Digital Commons Network^™

Improving Efficiency Of Prairie Dog Surveys By Using A Small Copter Drone, Aaron B. Shiels, J. W. Fischer, Danika Spock, Meagan Allira

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

Prairie dogs are an accessible and enjoyed wildlife species in Colorado that require occasional surveys because populations can change abruptly due to plague outbreaks or human-induced control. We evaluated the use of small copter drones at four prairie dog colonies on Open Space and Mountain Parks lands, City of Boulder, to determine if this methodology improves efficiency over ground-based survey methods. We counted prairie dogs and burrows using two types of drones (DJI Matric 210 and Autel Evo II) at altitudes 100', 150', and 400' (burrows only). We recorded video and merged still images into orthomosaics prior to having USDA …

Evaluating Long-Range Transportation Plans For Mainstreaming Of Climate Adaptation Among Virginia Mpos, Sebastian L. Shetty

Theses and Dissertations

Despite the strides made towards addressing climate change through greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reduction strategies, it has become increasingly apparent that attempting to mitigate the crisis in such a manner alone is insufficient. This thesis joins a growing body of research on how our societies must adapt to a changing climate, contributing more evidence on common barriers to adaptation and how they might be overcome. Through an attempt to evaluate the progress made towards mainstreaming, or integrating, climate change concerns into five Virginia MPOs’ long-range transportation plans (LRTPs), this study provides support for prior hypotheses around the potential for MPOs …

Stakeholder Knowledge And Perceptions Of Free-Roaming Equids And Their Management At A Western U.S. Land-Grant University, Hollee S. Wood, S. Nicole Frey, Terry A. Messmer

Human–Wildlife Interactions

The horse (Equus ferus caballus), originally native to North America, became extinct on the continent approximately 10,000 years ago. Horses that migrated from North America to Eurasia across the Bering Strait continued to evolve and were domesticated along with burros (E. asinus). Both species were then transported to the Americas where they were intentionally released or escaped into the wild, forming feral herds. The Wild Free-Roaming Horses and Burros Act of 1971 (WFRHBA) provided federal oversight and protection for feral horses and burros (hereafter, free-roaming equids) that inhabited designated areas on public lands in the western …

Analysis Of Bio-Alcohols With Mie-Scattering And Ltc For Lowered Emissions In Pcci, Cesar E. Carapia

College of Graduate Studies: Theses & Dissertations

An investigation was conducted on the optimal engine parameters for facilitating lower NOX and soot emissions of PCCI combustion with either ethanol or n-butanol. The PFI fuels selected were tested at loads of 3, 4, and 5 Bar IMEP for a total of 28 total combustion tests with variations made to the EGR% and boost pressure for each test in order to find the optimal emissions strategy. A Mie-scattering spray fuel analysis was also conducted on the three fuels to gain insight on their influence on combustion/emissions characteristics. It was found that ethanol had a greater average Sauter Mean Diameter …

Iere Annual Report 2022, Erin Largo-Wight, James W. Taylor, Kelly A. Rhoden

Annual Reports

2022 Annual Report of the Institute for Environmental Research and Education

Spatial And Temporal Variations Of Microplastics In The Bangpakong River Of Chachoengsao Province, Rizki Syawalia Siregar

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

Microplastic contamination has received increased attention in recent years. The toxicity of microplastics has prompted environmental and human health concerns. The river is one of the sink media for the microplastics contributed from the land. The contamination of river water with microplastics has resulted in numerous reports. The Bangpakong River is one of the province's main sources of freshwater supplies, hence study on microplastics in the river is required in order to develop a database on the occurrence of microplastics in various land-use patterns along the river. The objective of this study was to determine variations of microplastics with regards …

A Citizen-Science Approach For Urban Flood Risk Analysis Using Data Science And Machine Learning, Candace Agonafir

Dissertations and Theses

Street flooding is problematic in urban areas, where impervious surfaces, such as concrete, brick, and asphalt prevail, impeding the infiltration of water into the ground. During rain events, water ponds and rise to levels that cause considerable economic damage and physical harm. The main goal of this dissertation is to develop novel approaches toward the comprehension of urban flood risk using data science techniques on crowd-sourced data. This is accomplished by developing a series of data-driven models to identify flood factors of significance and localized areas of flood vulnerability in New York City (NYC). First, the infrastructural (catch basin clogs, …

Native And Non-Native Plant Species Differentially Affect Arthropod Community Dynamics With Consequences For Crop Production In Lower Rio Grande Valley, Kaitlynn Lavallee, Pushpa G. Soti, Alexis Racelis, Rupesh R. Kariyat

School of Earth, Environmental, & Marine Sciences Faculty Publications

In agricultural ecosystems, arthropods play critical roles- including biocontrol, pollination services, and as herbivores. While herbivory negatively affects crop production, the recent decline in beneficial insect numbers have created a global concern, and consequently have led into multiple lines of conservation strategies. Agroecological practices that can provide sustenance, nesting, and refuge for beneficial organisms are considered as some of them, except we lack a better understanding of how seasonal and crop specific variation can affect their community dynamics. In this study, we examined this by investigating how native and non-native plants, when incorporated into a vegetable agroecosystem in Lower Rio …

Interannual Variability And Seasonal Dynamics Of Evapotranspiration Of Arundo Donax L. And Populations Of Its Biological Control Agent (Tetramesa Romana), Alexis Racelis, Pradeep Wagle, Jose R. Escamilla Jr., John A. Goolsby, Prasanna Gowda

School of Earth, Environmental, & Marine Sciences Faculty Publications

Giant reed (Arundo donax L.), a woody grass native to the Mediterranean, has become a cause of concern for national water security in its invaded range of the arid southwestern United States, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa. The main objective of this study was to provide the first, landscape-level estimates of water use by giant reed. The study utilized the eddy covariance method to quantify evapotranspiration (ET) throughout the 2014 and 2015 growing seasons along the Rio Grande River in Eagle Pass, Texas. We monitored ET concurrently with the implementation of a biological control program targeting giant reed. …

การประเมินความเสี่ยงจากสภาพภูมิอากาศสำหรับพื้นที่เพาะปลูกข้าวและความพร้อมในการจัดการของหน่วยงานภาครัฐ: กรณีศึกษาเกาะลมบก ประเทศอินโดนีเซีย, ดอสมายา แอนเดรียอานี

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

การเปลี่ยนแปลงสภาพภูมิอากาศนับเป็นประเด็นสำคัญที่ถูกอภิปรายว่าเป็นปัจจัยขับเคลื่อนต่อการเกิดอุบัติการณ์ภัยธรรมชาติ โดยการเปลี่ยนแปลงสภาพภูมิอากาศส่งผลกระทบต่อทุกมิติของชีวิตมนุษย์ โดยเฉพาะอย่างยิ่งในด้านความมั่นคงด้านอาหาร ทั้งนี้ พื้นที่เพาะปลูกข้าวนับเป็นพื้นที่ที่ถูกคุกคามมากที่สุดเนื่องจากการเปลี่ยนแปลงของปริมาณน้ำฝนและอุณหภูมิอันเนื่องมาจากการเปลี่ยนแปลงสภาพภูมิอากาศ บทบาทของรัฐบาลจึงมีความสำคัญในการลดความสูญเสียที่เกิดจากภัยธรรมชาติ โดยเฉพาะการยกระดับความสามารถในการปรับตัวของชุมชนท้องถิ่นต่อภัยธรรมชาติ วัตถุประสงค์ของการศึกษานี้คือการประเมินผลกระทบของภัยพิบัติจากการเปลี่ยนแปลงสภาพภูมิอากาศในพื้นที่เพาะปลูกข้าว และประเมินความพร้อมของรัฐบาลระดับท้องถิ่นในการรับมือกับการเปลี่ยนแปลงสภาพภูมิอากาศและอันตรายต่างๆ ที่เกี่ยวข้อง โดยคัดเลือก เกาะลมบก ของประเทศอินโดนีเซีย ซึ่งเป็นพื้นที่เกาะเล็กๆ และมีความเสี่ยงต่อการเปลี่ยนแปลงสภาพภูมิอากาศ ระเบียบวิธิวิจัยของการศึกษาครั้งนี้ ได้แก่ การประยุกต์ใช้กระบวนการลำดับชั้นเชิงวิเคราะห์ (Analytical Hierarchy Process: AHP) ร่วมกับระบบข้อมูลทางภูมิศาสตร์ (GIS) ในการประเมินความเสี่ยงที่เกิดจากการเปลี่ยนแปลงสภาพภูมิอากาศในพื้นที่เพาะปลูกข้าวทั้งจากผลกระทบจากอุทกภัย ภัยแล้ง และดินถล่ม ขณะเดียวกัน การศึกษานี้อาศัยการสัมภาษณ์ผู้เชี่ยวชาญ (n=15) เพื่อประเมินความพร้อมของรัฐบาลท้องถิ่นในการจัดการกับการเปลี่ยนแปลงสภาพภูมิอากาศ อาศัยการสัมภาษณ์ในประเด็นที่เกี่ยวข้องกับสถานการณ์ด้านการเพาะปลูก การจัดการภัยพิบัติ และการจัดการน้ำ โดยผลการวิจัยพบว่าพื้นที่ส่วนใหญ่ประมาณร้อยละ 88.18 ของเกาะลมบกมีความเสี่ยงด้านสภาพภูมิอากาศระดับปานกลาง และ พื้นที่เพาะปลูกข้าวเกือบทั้งหมดร้อยละ 96.56 มีความเสี่ยงด้านสภาพภูมิอากาศระดับปานกลางเช่นกัน ผลการสัมภาษณ์พบว่า ความพร้อมของรัฐบาลท้องถิ่นในการจัดการกับภัยอันตรายที่เกิดจากการเปลี่ยนแปลงสภาพภูมิอากาศมีอย่างจำกัด โดยเฉพาะประเด็นด้านงบประมาณและทรัพยากรบุคคล โดยผลการศึกษานี้จะเป็นประโยชน์สำหรับหน่วยงานท้องถิ่นในการดำเนินกิจกรรมการปรับตัวต่อการเปลี่ยนแปลงสภาพภูมิอากาศต่างๆ และเป็นกลยุทธ์ในการคาดการณ์ผลกระทบของการเปลี่ยนแปลงสภาพภูมิอากาศในพื้นที่เพาะปลูกข้าวของเกาะลมบก ประเทศอินโดนีเซียต่อไป.

Natural Carbon Sequestration In The Commonwealth, Carbon Sequestration Task Force, Virginia Coastal Policy Center, William & Mary Law School, Virginia Institute Of Marine Science

Virginia Coastal Policy Center

The Virginia General Assembly created the Carbon Sequestration Task Force in 2021 to examine the feasibility and potential to increase carbon sequestration in the Commonwealth. Specifically, the Task Force must (i) consider possible methods of increasing carbon sequestration within the natural environment through state land and marine resources use policies; agricultural, aquacultural, and silvicultural practices; and other practices to achieve natural resources restoration and long-term conservation; (ii) recommend short-term and long-term benchmarks for increasing carbon sequestration; (iii) develop a standardized methodology to establish baseline carbon levels and account for increases in carbon sequestration over time; (iv) identify existing carbon markets …

Low-Head Dam Removal Increases Functional Diversity Of Stream Fish Assemblages, Adam Christopher Jones

Masters Theses

Despite the growing number of dam removals to date, very few have been studied to understand their impacts on stream fish communities. Despite being the most common type of dam in the U.S., an even smaller proportion of studies focus on the impacts of low-head dam removals, instead, focusing on the impacts of removal of larger dams. In this study, two previously impounded Illinois rivers were monitored to assess the impacts of low-head dam removal on the functional assemblage of stream fishes. This was accomplished by aggregating fishes into habitat and reproductive guilds, relating community changes to habitat, environmental metrics, …

Challenges And Opportunities For Implementing Sustainable Wind Strategies In The Dominican Republic, Virgil J. Perez

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The difficulties utility managers in the Dominican Republic have implementing sustainable wind strategies threaten the ability to diversify the energy supply and reduce dependence on imported fuels. Grounded in Rogers’s diffusion of innovation theory, the purpose of this qualitative single case study was to explore strategies utility managers use to implement renewable wind energy in the Dominican Republic. The participants were five wind energy managers in the Dominican Republic. Data were collected using semistructured, face-to-face interviews and a review of company documents. Three themes emerged through thematic analysis: deconstructing the existing regulatory legal framework for renewable energy development, the fusion …

The Implementation Of Advanced Digitalization In The Oil And Gas Industry, Ensieh Rezafar

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

AbstractThe immature advanced digitalization in the oil and gas industry can limit access to the potential value of mature progressive digitalization. Oil and gas leaders must expedite the implementation of advanced digitalization to increase organizational proficiencies and reduce costs and losses. Grounded in Pettigrew and Whipp’s dimensions of strategic change theory, the purpose of this qualitative multiple case study was to explore strategies some leaders in the oil and gas industry used to implement advanced digitalization. The participants were seven leaders in two oil service companies in North America involved in the successful implementation of progressive digitalization. Data were collected …

Information Systems Management And Sustainable Urban Development: A Case Study, Endris A. Suraj

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Sustainable Urban Development of Ethiopia lacks strategies to implement information systems management (ISM). Lacking appropriate ISM implementation has influenced the government’s plan on the four indicators of urban sustainability - Water, Air, Climate Change, and Population Growth. Grounded in the conceptual frameworks of Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and Diffusion Of Innovation (DOI), the purpose of this qualitative single case study aims to explore ISM for sustainable urban development in Ethiopia. The participants were 12 Development Associates (DAs) who have been participating in implementing of ISM. Data was collected through a one-to-one interview, National documents, the Environmental Protection Office of Ethiopia, …

Strategies Small-And Medium-Sized Enterprise Leaders Use For Sustainability Beyond 5 Years In Rivers State, Olawe Alaba Tula

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Small and medium-sized enterprise (SME) leaders lacking sustainability strategies experience high rates of business failure through loss of profit. A high rate of SME failure is linked to a lack of competitive advantage, resulting in decreased productivity and profitability. Grounded in resource-based view theory, the purpose of this qualitative multiple case study was to explore strategies that three SME leaders in Rivers State used to sustain their businesses beyond 5 years. Data were collected from semistructured interviews and company documents, including employee handbooks and annual reports. The three themes that emerged through thematic analysis were strategic management, stakeholder management strategies, …

External Stakeholder Relationship Strategies For Increasing Nonprofit Organizations' Financial Viability, Henry Ayoola Olofinmoyin

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

AbstractA business leader’s ability to establish and sustain effective relationships with organizational stakeholders affects business competitiveness and sustainability. Some executives of nonprofit organizations (NPOs) lack strategies to build relationships with external stakeholders to achieve financial viability for their organizations. Grounded in stakeholder theory, the purpose of this qualitative single case study was to explore strategies NPO executives use to build relationships with their organization's external stakeholders to achieve their organization's financial viability objectives. The participants were three senior executives of an NPO in Mississippi, United States, who have successfully managed financial viability objectives using external stakeholder relationship strategies for 3 …

Exploring Cyber-Physical Systems’ Security Governance In The Oil And Gas Industry, Soliman Mahmoud

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The Fourth Industrial Revolution, which utilizes modern communication-dependent technologies, including cyber-physical systems (CPS), has made exploration and production operations more efficient in the oil and gas industry. CPS in this industry should be secured against operational threats to prevent interruption of critical oil and gas supplies and services. However, these systems are vulnerable to cyberattacks, and many oil and gas companies have not incorporated effective cybersecurity measures into their corporate management strategies. This qualitative, multiple-case study, which was guided by the routine activity theory, explored how cybersecurity governance was applied to develop controls that stopped or mitigated the consequences of …

The Impact Of Funding On Organizational Sustainability Of Mental Health Nonprofits In The County Of Orange, California, Sophia E. Valdez

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

There is a gap in literature regarding sustainment of mental health programs following budget reductions. Customarily, decreases in budgets have been presumed to be connected to decreases in sustainability. The purpose of this quantitative correlational study was to describe the impact that a decrease in Proposition 63 funding had on nonprofit sustainability in the County of Orange, California. In 2004, California lawmakers enacted Prop 63 to revitalize the public mental health system. The Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research was used as the conceptual framework for this study. This tool can be used to measure data in five categories; intervention, inner …

Offshore Wind Industry Interorganizational Collaboration Strategies In Emergency Management, Rodney L. Brady

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Some health and safety (HSE) managers within the offshore wind industry lack effective interorganizational collaboration strategies in emergency management (EM) for successful disaster mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery. The failure and the reluctance of neighboring offshore wind industry organizations to share knowledge or resources during a disaster could hinder successful disaster response operations resulting in preventable loss of life, extensive property damage, or damaged company reputations. Grounded in the interorganizational collaboration theory, the purpose of this qualitative multiple case study was to explore strategies HSE managers in the offshore wind industry use for successful disaster mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery. …

Climbing The Economic Ladder - Doing Business In Saint Vincent And The Grenadines Using Sdg-Related Policies, Romena Tamira L.V. Browne

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Through Invest SVG, a statutory body under the auspices of the Ministry of Finance, Economic Planning, and Information Technology, the government of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines was seeking to develop a policy environment that was conducive to optimal growth for private sector development, in keeping with the Sustainable Development Goals. The outcomes of such endeavors may include but are not limited to higher levels of employment, revenue generation, and economic growth. In this study, two primary areas were addressed: the regulatory weaknesses for doing business in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, using the criteria outlined in The Ease of …

Healing Earth In A Time Of Crisis: Curriculum For Integral Ecology, Caleb Steindam

Dissertations

This intrinsic multiple case study examined secondary- and university-level educators’ experiences teaching with Healing Earth, a curriculum developed by the International Jesuit Ecology Project at Loyola University Chicago, which merges scientific, social, spiritual, and ethical analyses of pressing ecological issues. Based on the conceptual framework of integral ecology, Healing Earth is a response to Pope Francis’s (2015a) call for “a new way of thinking about human beings, life, society and our relationship with nature” (§215).

This study primarily consisted of in-depth interviews with educators who have used Healing Earth in a variety of secondary and post-secondary Catholic educational contexts. A …

The Resilience Adaptation Feasibility Tool (Raft) As An Approach For Incorporating Equity Into Coastal Resilience Planning And Project Implementation, Juita-Elena (Wie) Yusuf, Tanya Denckla Cobb, Elizabeth Andrews, Sierra Gladfelter, Gray Montrose

School of Public Service Faculty Publications

As coastal communities across the U.S. and worldwide undertake efforts to enhance their resilience to coastal hazards, they must do so while ensuring that all voices are heard, addressing and preventing disparate impacts, and, ultimately, increasing resilience in an equitable way. The Resilience Adaptation Feasibility Tool (RAFT) assists coastal communities in incorporating equity into resilience planning and implementation of projects to increase resilience. The RAFT includes social and economic dimensions in assessment of resilience and focuses on how localities can build resilience equitably. The RAFT process has three phases -- a scorecard assessment, development of a resilience action checklist that …

Evaluating Science Communication Efforts And Citizen Scientists' Knowledge Of, Attitude Toward, And Behavioral Intentions Related To The North American River Otter, Karlee D. Jewell

Cal Poly Humboldt theses and projects

Citizen Science (CS) and scientific visual, spatial, and graphic art projects have the potential to engage community members, provide opportunities for advances in scientific literacy, increase interest in science and local environmental knowledge, and elevate pro-environmental attitudes. CS depends upon public participation, and motivation for participation is varied, including participants’ desire to learn something new or contribute to science or scientific knowledge. An effective CS project will be rooted in an understanding of individuals’ motivations for participation, striving to meet those motivations, and effectively evaluating not only the scientific outputs of the project but also whether participants’ motivations are being …

Managing Agricultural Nitrogen Losses In Crop Production And Mitigation Of Climate Change Effects, Winnie Ntinyari, Mekonnen Giweta, James Mutegi, Cargele Masso, Joseph P. Gweyi-Onyango

All Peer-Reviewed Publications

Nitrogen (N) losses from cropping systems negatively affect soil quality/fertility, crop yield, and the environment through its contribution to climate change and water pollution. İt possesses oil-water-atmospheric system challenges to both the too much and the too little N application countries. Soil and climatic factors are the critical drivers of N loss from agricultural systems as they influence major processes like nitrification and denitrification. Other N loss pathways include leaching, runoff, and volatilization. Nitrous oxide (N2O) and ammonia (NH3) gases are the two pollutants resulting from N fertilizers in crop production and represent N loss’ significant pathway. Nitrous oxide is …

Biodiversity In Residential Yards For Sustainability In Small Cities: Understanding Public Attitudes, Opportunities And Limitations In Vermillion, Sd, Rina Thapa

Dissertations and Theses

As urban areas are expanding with the growing size of human population, it is increasingly important to understand the role that residential yards can play in biodiversity conservation because they often comprise a large proportion of green spaces in cities. Most of the research performed to date on the role of residential yards in biodiversity conservation has been conducted in large cities. The role of residential yards in biodiversity conservation in small cities is still largely unknown. In this research, I discuss the relationship between biodiversity and the structure of green space, public attitudes towards the presence of wildlife, public …

Safety, Regulatory And Environmental Issues Related To Breeding And International Trade Of Edible Insects In Africa, S. Niassy, E. R. Omuse, N. Roos, A. Halloran, J. Eilenberg, J. P. Egonyu, C. Tanga, F. Meutchieye, R. Mwangi, S. Subramanian, R. Musundire, P. O.Y. Nkunika, J. P. Anankware, J. Kinyuru, A. Yusuf, S. Ekesi

All Peer-Reviewed Publications

Insect breeding or farming for food and feed is an emerging enterprise that can address the ever-growing demand for protein and curb high unemployment rates in Africa and beyond. However, for the sector to prosper, its value chain needs to be regulated to ensure sustainability and safety for consumers and the environment. Although a few African countries, such as Kenya, Uganda and Rwanda, have promulgated standards on the use of insects as food and feed, greater efforts are needed in other countries, and relevant policies governing the sector need to be formulated. All over the globe, attention to the regulation …

Interactions Between Integrated Pest Management, Pollinator Introduction, And Landscape Context On Avocado Persea Americana Productivity, Nadia K. Toukem, Samira A. Mohamed, Abdullahi A. Yusuf, H. Michael G. Lattorff, Robert S. Copeland, Thomas Dubois

All Peer-Reviewed Publications

Pest management and insect pollination are important services that support crop production but are most often studied in isolation in cropping systems. Avocado Persea americana Mill. is an economically important crop in East Africa, which suffers from pest threats and potential drawbacks of the global pollinator crisis. The integration of pest and pollinator management is a growing research trend as a potential solution for sustainable crop production with minimum adverse effects on the environment and biodiversity. This study assessed potential interactions between landscape context, honeybee Apis mellifera L. introduction and integrated pest management (IPM) on avocado pests Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) …

The Diffusion Of A Discipline: Examining Social Marketing's Institutionalization Within Environmental Contexts, Liz Foote

Antioch University Dissertations & Theses

As a social change discipline, social marketing has demonstrated its effectiveness in addressing many types of wicked problems. However, despite its utility in environmental contexts, it is neither well known nor widespread in its uptake in these settings. This study’s purpose is to reveal opportunities to drive the adoption, implementation, and diffusion (“institutionalization”) of social marketing within the domains of environmental sustainability and natural resource conservation. This research considers the use of social marketing as an innovative practice within a diffusion of innovations framework and uses a systems lens to examine early adopter social marketing professionals and the institutional contexts …

It Permeated Everything: A Lived Experience Of Slow Violence And Toxicological Disaster, Tara Jo Holmberg

Antioch University Dissertations & Theses

Impacts of disasters on individuals are dependent on numerous factors: local to international political dynamics, socioeconomics, geography, educational background, and outside support among others. Currently, much of disaster research focuses on those of natural origin, acute and large-scale environmental events, emergency management, and the ability of individuals, communities, and societies to prepare for, and recover from, likely known disasters in their region. However, there is a lack of data about individual experiences through ‘invisible’ anthropogenic disasters, especially those that fall under the umbrella of slow environmental violence (Davies, 2019; Rice, 2016). Through critical phenomenological autoethnography, I examine an individual experience …