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Preface And Table Of Contents Jan 1994

Preface And Table Of Contents

Prevention and Control of Wildlife Damage Handbook

This handbook is a comprehensive reference of North American vertebrate species that can cause economic damage to resources or become a nuisance at various times and places. It is intended for use by extension agents and specialists, wildlife biologists, animal control officers, public health personnel, pest control operators, teachers and students of wildlife biology, and others who deal with wildlife damage problems.

Wildlife damage management is an essential part of contemporary wildlife management. During the past decade there has been significant research and development in this field. This publication is a condensation of current, research-based information on wildlife that cause …

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Obtaining Assistance To Control Wildlife Damage, Philip S. Gipson, Russel F. Reidinger Jr. Jan 1994

Obtaining Assistance To Control Wildlife Damage, Philip S. Gipson, Russel F. Reidinger Jr.

Prevention and Control of Wildlife Damage Handbook

The Wildlife Society (TWS) policy statement for wildlife damage control (1992) states: “Prevention or control of wildlife damage . . . is an essential and responsible part of wildlife management.” The role of wildlife damage control in our society is changing and so is public perception of it. This change is recognized among wildlife managers and researchers. Efforts are under way to make the wildlife damage control profession more responsive to concerns of society. Formal petition for the establishment of a Wildlife Damage Working Group within TWS was made to the Wildlife Society Council on March 21, 1993 and the …

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Mountain Lions (Felis Concolor), James E. Knight Jan 1994

Mountain Lions (Felis Concolor), James E. Knight

Prevention and Control of Wildlife Damage Handbook

The mountain lion (cougar, puma, catamount, panther) is the largest cat native to North America. The mountain lion (Felis concolor) can be found in a variety of habitats including coniferous forests, wooded swamps, tropical forests, open grasslands, chaparral, brushlands, and desert edges. Mountain lions are carnivorous. The range of the mountain lion in North America. Mountain lions are shy, elusive, and primarily nocturnal animals that occasionally are active during daylight hours. Mountain lions are predators on sheep, goats, cattle, and horses. House cats, dogs, pigs, and poultry are also prey.

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Weasels, F. Robert Henderson Jan 1994

Weasels, F. Robert Henderson

Prevention and Control of Wildlife Damage Handbook

Weasels (Mustela nivalis and M. erminea) belong to the Mustelidae family, which also includes mink, martens, fishers, wolverines, badgers, river otters, black-footed ferrets, and four species of skunks. Three species of weasels live in North America. Some authors report finding weasels only in places with abundant water, although small rodents, suitable as food, were more abundant in surrounding habitat. The weasel family belongs to the order Carnivora. Weasels are active in both winter and summer; they do not hibernate. Occasionally weasels raid poultry houses at night and kill or injure domestic fowl.

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Moles, F. Robert Henderson Jan 1994

Moles, F. Robert Henderson

Prevention and Control of Wildlife Damage Handbook

Yates and Pedersen (1982) list seven North American species of moles. They are the eastern mole (Scalopus aquaticus), hairy-tailed mole (Parascalops breweri), star-nosed mole (Condylura cristata), broad-footed mole (Scapanus latimanus), Townsend’s mole (Scapanus townsendii), coast mole (Scapanus orarius), and shrew mole (Neurotrichus gibbsii). Out of the seven species that occur in North America, three inhabit lands east of the Rocky Mountains (Yates and Pedersen 1982). The mole lives in the seclusion of underground burrows, coming to the surface only rarely, and then often by accident. The …

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Opossums, Jeffrey J. Jackson Jan 1994

Opossums, Jeffrey J. Jackson

Prevention and Control of Wildlife Damage Handbook

An opossum (Didelphis virginiana) is a whitish or grayish mammal about the size of a house cat. Opossums are found in eastern, central, and west coast states. Habitats are diverse, ranging from arid to moist, wooded to open fields. Foods preferred by opossums are animal matter, mainly insects or carrion. Opossums usually live alone, having a home range of 10 to 50 acres (4 to 20 ha). Although opossums may be considered desirable as game animals, certain individuals may be a nuisance near homes where they may get into garbage, bird feeders, or pet food. Laws protecting opossums …

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Wild Pigs, Reginald H. Barrett, Grant H. Birmingham Jan 1994

Wild Pigs, Reginald H. Barrett, Grant H. Birmingham

Prevention and Control of Wildlife Damage Handbook

Wild pigs (Sus scrofa) include both feral hogs (domestic swine that have escaped captivity) and wild boar, native to Eurasia but introduced to North America to interbreed with feral hogs. Christopher Columbus first introduced members of the family Suidae into North America in 1493 in the West Indies. A variety of habitats, from tidal marshes to mountain ranges, are suitable for wild pigs. Types of food vary greatly depending on the location and time of year. Wild pigs are intelligent animals and readily adapt to changing conditions. Wild pigs can cause a variety of damage. Wild pigs are …

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Jackrabbits And Other Hares, James E. Knight Jan 1994

Jackrabbits And Other Hares, James E. Knight

Prevention and Control of Wildlife Damage Handbook

Three major species of jackrabbits occur in North America: Blacktail jackrabbit (Lepus californicus), whitetail jackrabbits (L. townsendii), and showshoe hare (L. americanus). The whitetail jackrabbit is found mainly in the north central and northwestern United States and no further south than the extreme north central part of New Mexico and southern Kansas. Members of the genus Lepus are born well-furred and able to move about. Hares consume 1/2 to 1 pound (1.1 to 2.2 kg) of green vegetation each day. Jackrabbits are considered nongame animals in most states and are not protected …

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Shrews, Robert H. Schmidt Jan 1994

Shrews, Robert H. Schmidt

Prevention and Control of Wildlife Damage Handbook

The shrew (Sorex cinereus) is a small, mouse-sized mammal with an elongated snout, a dense fur of uniform color, small eyes, and five clawed toes on each foot. Shrews are broadly distributed throughout the world and North America. Shrews vary widely in habitat preferences throughout North America. Shrews are in the taxonomic order Insectivora. Shrews are among the world’s smallest mammals. Most species of shrews do not have significant negative impacts and are not abundant enough to be considered pests.

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Birds At Airports, Alfred J. Godin Jan 1994

Birds At Airports, Alfred J. Godin

Prevention and Control of Wildlife Damage Handbook

Birds are a serious hazard to aviation. A bird or a flock of birds that suddenly rises from a runway or surrounding area may collide with incoming or departing aircraft and cause the aircraft to crash, possibly resulting in the loss of human life. Bird collision with aircraft is commonly known as “bird strike.” Damage caused to aircraft usually results from collision of one or more birds with the engines and/or fuselage. Although most bird strikes do not result in crashes, they do involve expensive structural and mechanical damage to aircraft. The incidence of this problem worldwide makes bird strike …

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Eagles, Bart W. O'Gara Jan 1994

Eagles, Bart W. O'Gara

Prevention and Control of Wildlife Damage Handbook

Eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus and Aquila chrysaetos) are the largest bird of prey in North America. Golden eagles in North America occur in greatest numbers from Alaska southward throughout the mountain and intermountain regions of the West and into Mexico. Eagles frequent a wide variety of habitats. Although regional and seasonal differences in food habits exist, golden eagle prey consists mostly of small mammals such as jackrabbits, cottontails, prairie dogs, and ground squirrels. Eagle courtship displays consist of a series of “roller coaster” dives and other aerial maneuvers. Juvenile golden eagles leave the nesting territory as early as May …

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Hawks And Owls, Scott E. Hygnstrom, Scott R. Craven Jan 1994

Hawks And Owls, Scott E. Hygnstrom, Scott R. Craven

Prevention and Control of Wildlife Damage Handbook

Hawks and owls are birds of prey and are frequently referred to as raptors— a term that includes the falcons, eagles, vultures, kites, ospreys, northern harriers, and crested caracaras. There are two main groups of hawks: accipiters and buteos. Accipiters are the forest-dwelling hawks. North American species include the northern goshawk (Accipiter gentilis), Cooper’s hawk (A. cooperii), and sharpshinned hawk (A. striatus). The buteos are known as the broadwinged or soaring hawks. They are the most commonly observed raptors in North America. Typical species include the red-tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicensis), …

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House Finches (Linnets), Jerry P. Clark, Scott E. Hygnstrom Jan 1994

House Finches (Linnets), Jerry P. Clark, Scott E. Hygnstrom

Prevention and Control of Wildlife Damage Handbook

House finches (Carpodacus mexicanus), also known as linnets, are about the same size as house sparrows. House finches are abundant residents throughout the western United States and Mexico. The house finch is most abundant in the warm valleys of California near cultivated lands. House finches are primarily seed eaters, and before the introduction of cultivated fruits, they probably lived largely on weed seeds. House finches nest in a great variety of places. House finches peck and feed on practically all deciduous fruits, berries, grains, vegetable seed, and flower seed. House finches are classified as migratory nongame birds in …

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Scrub (Or California) Jay, Jerry P. Clark, Scott E. Hygnstrom Jan 1994

Scrub (Or California) Jay, Jerry P. Clark, Scott E. Hygnstrom

Prevention and Control of Wildlife Damage Handbook

The scrub (or California) jay (Aphelocoma coerulescens) is distinguished by its crestless head, olive-gray back, and white throat, outlined in blue. Scrub jays are found in the western United States, parts of Mexico, and in central Florida. Scrub jays commonly inhabit the oak and brush-covered foothills of the mountains, timbered canyons, river bottoms, oak-lined sloughs and creeks, as well as the shade trees and dense shrubbery of residential areas. Beal (1910) reported that the diet of the scrub jay consisted of 73% plant and 27% animal matter. The plant matter was about one-third fruits and berries, and two-thirds …

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Pigeons (Rock Doves), David E. Williams, Robert M. Corrigan Jan 1994

Pigeons (Rock Doves), David E. Williams, Robert M. Corrigan

Prevention and Control of Wildlife Damage Handbook

Pigeons (Columbia livia) typically have a gray body with a whitish rump, two black bars on the secondary wing feathers, a broad black band on the tail, and red feet. Pigeons are found throughout the United States (including Hawaii), southern Canada, and Mexico. Pigeons are highly dependent on humans to provide them with food and sites for roosting, loafing, and nesting. Pigeons are primarily grain and seed eaters and will subsist on spilled or improperly stored grain. The common pigeon was introduced into the United States as a domesticated bird, but many escaped and formed feral populations. Pigeon …

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Crowned Sparrows, Jerry Clark, Scott E. Hygnstrom Jan 1994

Crowned Sparrows, Jerry Clark, Scott E. Hygnstrom

Prevention and Control of Wildlife Damage Handbook

White-crowned sparrows (Zonotrichia leucophrys) are distinguished by their pink or yellowish bill, erect posture, gray throat and breast, and prominent crown streaked with black and white. Geographic races, including the mountain (Z. l. oriantha), Gambel’s (Z. l. gambelii), Nuttall’s (Z. l. nuttalli), and Puget Sound white-crowned sparrow (Z. l. pugetensis) show minor differences in head pattern, bill color, and song. Their songs vary geographically, but consist primarily of clear whistles. White-crowned sparrows are abundant in the western United States. They breed primarily …

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House Sparrows, William D. Fitzwater Jan 1994

House Sparrows, William D. Fitzwater

Prevention and Control of Wildlife Damage Handbook

The house or English sparrow (Passer domesticus) is a brown, chunky bird about 5 3/4 inches (15 cm) long, and very common in human-made habitats. The house sparrow was first introduced in Brooklyn, New York, from England in 1850 and has spread throughout the continent. The house sparrow is found in nearly every habitat except dense forest, alpine, and desert environments. House sparrows are primarily granivorous. Breeding can occur in any month but is most common from March through August. House sparrows consume grains in fields and in storage. The house sparrow is afforded no legal protection by …

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Crayfish, James F. Fowler, Wendell Lorio, Greg Lutz Jan 1994

Crayfish, James F. Fowler, Wendell Lorio, Greg Lutz

Prevention and Control of Wildlife Damage Handbook

Crayfish, also called crawfish, crawcrab, crab, stonecrab, crawdad, creekcrab, and other local names, are native to fresh waters on all continents except Africa, where they have been widely introduced. Most damage associated with crayfish is the result of crayfish burrowing in home lawns. Crayfish may be protected by law in some states.

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Frogs And Toads, Paul E. Moler Jan 1994

Frogs And Toads, Paul E. Moler

Prevention and Control of Wildlife Damage Handbook

Frogs and toads are amphibians with four legs and no tail. At least 85 species of frogs are native to the United States, and there are three well-established exotic species. Frogs occur in almost all nonmarine habitats. Most frogs have a two-phased life cycle, including an aquatic larval form (tadpole) and a terrestrial or semiaquatic adult form. Although some species spend most of their adult lives away from water, most frogs native to North America must return to water to lay eggs. The greatest potential for economic damage is at fish farms and hatcheries. Laws pertaining to frogs vary from …

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Nonpoisonous Snakes, James L. Byford Jan 1994

Nonpoisonous Snakes, James L. Byford

Prevention and Control of Wildlife Damage Handbook

Of the many kinds of snakes (Pituophis melanoleucus) found in the United States, only the following are harmful: rattlesnakes, copperheads, cottonmouths, coral snakes, and sea snakes. Some species of nonpoisonous snakes occur throughout several states, but the majority have only limited ranges. Snakes are not very mobile, and even though some are fairly adaptable, most have specific habitat requirements. All snakes are predators, and the different species eat many different kinds of food. Snakes are specialized animals, having elongated bodies and no legs. A nonpoisonous snake bite has no venom and can do no more harm than frighten …

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Horned Larks, Jerry P. Clark, Scott E. Hygnstrom Jan 1994

Horned Larks, Jerry P. Clark, Scott E. Hygnstrom

Prevention and Control of Wildlife Damage Handbook

Horned larks (Eremophila alpestris) are ground-dwelling birds that are slightly larger than house sparrows. They are brown, with a yellowish face, black breast, black “whiskers,” and two small black “horns.” Horned larks breed widely throughout North America, from northern Alaska to southern Mexico. In certain parts of California the horned lark is a serious crop pest. The food of the horned lark consists largely of seeds picked up from the ground. Vegetable crops damaged by horned larks include beets, broccoli, carrots, lettuce, peas, spinach, and tomatoes. Other field and truck crops damaged are alfalfa, grain, sugar beets, cantaloupes, …

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Mississippi Kites, William F. Andelt Jan 1994

Mississippi Kites, William F. Andelt

Prevention and Control of Wildlife Damage Handbook

The Mississippi kite (Ictinia mississippiensis) is a member of the family Accipitridae, a group of diurnal birds of prey. Mississippi kites nest in Arizona, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Texas, southeastern Colorado, southern Kansas, and the eastern states from southern Missouri to South Carolina. Mississippi kites are primarily insectivorous. Most Mississippi kites probably winter in Argentina and Brazil. Some Mississippi kites create problems by diving at and frightening people who venture near their nests. Mississippi kites are fully protected under the Federal Migratory Bird Treaty Act (1918) and state regulations.

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Long-Term Flow Test #1, Roosevelt Hot Springs, Utah, D. D. Faulder Jan 1994

Long-Term Flow Test #1, Roosevelt Hot Springs, Utah, D. D. Faulder

All U.S. Government Documents (Utah Regional Depository)

The Roosevelt Hot Springs, Utah geothermal field has been the site of numerous investigations into the behavior of a geothermal system. However, a detailed description of the reservoir is lacking. This paper presents the results of the 237 day Long-Term Flow Test #1, conducted in 1977 and 1978, followed by a 100 day pressure buildup. The responses from one production well and three pressure observation wells, ranging 600 to 12,000 feet from the production well, were used. This study illustrates the utility of a reevaluation of a geothermal system using old, pre-exploitation data and is part of an ongoing case …

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Status, Biology, And Management Of Ferruginous Hawks: A Review, United States Bureau Of Land Management Jan 1994

Status, Biology, And Management Of Ferruginous Hawks: A Review, United States Bureau Of Land Management

All U.S. Government Documents (Utah Regional Depository)

The purpose of this paper is to promote the wise management of ferruginous hawk habitat to enable the species to maintain or increase its population levels. Twenty-seven recommendations are presented, supported by reviews of population status, nesting chronology, nest site characteristics, food habits, and spatial considerations. This is followed by discussion of the impacts of human activities on the ferruginous hawk, such as urbanization, cultivation, grazing, land conversion, poisoning and small mammal control, mining, fire and fire management, and other activities.

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Open Stream Collection And Diversion: An Added Dimension In Providing Water For Grazing Animals, United States Bureau Of Land Management Jan 1994

Open Stream Collection And Diversion: An Added Dimension In Providing Water For Grazing Animals, United States Bureau Of Land Management

All U.S. Government Documents (Utah Regional Depository)

This technical note describes an effective system for collecting water from open streams and conveying it several miles via pipeline systems to watering troughs in arid locations. Perhaps one of the greatest challenges in managing lands that produce forage for grazing animals is to strike a desirable balance between forage and water. However, on native grazing lands, this is rarely the case due to terrain and uneven distribution of water. The "open stream collection and diversion system" addresses this issue with a specific engineering solution.

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Blm, Utah State Office Hazardous Substances Contingency Plan, United States Bureau Of Land Management Jan 1994

Blm, Utah State Office Hazardous Substances Contingency Plan, United States Bureau Of Land Management

All U.S. Government Documents (Utah Regional Depository)

This document is the Utah BLM hazardous substances release contingency plan or what to do when hazardous substances are discovered on public lands.

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Prestressed Concrete Pipe Failure Jordan Aqueduct, Reach 3, United States Bureau Of Reclamation Jan 1994

Prestressed Concrete Pipe Failure Jordan Aqueduct, Reach 3, United States Bureau Of Reclamation

All U.S. Government Documents (Utah Regional Depository)

The Bureau of Reclamation conducted failure investigations to identify the cause(s) of a catastrophic rupture of prestressed concrete pipe under impressed current cathodic protection, which occurred on Reach 3 of the Jordan Aqueduct near Salt Lake City, Utah, on August 7, 1984. The multidisciplinary analyses included corrosion, design, petrographic, structural, and metallurgical investigations. From the onset of the failure, the issue was one of reconciling cathodic overprotection and defective (longitudinally cracked) prestressing wire. The report contains a summary of the findings from Reclamation investigations.

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Sixty Years Of Change In Tree Numbers And Basal Area In Central Utah Aspen Stands, U. S. Forest Service Jan 1994

Sixty Years Of Change In Tree Numbers And Basal Area In Central Utah Aspen Stands, U. S. Forest Service

All U.S. Government Documents (Utah Regional Depository)

Plots established in three separate aspen stands in central Utah were inventoried at irregular periods over a 64 year period.

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Managing Coarse Woody Debris In Forests Of The Rocky Mountains, U.S. Forest Service Jan 1994

Managing Coarse Woody Debris In Forests Of The Rocky Mountains, U.S. Forest Service

All U.S. Government Documents (Utah Regional Depository)

Fourteen habitat types were examined. Coarse woody debris management recommendations were developed by using ectomycorrhizae as a bioindicator of healthy, productive forest soils.

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Pine Valley Ridge Source: A Superior Selected Germplsm Of Black Sagebrush, U.S. Forest Service Jan 1994

Pine Valley Ridge Source: A Superior Selected Germplsm Of Black Sagebrush, U.S. Forest Service

All U.S. Government Documents (Utah Regional Depository)

This document establishes the basis for the release of Pine Valley Ridge Source, a superior selected germplasm of black sagebrush

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