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Articles 19921 - 19950 of 22672

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How Animal Control Improves Animal Welfare, Walter E. Howard Mar 1990

How Animal Control Improves Animal Welfare, Walter E. Howard

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 14th (1990)

The balance of nature requires a balanced predator-prey relationship. In agriculture or urban areas the natural predator-prey balance is disrupted because the habitats have been altered and, for the protection of livestock (and for humans in case of grizzly bears, lions, and wolves), the large carnivores have usually been displaced. Consequently, in these altered environments to prevent crop depredations, to keep other vertebrate species in balance with their environment, and to protect some endangered species, people must manage the wildlife. This often means that for the welfare of animals people have to become predators to assist nature. Fortunately, from an …

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Its A Fact! Its A Phact!, Harlan R. Shuhler Mar 1990

Its A Fact! Its A Phact!, Harlan R. Shuhler

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 14th (1990)

To reduce the costs of providing development assistance in agriculture to the people in the Developing Countries, an international "Post-Harvest Agriculture Computer Teleconference" has been available now for more than 15 months. Suitably supplemented with electronic computer communications networks and their E-mail, these tools allow relatively inexpensive assistance. This combination offers many advantages to the organizations offering assistance and those needing help.

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Roaming, Stray, And Feral Domestic Cats And Dogs As Wildlife Problems, Bessel D. Van't Woudt Mar 1990

Roaming, Stray, And Feral Domestic Cats And Dogs As Wildlife Problems, Bessel D. Van't Woudt

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 14th (1990)

From several centers of domestication, cats and dogs have become the near-ubiquitous companion of man. Their dependence on man is such that when abandoned in a rural environment most succumb to malnutrition in combination with predation, diseases, parasites, and exposure. Where not subject to predation and where native or introduced prey is adequate, some survive to form feral populations. This applies on oceanic islands, in Australia and New Zealand. Elsewhere, as far as is known today, requirements for survival are met with in parts of the U.S. and Europe only, in remote wilderness areas in the case of dogs, and …

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Survey Of Rodent And Rabbit Damage To Alfalfa Hay In Nevada, Steven R. Lewis, John M. O'Brien Mar 1990

Survey Of Rodent And Rabbit Damage To Alfalfa Hay In Nevada, Steven R. Lewis, John M. O'Brien

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 14th (1990)

A survey of alfalfa hay producers was conducted to characterize vertebrate pest problems in Nevada alfalfa hay and help attract research funding. Damage to alfalfa hay by pocket gophers (Thomomvs spp), ground squirrels (Spermophilus spp), black-tailed jackrabbits (Lepus californicus) and meadow voles (Microtus montanus) was assessed. Presence of vertebrate pests along with a ranking of cost-related problems they pose to alfalfa hay operations was determined. Pocket gophers were the most costly pest followed by ground squirrels, jackrabbits, and meadow voles. The number one problem caused by vertebrate pests was identified to be a decrease …

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Wild Hog Management Program At Great Smoky Mountains National Park, John D. Peine, Jane Allen Farmer Mar 1990

Wild Hog Management Program At Great Smoky Mountains National Park, John D. Peine, Jane Allen Farmer

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 14th (1990)

Over the last 30 years the wild hog population control program at Great Smoky Mountains National Park has experienced steady growth. The evolution has been relatively slow, and it was not until the latter part of the 1980s that sufficient funds were available to make a serious attempt at control measures. Over the years, the research program has focused on the biology of the wild hog; its reproductive rate; feeding and movement patterns; and its impact on the fauna, flora, and soils of the park. In addition, a major project was conducted to evaluate attractants and baits to increase the …

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Rodenticide Ecotoxicology: Systems Analysis And Simulation, R.H. Smith, Paula R. Cox, M. Rampaud Mar 1990

Rodenticide Ecotoxicology: Systems Analysis And Simulation, R.H. Smith, Paula R. Cox, M. Rampaud

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 14th (1990)

Exposure, as well as toxicity, determines whether rodenticides present real environmental hazards to nontarget animals. In order to combine exposure and toxicity, a compartment model is proposed which distinguishes transfer processes from accumulation of residues. The published literature relevant to the model is analyzed, and some important gaps in knowledge are highlighted. Simple sub-models of rat feeding behavior and mortality are combined into a simulation model which generates data on both efficacy of control and build-up of residues in live rats and carcasses. The roles of feeding parameters (e.g., palatability, availability of alternative food) as well as toxicity are emphasized …

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Control Of Mediterranean Pine Vole Populations In The South Of France, Gerald Guedon, Benoit Combes Mar 1990

Control Of Mediterranean Pine Vole Populations In The South Of France, Gerald Guedon, Benoit Combes

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 14th (1990)

The control of the Mediterranean pine vole through manual bait placement is too fastidious. It prevents the realization of collective control on large areas. In this situation, mechanization is necessary. A burrow builder, made of a tubular ploughshare, has been devised in order to make artificial runs in the soil where baits may be deposited. This plough was successfully tested in fall 1989 in apple orchards with a wheat-based bait treated with chlorophacinone, chosen for its good resistance to moisture. The treatment efficiency varied between 86.7% and 96.4% with 25 and 50 artificial runs per hectare, respectively. A humid but …

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The Status Of Lines In Bird Damage Control–A Review, Patricia A. Pochop, Ron J. Johnson, Danilo A. Aguero, Kent M. Eskridge Mar 1990

The Status Of Lines In Bird Damage Control–A Review, Patricia A. Pochop, Ron J. Johnson, Danilo A. Aguero, Kent M. Eskridge

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 14th (1990)

One technique for repelling or excluding birds is to stretch wires, monofilament lines, or nylon strings across sites needing protection. Wires or lines spaced at various intervals and in various configurations have successfully repelled birds such as ring-billed (Larus delawarensis) and/or herring (L. argentatus) gulls, and brant (Branta bernicla bernicla) from reservoirs, sanitary landfills, fish hatcheries, nesting areas, public places, or farm fields. Black thread has been suggested for repelling small birds such as sparrows (unspecified) from garden seedlings and bullfinches (unspecified) from fruit trees. Recent observations in New Mexico indicated that monofilament lines …

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The Effect Of Seed Coat Colour And Depth Of Planting On Bushfowl Damage To Planted Maize Seeds, Modupe Akande, A.O. Obajimi Mar 1990

The Effect Of Seed Coat Colour And Depth Of Planting On Bushfowl Damage To Planted Maize Seeds, Modupe Akande, A.O. Obajimi

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 14th (1990)

The bushfowl (Francolinus bicalcaratus bicalcaratus L.) is a major avian pest on planted maize seeds. Maize seeds colored green and normal white seeds were planted at different depths of 2.5 cm, 5.0 cm, 7.5 cm, 10.0 cm, 12.5 cm, and 15.0 cm in three different trials between 1987 and 1988. The effect of planting depth was highly significant. Damage occurring to seeds planted at a depth of 2.5 cm was significantly higher than all the other depths, even though there was not significant damage among the other depths.

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Effect Of Artificial Perches And Nests In Attracting Raptors To Orchards, Leonard R. Askham Mar 1990

Effect Of Artificial Perches And Nests In Attracting Raptors To Orchards, Leonard R. Askham

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 14th (1990)

Artificial perches and nest boxes were placed in three Pacific Northwest orchards to assess their effectiveness in attracting birds of prey to reduce vole populations. The data indicated that birds could be attracted under some conditions, but vole populations were not significantly affected. Additional factors such as vegetative biomass and human activity may limit their usefulness in reducing rodent populations under intensive agricultural conditions.

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A Management Information System For The Control Of Pest Animals And Plants In Victoria, Australia, James K. Backholer, David W.A. Lane, Eric A. Ward Mar 1990

A Management Information System For The Control Of Pest Animals And Plants In Victoria, Australia, James K. Backholer, David W.A. Lane, Eric A. Ward

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 14th (1990)

The State Department of Conservation, Forests and Lands (CFL) administers legislation relating to the management of pest animals and plants throughout Victoria. CFL conducts control work on public land and assists landholders with programs on freehold land. To provide an information base for the management of CFL's pest control programs, the Pest Management Information System (PMIS) was developed. The PMIS captures descriptions of pest infestations, details of planned and actual treatments, and evaluations of treatments. The first version of the PMIS, developed for microcomputers, was released in 1987 and underwent minor revision during 1988 in the light of field experience. …

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Conference Participants Mar 1990

Conference Participants

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 14th (1990)

The number of registered attendees was 359. The participants came from 33 states, the District of Columbia, and from 12 other countries. The wide representation from the United States and countries throughout the world contributed to the success of the Conference by providing a highly knowledgeable and diversified group for the exchange of research progress, new ideas, and information on a wide range of vertebrate pest topics.

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Rodent Problems In Range Rehabilitation, Richard Everett, Steve Monsen Mar 1990

Rodent Problems In Range Rehabilitation, Richard Everett, Steve Monsen

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 14th (1990)

Seed predation by rodents has limited successful re-establishment of desirable shrubs, forbs, and grasses on degraded western rangelands. We need to develop methods that temporarily reduce rodent numbers or their predation of planted seed if we are to establish diverse rangeland plant communities. Range site conversion treatments of chaining, prescribed burning, spraying, or drilling have not been effective in reducing deer mice populations. However, seed predation has been reduced by adopting seeding strategies that mimic natural seed predation avoidance mechanisms. Seedings have been designed to mimic the "satiation" strategy for plant establishment by providing more seed and sacrifice foods than …

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Control Of Coyote Predation On Livestock–Progress In Research And Development, Michael W. Fall Mar 1990

Control Of Coyote Predation On Livestock–Progress In Research And Development, Michael W. Fall

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 14th (1990)

The coyote is highly adaptable in exploiting man's livestock production systems and, indeed, thrives in such situations. Recent research by the Denver Wildlife Research Center has drawn upon earlier studies to focus effort on priority needs of the U.S. Department of Agriculture's (USDA) cooperative Animal Damage Control (ADC) program. Substantial improvements have been made in some control methods and several new methods or effective modifications have become available for use by ADC and by producers. Additional developments have occurred in improving chemical delivery systems and in understanding the ecological requirements for effective control programs. With the substantial investments being made …

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Mythology Of Vertebrate Pest Control, William D. Fitzwater Mar 1990

Mythology Of Vertebrate Pest Control, William D. Fitzwater

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 14th (1990)

Controlling vertebrate species obnoxious or even dangerous to them has been a concern of the human species through the evolutionary process. Early measures were often based on religious, superstitious, and biologic fantasies. While modern control measures are better biologically founded, there still remains an aura of mythology around many accepted by the public today. Examples are given of some of them: toxicants, electromagnetics, ultrasonics, and repellents for deer, moles, and raccoons.

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Front Matter And Contents Mar 1990

Front Matter And Contents

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 14th (1990)

Proceedings of the FOURTEENTH VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE

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Required Use Of Protective Bait Stations In The U. S., William W. Jacobs Mar 1990

Required Use Of Protective Bait Stations In The U. S., William W. Jacobs

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 14th (1990)

Beginning in the 1960s, labels for federally registered commensal rodenticides have been required to bear a statement to the effect that the baits are to be contained in "tamper-proof bait boxes" when used in locations accessible to children and nontarget animals. Faced with ample evidence of noncompliance with the letter and spirit of this portion of the label, the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) issued a policy statement (PR Notice 83-5) and scheduled public hearings on matters pertaining to bait stations and nontarget exposure incidents involving rodenticides. EPA's findings indicate that, while some clarifications of its policies might be …

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State Of The Art Telemetry Equipment Appropriate For Vertebrate Pest Control Research, Barbara C. Kermeen Mar 1990

State Of The Art Telemetry Equipment Appropriate For Vertebrate Pest Control Research, Barbara C. Kermeen

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 14th (1990)

Constant developments in technology, both materials and methods, allow smaller and smaller animals to be radio-tracked for longer periods of time than was previously possible. Developments in electronic component miniaturization and battery chemistry are primarily responsible for this advancement. Approximately 30 years of field-use of radiotelemetry techniques have led to innovative procedures and uses of materials for the application of transmitters to animals. New technology such as satellite telemetry and recapture collars are only in their infancy and are not, at this time, appropriate for use in vertebrate pest research. Sophistication in receiving systems also allows more accurate and more …

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Acquired Strychnine Tolerance By Pocket Gophers, Ling Ling Lee, Walter E. Howard, Rex E. Marsh Mar 1990

Acquired Strychnine Tolerance By Pocket Gophers, Ling Ling Lee, Walter E. Howard, Rex E. Marsh

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 14th (1990)

Four adult female Botta's pocket gophers (Thomomys bottae) that had survived many normally potentially lethal doses of strychnine alkaloid in another experiment (Lee 1986) were examined further. These individuals freely consumed 0.5% strychnine bait, and 3 of them also 1% strychnine bait, for long periods without dying, whether or not nontoxic alternate bait was present. After 1 gopher (#5) was taken off its 1% strychnine wheat diet for 44 days, it lost its physiological tolerance to strychnine and died the first day when again exposed to a free choice of nontoxic and 1% strychnine wheat. It consumed only …

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Reproduction And Population Structure Of Pocket Gophers (Thomomvs Bottae) From Irrigated Alfalfa Fields, Susan C. Loeb Mar 1990

Reproduction And Population Structure Of Pocket Gophers (Thomomvs Bottae) From Irrigated Alfalfa Fields, Susan C. Loeb

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 14th (1990)

Pocket gophers were collected from irrigated alfalfa fields (IRR) and non-irrigated fallow fields (NIRR) in Davis, California, for 2 years. Reproduction was continuous in IRR fields with very little seasonal variation in reproductive activity. In contrast, reproduction in NIRR fields occurred primarily during the rainy season (winter and spring). Females in IRR fields produced approximately twice as many litters per year (3.6-3.9) as females in NIRR habitats (1.7). The high reproductive potential of adult females in IRR fields coupled with the early age of sexual maturity among young females suggests that population recovery after control measures is likely to be …

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Microencapsulation Of Rodenticides, Rex E. Marsh Mar 1990

Microencapsulation Of Rodenticides, Rex E. Marsh

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 14th (1990)


Microencapsulation materials and techniques have advanced significantly over the past two decades. Encapsulation techniques are now used in a wide range of products from drugs to perfumes and food fragrances. As an industry, microencapsulation had its beginning in the research laboratories of National Cash Register (NCR) in Dayton, Ohio, in the late 1930s. It came into commercial use in 1954 when carbonless copy paper was introduced on the market. The entire field has made enormous progress since that time.

Microencapsulation and other associated controlled- release technology play an important role in time-release pesticides, giving them a delayed or longer action …

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Vertebrate Pests Of Beekeeping, John M. O'Brien, Rex E. Marsh Mar 1990

Vertebrate Pests Of Beekeeping, John M. O'Brien, Rex E. Marsh

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 14th (1990)

Information concerning vertebrate pests of beekeeping was gathered from state and provincial apiary inspectors through a questionnaire. Forty-eight states and 9 provinces responded. Additional pest information has been assembled from published articles. Bears represent the major vertebrate pest based on severity of damage to colonies. Total estimated losses reported amounted to $623,000 annually. Loss estimates for the various pest species are probably grossly underestimated because many states with problems could not or did not provide loss estimates. Skunks and house mice represent the next most important species from a damage point of view, with annual damage averaging $423,050 and $100,450, …

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Red-Winged Blackbird And Starling Feeding Responses On Corn Earworm-Infested Corn, Flavian H. Okurut-Akol, Richard A. Dolbeer, Paul P. Woronecki Mar 1990

Red-Winged Blackbird And Starling Feeding Responses On Corn Earworm-Infested Corn, Flavian H. Okurut-Akol, Richard A. Dolbeer, Paul P. Woronecki

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 14th (1990)

We examined the feeding behavior of red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) and European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) on ears of corn (Zea mavs) artificially infested with corn earworms (Helicoverpa zea). In 30-minute aviary tests, redwings and starlings directed 39 to 79% more feeding responses to ears of corn with worms than to ears without worms but they damaged the same proportion of ears with and without worms. In 3-hour aviary tests and a field evaluation, birds damaged more ears with worms than without worms. In spite of more feeding responses directed to ears with …

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An Evaluation Of Fencing To Exclude Pocket Gophers From Experimental Plots, Terrell P. Salmon, Robert H. Schmidt, Rex E. Marsh Mar 1990

An Evaluation Of Fencing To Exclude Pocket Gophers From Experimental Plots, Terrell P. Salmon, Robert H. Schmidt, Rex E. Marsh

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 14th (1990)

We evaluated the ability of underground fencing to exclude pocket gophers (Thomomys bottae) from experimental plots planted with alfalfa. Fencing extending 61 cm below and 91 cm aboveground, with a 15.2-cm lip bent 90 degrees inward at the bottom, did not prevent marked and unmarked gophers from escaping, invading, or moving among six adjacent plots. Complete underground screening, in combination with gopher control, may be the only technique which ensures the complete exclusion of gophers from experimental and ornamental plots.

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Black Bear Feeding On Second Growth Redwoods: A Critical Assessment, Gregory A. Giusti Mar 1990

Black Bear Feeding On Second Growth Redwoods: A Critical Assessment, Gregory A. Giusti

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 14th (1990)

Black bear (Ursus americanus) feeding on coastal redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) has been documented for several years. Quantitative analysis of the feeding damage has not been done. Feeding damage was analyzed on six belt transects in two drainages of the Smith River, Del Norte County, California. Bears are selecting trees of specific d.b.h. classes and not feeding on the size class most abundant. Damage estimates are presented for number of trees per hectare and percentage of stands that are impacted by bear feeding. A proposed approach to bear management is presented with emphasis on a multi-management approach.

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An Evaluation Of Drc-2698 Treated Baits For Reducing Blackbird Populations Associated With Sunflower Damage, John L. Cummings, Edward W. Schafer Jr., Donald J. Cunningham Mar 1990

An Evaluation Of Drc-2698 Treated Baits For Reducing Blackbird Populations Associated With Sunflower Damage, John L. Cummings, Edward W. Schafer Jr., Donald J. Cunningham

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 14th (1990)


From 30 August to 18 September 1985, sunflower and corn mixed baits (75% sunflower meats and 25% cracked corn) treated with 1.50% CAT, (N-(3-chloro-4-methylphenyl)acetamide) were evaluated for reducing blackbird populations near Churchs Ferry, North Dakota. Baits were applied on baiting lanes in sunflower fields with an electric seeder mounted on an all-terrain cycle. Three noncommercial (decoy) sunflower fields were baited with CAT-treated baits diluted 1:9 with similar mixture of untreated bait at a rate of 50 lbs/lane acre (9.3 total treated acres). Based on total bait consumption, the estimate of blackbirds killed by the CAT treatment ranged from 13,266 to …

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Ground Squirrel Burrow Destruction: Control Implications, Arlette Gilson, Terrell P. Salmon Mar 1990

Ground Squirrel Burrow Destruction: Control Implications, Arlette Gilson, Terrell P. Salmon

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 14th (1990)

Rapid reinvasion of low-density sites by dispersing ground squirrels often results in short-term benefits from otherwise effective population control methods. Existing vacant burrow systems appear to play an important role in facilitating the local population recovery. The potential of destroying the ground squirrel burrow entrances to reduce site reinvasion, following population removal, was tested. Under the conditions of the tests, deep ripping resulted in >85% reduction in burrow reinvasion by California and Belding ground squirrels. Studies are still in progress to evaluate the consistency of the results and include long-term effects and cost information. The inclusion of this technique into …

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Vertebrate Pests Of Uk Agriculture: Present Problems And Future Solutions, Anthony R. Hardy Mar 1990

Vertebrate Pests Of Uk Agriculture: Present Problems And Future Solutions, Anthony R. Hardy

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 14th (1990)

The status of damage by vertebrate pests to growing and stored agricultural crops is reviewed in the light of changing patterns of agricultural practice and land use within the UK. Significant problems and existing management techniques are briefly discussed. The results of recent research by the Agricultural Department and Advisory Service (ADAS) of the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food are explored to indicate the future direction of vertebrate pest management to reduce crop damage. Recent changes in legislation and public attitudes impose constraints on some of the approaches to solving problems. The continued role of traditional control methods is …

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Animal Welfare And The Control Of Vertebrates, Harry V. Thompson Mar 1990

Animal Welfare And The Control Of Vertebrates, Harry V. Thompson

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 14th (1990)

The relationships between man and other animals have attracted increased attention and some controversy in recent years. Their importance in biomedical research, farming, and wildlife control are discussed in the United Kingdom context.

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Rodents As A Food Source, Lynwood A. Fiedler Mar 1990

Rodents As A Food Source, Lynwood A. Fiedler

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 14th (1990)

Rodents, one of several kinds of vertebrates included in the human diet, are very suitable as human food. More than 71 genera and 89 species of rodents, mostly hystricomorphs, have been consumed by man. Some have even been domesticated for private or commercial production of food for human consumption. Rodents in the temperate world serve only as a supplement to the regular diet of humans; but in the tropical world, they are widely accepted and a popular source of protein. Although harvesting field rats for human food is beneficial, it is not an effective pest control strategy. Consuming rodents in …

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