Digital Commons Network^™

Groundwater Pollution Problems In Mining And Energy Production, Henry W. Ipsen

Groundwater: Allocation, Development and Pollution (Summer Conference, June 6-9)

17 pages.

Hydrology: Unraveling The Mysteries Of Groundwater Occurrence And Movement, Thomas M. Stetson

Groundwater: Allocation, Development and Pollution (Summer Conference, June 6-9)

31 pages (includes illustrations).

Glossary omitted.

Observations On Groundwater Law From The Federal Perspective, Carol E. Dinkins

Groundwater: Allocation, Development and Pollution (Summer Conference, June 6-9)

66 pages.

Contains several cases and US Congress bills as supplemental materials.

Digitized copy lacks the Memorandum Opinion for City of El Paso v. Reynolds (563 F.Supp 379 (D. New Mexico 1983)).

Sustaining Aquifer Productivity, Harrison C. Dunning

Groundwater: Allocation, Development and Pollution (Summer Conference, June 6-9)

12 pages.

Includes full text of the Owens Valley Groundwater Management Referendum Measure A, which is an ordinance to regulate the extraction of groundwater within the Owens Valley groundwater basin.

The Probe, Issue 33 - June 1983

The Probe: Newsletter of the National Animal Damage Control Association

The Probe National Animal Damage Control Association
No. 33 June, 1983
A film entitled "Goodbye Joey"
Perennial Leghold Trap Bill in the House (HR-1797)
Coyote Bite
Letters to Ye Ed
Killing a grizzly bear
Goats
Jack rabbit populations
Federal vs. state ADC programs
1080
Strychinine
Book Review
The Wildlife Society
Rodent Repellents

The Induction Of Tolerance To Heavy Metals In Natural And Laboratory Populations Of Fish, Wesley J. Birge, William H. Benson, Jeffrey A. Black

KWRRI Research Reports

Aquatic toxicity studies were performed on two natural populations of fathead minnows. One group of organisms was taken from a metal-contaminated flyash pond associated with a coal-fired power plant and the other group was collected from relatively uncontaminated hatchery ponds. Acute tests indicated that flyash pond fish were significantly more tolerant to cadmium and copper than were hatchery fish. At an exposure concentration of 6.0 mg Cd/L in moderately hard water, the median period of survival for flyash pond fish was 50.0 hr compared to 6.8 hr for hatchery fish. Both groups of organisms were about equally sensitive to zinc. …

Movement Of Bacteria Through Macropores To Ground Water, M. Scott Smith, Grant W. Thomas, Robert E. White

KWRRI Research Reports

Effects of soil type, flow rate, antecedent soil moisture and other factors on transport of E. coli through soils was measured on disturbed and intact columns 20 cm in diameter by 25 to 30 cm in depth. Added E. coli were distinguished from indigenous microbes using an antibiotic resistance marker. Transport of Cl^- and ³H₂O was also measured. Up to 96 percent of the bacteria irrigated onto the surface of intact columns were recovered in the effluent. Soil structure appeared to be related to the extent of transport. Columns prepared from mixed, repacked soil were much …

Baseline Study For Monitoring Variations In Nitrate Concentration In Surface Waters Of Cuyamaca Rancho State Park In Relation To Watershed Types, Lester E. Harris Iii

Loma Linda University Electronic Theses, Dissertations & Projects

The purpose of this study was to compare the variations in nitrate concentration in the surface waters of five different watershed community types at Cuyamaca Rancho State Park. Monthly water samples were collected at selected sites below each watershed and analyzed by use of a specific ion electrode for nitrate concentration. Results indicate that variations in nitrate concentration are influenced by seasonal variation in rainfall. The yellow pine forest/chaparral watershed showed the highest mean nitrate concentration, three to four times higher than the other watershed types analyzed. Peak nitrate concentrations did not approach the maximum safe limit for human or …

Artificial Floating Islands: Cities Of The Future, Earl A. Proetzel

Marine Affairs Theses and Major Papers

This report will investigate the feasibility of large-scale artificial floating islands, to solve problems posed by over-population and environment-burdening activities in coastal areas. The investigation will focus on the historic, technical, utilizable and legal aspects of artificial floating islands. Although this report exemplifies artificial floating islands developed for offshore cities, electrical power generation and basing for the military, its content is applicable to any offshore floating development.

Effects Of Sewage Pollution In The White River, Arkansas On Benthos And Leaf Detritus Decomposition, Arthur V. Brown, Lawrence D. Willis, Peter P. Brussock

Arkansas Water Resources Center Technical Reports

Recently there has been much emphasis placed on the importance of leaf detritus processing to the energetics of stream invertebrates. This study was designed primarily to assess the effects of municipal effluent on the ability of a stream community to utilize leaf detritus, and secondarily to evaluate the extent of the pollution of the White River by the Fayetteville, Arkansas effluent discharge. Physical and chemical water quality, benthos, and fish were sampled periodically at one station upstream and two stations downstream from the discharge, and in the Richland Creek tributary. Processing of leaf detritus was studied at each site using …

Nothing Succeeds Like Succession: Ecology And The Human Lot, James A. Macmahon

Faculty Honor Lectures

An Honor Lecture provides a rare opportunity for me as a scientist. First, I have the chance to share, and in a sense to justify, my chosen and cherished discipline, ecology, before an eclectic audience. Second, I have a reason to consider my profession in a broader perspective than I normally do, given the pressures of day-to-day teaching, of grantsmanship, and of acting the role of stern taskmaster to my graduate students. I relish the opportunity to dabble, with an ecological perspective, in history, in philosophy, and in other areas. First, I will discuss my discipline in the context of …

Disposal Of Household Wastewater In Soils Of High Stone Content (1977-1980), E. M. Rutledge, C. R. Mote, M. S. Hirsh, H. D. Scott, D. T. Mitchell

Arkansas Water Resources Center Technical Reports

Two experimental septic tank filter fields were constructed with built-in monitoring equipment in Nixa soils. These soils contain many chert fragments and a fragipan about 60 cm deep which restricts downward water movement and is the design-limiting feature. The standard filter field (76 cm deep) was built into the fragipan and the modified standard filter field (30 cm deep) was placed above it. During 30 months' observation, the modified standard performed better than the standard filter field. Maximum rise of effluent in the standard and modified standard came within 11 and 19 cm of the soil surface, respectively. Performance of …

Accidental Releases Of Sour Gas From Wells And Collection Pipelines In The Overthrust Belt: Calculating And Assessing Potential Health And Environmental Risks, D. W. Layton, R. T. Cederwall, Y. E. Ricker, J. H. Shinn, K. D. O'Banion

All U.S. Government Documents (Utah Regional Depository)

Parts of the Overthrust Belt of western Wyoming and adjoining areas in Utah and Idaho contain geologic formations with significant accumulations of oil and natural gas. Some of these formations, though, yield gas that is contaminated with toxic hydrogen sulfide. As a consequence, the development of these so-called sour-gas reservoirs requires special safety procedures and technologies in order to prevent accidental releases of gas to the atmosphere that could cause adverse occupational and public health effects. To improve the analysis and assessment of wells and collection pipelines completed on lands leased from the Federal Government, the Minerals Management Service, Onshore …

Polychlorinated Biphenyl Levels In The Ocean Scallop (Placopecten Magellanicus) Gmelin From The Philadelphia Sewage Sludge Disposal Site, Guy Jeffrey Hall

OES Theses and Dissertations

Ocean Scallops (Placopecten magellanicus) were sampled from stations in and around the Philadelphia Disposal Site. Each sample was dissected and aliquots of adductor muscle and reproductive tissue were chemically extracted for Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs). A perchlorinated procedure outlined by Diosady et al., 1972, Aromour, 1973 and Crist et al., 1977 was employed to increase detection levels and simplify quantitation of PCBs. PCB levels were reported in dry weight and lipid weight of both adductor muscle and reproductive tissue. Findings indicated residual levels or PCB/lipid weight increased as lipid levels decreased in both tissue types. Levels detected in all adductor muscle …

Input And Distribution Of Sewage Derived Sedimentary Material Adjacent To Chesapeake-Elizabeth Sewage Outfall, Virginia Beach, Virginia, Robert Carroll Brown

OES Theses and Dissertations

The concentrations of coprostanol and hydrocarbons were measured in the effluent from the Chesapeake-Elizabeth sewage treatment plant and surface sediments from the area surrounding the effluent discharge site. Most of the coprostanol (>84%) and hydrocarbons (>91%) were associated with particulates in the effluent. Some of these particles were incorporated into the sedimentary column within the study area, while some may have escaped from the area.

The study area is found to be a dynamic area where changes in the percentage and distribution of fine-grained sediments occur over periods of months. The movement of fine-grained sediments is an important …

Economics Of Microtus Control In Eastern U.S. Orchards, Ross E. Byers

Eastern Pine and Meadow Vole Symposia

Chemical methods were found to be less expensive for control of voles (Microtus spp.) in orchards than the use of clean culture (combinations of herbicides, mowing, and cultivation). Ground cover sprays of hexachloroepoxyoctahydro-endo-endo-dimethanaphthalene (Endrin) or 2-[(p-chlorophenyl) phenylacetyl-l,3-indandione (Chlorophacinone, CPN, Rozol) required greater equipment and pesticide costs than hand placed or broadcast baits. Since active ingredient rates for ground cover sprayed chemicals may be 100-400 times that for hand placement or broadcast baiting, the costs for any new ground spray will likely be too expensive to be practical. Broadcast baiting, while less labor intensive than hand baiting, was found to be …

Economics And Control Of Damage Caused By Low-Density Populations Of Meadow Voles In Ontario Apple Orchards, Ronald J. Brooks, Stephen A. Struger

Eastern Pine and Meadow Vole Symposia

Live trapping and questionnaires were used to evaluate amount, distribution, and costs of control of damage to Ontario apple trees by meadow voles (Microtus enns lvanicus) in 1981-82. In a sample of 180 orchards, 5802 (0.77%) trees were damaged or killed by voles. Orchards with high levels of damage (> 2.5%) were smaller than the average orchard in our sample. Application of rodenticides showed no relationship to levels of damage, but was effective in short-term population reduction. Growers spent an average of $17/ha on rodenticides and $38/ha on herbicides, and they estimated that voles destroyed 2% of their crop each …

Effect Of 6-Mboa On Microtus Pinetorum And Microtus Pennsylvanicus Of Different Ages, J. A. Cranford

Eastern Pine and Meadow Vole Symposia

Short-lived small rodents require environmental cues to synchronize their breeding with optimal environmental conditions. In the absence of such cues animals would waste a large portion of their reproductive effort when environmental conditions were unfavorable. Rowan (1938) noted that endocrine systems regulating mammalian reproduction responded to the environmental photoperiodic cues. Bodenheimer (1946) observed that major outbreaks of voles in Palestine could not be correlated with environmental factors such as climate, photoperiod, volume of food resources, or population density, acting either alone or in combination. From those studies he suggested that vole outbreaks were associated with an unknown factor or factors …

Effect Of Group Size On Body Weight In Different Thermal Environments For Microtus Pinetorum, J. A. Cranford, N. N. Thumser

Eastern Pine and Meadow Vole Symposia

Seasonal variation in growth rates has been well documented in some small rodents (Kubik, 1965; Brown, 1973; Iverson and Turner, 1974; Peterborg, 1978; Pistole and Cranford, 1983). During winter juveniles tend to show little or no growth; however, Kubik (1965) found that Cleithronomys glareolus born in late fall went through a two-phase growth pattern. Growing rapidly until winter and then resuming rapid growth the following spring. Additionally, Brown (1973) has reported the same two-phase growth in Microtus pennsylvanicus. Iverson and Turner (1974) demonstrated that Microtus pennsylvanicus adults showed a loss of weight during winter, and Pistole and Cranford (1983) have …

Effects Of Coprophagy In Microtine Rodents, Jack A. Cranford, E. O. Johnson

Eastern Pine and Meadow Vole Symposia

Digestion and assimilation strategies of herbivorous mammals are diverse but fall into two major categories (Moir, 1968; Gartner and Pfaff, 1979; Hume and Warner, 1980). The most complex of which occurs in the lagomorphs and has been well studied. In contrast rodents exhibit great variability in diet and nutritional biology (Landry, 1970; Baker, 1971; Kenagy and Hoyt, 1980). Early reports of coprophagy by rodents were incidental or descriptive, and indicated it was infrequent (Howell and Gersh, 1935; Ingles, 1961; Wilkes, 1962; Hoover et al., 1969; Jarvis, 1981). Rats mechanically prevented from reingesting feces showed reduced growth rates (Barnes et al., …

Regulation Of Reproduction In An Outbred Colony Of Pine Voles, John J. Lepri

Eastern Pine and Meadow Vole Symposia

Pine voles (Microtus pinetorum) cause economic losses to orchardists in the eastern United States by gnawing on the roots of fruit trees. Although they are small in body size, their impact on orchards can be quite substantial: in 1979 half of the annual mortality of apple trees in Henderson County, North Carolina, was attributed to vole damage (Sutton et a1 1981). Rodenticide application integrated with cultural management is currently regarded as a good combination for controlling vole populations in orchards. However, this solution to the vole problem is incomplete because poisons may unintentionally harm non-target organisms (Hegda1, Gatz & Fite …

Acceptability Of Six Candidate Groundcovers To Meadow Voles, Edwin Lewis, Donald H. Rhodes, Milo Richmond

Eastern Pine and Meadow Vole Symposia

Meadow vole food preferences were examined by means of a series Of two day trials where pairs of plants were offered. Of the six plants tested, three (white clover, red clover, alfalfa) were found to be highly preferred by the voles, one (red fuscue) was acceptable, and two species (myrtle and crownvetch) were unacceptable. The results suggest that the undesirable groundcovers may be used as a deterrent to the establishment of meadow vole populations.

Digestible Energy Content Of Diets Of Pine Voles From Different Orchard Habitat Types, S. L. Macpherson, R. L. Kirkpatrick

Eastern Pine and Meadow Vole Symposia

In a previous study at VPI & SU, Servello (1981) developed a technique for predicting the digestible dry matter (DDM) and digestible energy (DE) of the diets of pine voles from a nutritive analysis of their stomach contents. In this nutritive analysis, developed by Goering and Van Soest (1970), feeds are divided into two major fractions: cell soluble and cell wall fractions. The cell soluble fraction is highly digestible while the cell wall (fiber) fraction varies in digestibility. It was found that the highly digestible cell soluble values of the stomach contents were the best predictor of the digestibility of …

Movements Of Meadow Voles In Winter: Implications For Vole Management In Orchard Habitat, Dale M. Madison, Randall W. Fitzgerald, William J. Mcshea

Eastern Pine and Meadow Vole Symposia

The movements of meadow voles in a field population were studied using radiotelemetry during fall and winter. The voles changed from a dispersed, solitary dispersion pattern during early autumn to social clusters with communal nesting during winter. This shift occurred as the daily median temperature approached freezing. Movement was inhibited and localized during winter, except under snow when the voles exhibited a freedom of movement not experienced during other times of the year. Overwinter management of meadow voles in orchard habitats is discussed in view of these findings.

Results Of 1982 Rodenticide Field Tests, M. H. Merson, R. E. Byers

Eastern Pine and Meadow Vole Symposia

A 2.0% zinc phosphide pellet and a 0.001% brodifacoum bait gave the lowest percentage post-treatment activity in a field test in which broadcast applications were followed shortly by rain. There was not a clear difference in performance between the single-feeding toxicants and the multiple-feeding anticoagulants in this experiment. A 0.075% cholecalciferol bait gave control comparable to some registered materials and shows promise for future development. A bait containing 0.0216% diphacinone gave significantly better control than one containing 0.005% diphacinone.

Movements And Habitat Use By Pine And Meadow Voles In An Orchard, Ralph E. Pagano

Eastern Pine and Meadow Vole Symposia

Several radiotelemetry studies have now been completed in the orchards of the mid-Hudson Valley, New York. The results of one of these projects, a l2-month study of the movements and habitat use of pine and meadow voles, will be reported on here. The success of an integrated vole management program using cultural practices and rodenticides depends a great deal on knowing the movements and habitat use of the two orchard vole species. Species interactions that could lead to differential use of the orchard habitat are another important element in a vole management program. This study focused on three major objectives: …

The Efficacy Of Several Broadcast Rodenticides In The Mid-Hudson Valley, New York, Ralph Pagano, Jay Mcaninch

Eastern Pine and Meadow Vole Symposia

As summarized by LaVoie and Tietjen (1978), many aspects of vole control using rodenticides including the costs/benefits of rodenticide use, applicator limitations in commercial orchards, and vole biology have not received proper attention. Data relating vole population levels to damage severity have not been generated and thus the exact benefits of control measures are difficult to analyze. Several aspects of vole biology have only recently been considered in rodenticide application procedures. Problems such as bait acceptance and percentage population control have created disparity in several rodenticide experiments (Richmond et al., 1978). A knowledge of vole use of vegetative cover and …

The Influence Of Soil Moisture, Texture, And Temperature On Nest-Site Selection And Burrowing Activity By The Pine Vole, Microtus Plnetorum, Donald H. Rhodes, Milo E. Richmond

Eastern Pine and Meadow Vole Symposia

Pine voles (Microtus pinetorum) have long been recognized as a pest species in fruit orchards of the eastern United States (Hamilton 1935). These semifossorial rodents construct tunnel systems beneath apple trees where they eat entire roots or strip roots of bark and cambium. Hamilton (1938) reported numbers of pine voles within apple orchards as high as 200-300 voles per acre which is in sharp contrast to the relative scarcity of pine voles outside orchard situations (Crain and Packard 1966; Goertz 1971), These findings suggest that orchard habitat provides excellent conditions for pine vole growth and reproduction, although the specific components …

Effects Of Three Pine Vole Populations On Apple Tree Growth And Productivity, Milo Richmond, Pamela Miller, Chester Forshey

Eastern Pine and Meadow Vole Symposia

Few attempts have been made to quantify the damage to agricultural crops resulting from known densities of a particular pest. Availability of such information, even in its most basic form, is essential to making cost-effective management decisions. The question seems straightforward and simple; however, it is neither. For example, the damage caused by rodents in an apple orchard is not easily observed or measured. Moreover, the ultimate economic effects are dependant to s.ome degree upon tree age, variety and replacement cost; weather, productivity market prices, and a host of other manageable and unmanageable factors facing the grower. In addition to …

Social Influences On Reproduction In Pine Voles, Margaret H. Schadler

Eastern Pine and Meadow Vole Symposia

The presence of large populations of pine voles in apple orchards suggests that in the field reproduction of these pests has few constraints. Yet, evidence collected from our colony at Union College indicates that in the laboratory reproduction is not at random but instead is socially restrained and predictable. Unless these findings are artifacts of laboratory life, they may help explain some of the data collected in the field. Horsfall (1963) trapped voles every month of the year from an orchard near Cloverdale, VA. Since he found pregnant females in all collections, he concluded that reproduction occurred throughout the year …