and the …

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Sixth Eastern Wildlife Management Conferences Summary And What Lies Ahead, James E. Miller Oct 1993

Sixth Eastern Wildlife Management Conferences Summary And What Lies Ahead, James E. Miller

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

I want to begin by expressing appreciation to Ed Jones, Mike King, Greg Yarrow, Pete Bromley, John Heisterberg, and others on the program committee for hosting and conducting this Sixth Eastern Wildlife Damage Management Conference. I also want to express our appreciation to the exhibitors, the National Animal Damage Control Association, and The Wildlife Society (TWS) for their support. I think those of you who are still here will join me in congratulating these people, organizations, and TWS for helping ensure a successful conference. As one of the people who perceived the need for this conference in the early 1980's, …

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Can We Landscape To Accommodate Deer? The Tracy Estate Research Garden, Helen H. Heinrich, Susan Predl Oct 1993

Can We Landscape To Accommodate Deer? The Tracy Estate Research Garden, Helen H. Heinrich, Susan Predl

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

The landscape of New Jersey is remarkably rich in vegetation and open space, despite the state's reputation as the nation's most populous state. This landscape is increasingly the product of intense interaction between the white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and both native and cultivated vegetation, particularly in suburban communities, where both the whitetail and the vegetation coexist in abundance. Nearly extirpated at the tum of the century due to over-hunting, the state's white-tailed deer population today exceeds 140,000 because habitat is ideal and hunting seasons are carefully regulated. In many instances, where landowners choose not to use hunting as …

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Status And Management Of Vole Damage To Horticultural Plantings In North Carolina, Peter T. Bromley, William T. Sullivan Jr. Oct 1993

Status And Management Of Vole Damage To Horticultural Plantings In North Carolina, Peter T. Bromley, William T. Sullivan Jr.

Eastern Wildlife Damage Control Conference: 6th (1993)

A trapping study in 1979 indicated that voles (Microtus pinetorum and M. pinetorum) were distributed widely in North Carolina. In 1991, Extension Agents with the North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service were surveyed to determine the distribution, nature and severity of vole damage to horticultural plantings, home orchards, and other plantings. Data from the statewide trapping survey and the poll of agents coincided to indicate that voles, particularly pine voles, caused damage from the mountains to the coast. Existing, legal control methods were judged grossly inadequate by agents. Pursuant to the surveys, the North Carolina Pesticide Board and the North Carolina …

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Shooting As A Blue Jay Depredation Management Technique In Native Pecan Groves, John R. Kerr, J. Grant Huggins Oct 1993

Shooting As A Blue Jay Depredation Management Technique In Native Pecan Groves, John R. Kerr, J. Grant Huggins

Eastern Wildlife Damage Control Conference: 6th (1993)

We conducted a 4-year project in south central Oklahoma native pecan (Carya illilnoensis) groves to evaluate the effectiveness of shooting blue jays (Cyanocitta cristata) to reduce pecan losses. We monitored blue jay abundance by time-area counts and bird nut damage using ground plots in 5, 4.3-ha study areas during the fall damage periods of 1989-1992. In 1991 and 1992 we applied shooting to 3 of these areas. A mean of 16.3 blue jays/ha was shot at a mean cost (shotgun shells and labor) of $18.65/ha over the 2 years. The break-even savings level was 0.5 kg of pecan nuts saved …

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Evaluating The Gas Cartridge For Coyotes In Controlling Badgers, Craig A. Ramey Oct 1993

Evaluating The Gas Cartridge For Coyotes In Controlling Badgers, Craig A. Ramey

Eastern Wildlife Damage Control Conference: 6th (1993)

Efficacy investigations were conducted in Pampa, Tx to evaluate the use of the “GAS CARTRIDGE FOR COYOTES: (Canis latrans) for controlling problem badgers (Taxidea taxus) in burrows. This coyote cartridge with two active ingredients (sodium nitrate and charcoal), produces high concentrations of carbon monoxide when burned and is effective in controlling coyotes in dens. Badgers were live-trapped, immobilized, and equipped with mortality-indicating radio transmitters prior to their release. Movements were monitored for a minimum of 12 days prior to each initial efficacy test and for at least 3 days in follow up tests for survivors. Only occupied burrows, unplugged and …

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