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A Review Of Baits And Bait Delivery Systems For Free-Ranging Carnivores And Ungulates, Samuel B. Linhart, Andreas Kappeler, Lamar A. Windberg Oct 1993

A Review Of Baits And Bait Delivery Systems For Free-Ranging Carnivores And Ungulates, Samuel B. Linhart, Andreas Kappeler, Lamar A. Windberg

Contraception in Wildlife Management

Baits and bait delivery systems have been described for orally administering a variety of chemicals and biologicals to selected carnivores and ungulates. Development has varied from species for which bait preferences and means of distributing oral contraceptives have not yet been determined even on a limited scale (e.g., white-tailed deer) to cooperative, multicountry programs involving the annual distribution of millions of mass-produced oral rabies vaccine baits (e.g., red foxes in Europe). Much of the technical literature on the subject has appeared in sometimes obscure sources encompassing such fields as medical epidemiology, wildlife diseases, animal behavior, applied ecology, flavor chemistry, furbearer …

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Contraception In Wildlife Management
Table Of Contents, Terry J. Kreeger Oct 1993

Contraception In Wildlife Management Table Of Contents, Terry J. Kreeger

Contraception in Wildlife Management

Table of Contents

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The Development Of Contraceptive Methods For Captive Wildlife, Cheryl S. Asa Oct 1993

The Development Of Contraceptive Methods For Captive Wildlife, Cheryl S. Asa

Contraception in Wildlife Management

Contraception has become critical in managing zoo populations, both to limit production of surplus animals and to promote genetic health. One role of the Contraception Advisory Group, formed in 1989, is to coordinate research to develop new contraceptive methods. Because melengestrol acetate (MGA) implants, which have been used by zoos for almost 20 years, recently have been associated with uterine pathology in felids, several new contraceptive techniques are being evaluated. These include other steroid hormone formulations, such as the birth control pill Depo-Provers®, the Norplant® implant, and MGA added to feed; bisdiamine, an oral male contraceptive; zona pellucida (ZP) vaccine; …

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Authors' Affiliations Oct 1993

Authors' Affiliations

Contraception in Wildlife Management

Authors' Affiliations

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Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (Gnrh) Analogs Or Active Immunization Against Gnrh To Control Fertility In Wildlife, Susan E. Becker, Larry S. Katz Oct 1993

Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (Gnrh) Analogs Or Active Immunization Against Gnrh To Control Fertility In Wildlife, Susan E. Becker, Larry S. Katz

Contraception in Wildlife Management

The administration of analogs, both agonists and antagonists, of GnRH and immunization against GnRH have been investigated for their ability to control reproductive function in domestic species. These methods can be used to inhibit the secretion of gonadotropins, the necessary stimulants for steroidogenesis and gametogensis, thereby potentially preventing ovulation and inhibiting spermatogenesis. Induction of infertility in this manner could be used for nonlethal population control of wildlife species. Relatively little research has been done in this area. This chapter reviews relevant studies with domestic species and discusses results from studies with wildlife species.

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Potential Use Of Contraception For Managing Wildlife Pests In Australia, Mary Bomford, Peter O'Brien Oct 1993

Potential Use Of Contraception For Managing Wildlife Pests In Australia, Mary Bomford, Peter O'Brien

Contraception in Wildlife Management

There is an increasing level of interest in contraception to manage wildlife pests in Australia, due mainly to concerns over high recurrent costs, animal welfare, and the failure of current control techniques to prevent damage in some instances. We have developed criteria that need to be met for contraception to be successful for pest control:
• Technology exists to reduce fertility
• An effective delivery mechanism to treat wild animals exists.
• The end result of reduced animal damage is achieved.
• Effects are humane and nontoxic.
• Product is target specific, cost effective, and environmentally acceptable.

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Lmmunocontraceptive Vaccines For Control Of Fertility In The European Red Fox (Vulpes Vulpes), Mark P. Bradley Oct 1993

Lmmunocontraceptive Vaccines For Control Of Fertility In The European Red Fox (Vulpes Vulpes), Mark P. Bradley

Contraception in Wildlife Management

This paper describes the strategies being employed in the development of an immunocontraceptive vaccine using sperm antigens, to control fox populations in Australia. It is proposed that such a vaccine will be delivered orally in a bait, thereby ultimately stimulating a mucosal immune response within the female reproductive tract. The eventual success in producing such a vaccine requires the identification of game antigens that cause immunological infertility, a detailed understanding of the reproductive immunology of foxes and the selection of the most effective form of antigen delivery system.

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Human Dimensions Of Contraception In Wildlife Management, Paul D. Curtis, Daniel J. Decker, Rebecca J. Stout, Milo E. Richmond, Cynthia A. Loker Oct 1993

Human Dimensions Of Contraception In Wildlife Management, Paul D. Curtis, Daniel J. Decker, Rebecca J. Stout, Milo E. Richmond, Cynthia A. Loker

Contraception in Wildlife Management

Wildlife damage management was so much simpler in the good old days. If deer (Odocoileus virginianus), beaver (Castor canadensis), or other animals were a problem in a particular situation, people simply had them shot, trapped, or poisoned. Not many years ago, most people would go along with this approach, and those who didn't like it were marginalized as the "radical fringe." Not so today. Greater and more diverse segments of the public want a say in what professionals decide to do with their wildlife. The public wants to participate in setting objectives for management and in …

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Thunder In The Distance: The Emerging Policy Debate Over Wildlife Contraception, R. Bruce Gill, Michael W. Miller Oct 1993

Thunder In The Distance: The Emerging Policy Debate Over Wildlife Contraception, R. Bruce Gill, Michael W. Miller

Contraception in Wildlife Management

Wildlife contraception is only now emerging as a wildlife policy issue It will emerge into a sociopolitical environment that is already polarized from a clash of ideologies. The wildlife conservation/hunting community strives to preserve the status quo while animal welfare and animal rights activists struggle to change wildlife management philosophy and practice to conform to their respective beliefs. Recent professional and popular literature reveal at least four major areas of conflict: (1) anti-management sentiment, (2) anti-hunting sentiment, (3) animal rights sentiment, and (4) animal welfare sentiment. Wildlife managers anticipate that the conflict over the use of contraceptives will involve value …

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Contraception In Wildlife Management: Reality Or Illusion?, David C. Guynn Jr. Oct 1993

Contraception In Wildlife Management: Reality Or Illusion?, David C. Guynn Jr.

Contraception in Wildlife Management

Nuisance wildlife in areas where hunting is not an accepted practice and declining public support of lethal control measures have prompted research on contraceptives as a way to manage population levels. However, complex legal. biological, economic, and ethical issues should be addressed before such techniques are tested even on small, isolated populations. Regulatory authority by State and Federal agencies must define protocols for using contraceptive materials in wild populations. Registration of wildlife contraceptives either as pesticides or vaccines will likely be necessary. Health-related issues include harmful effects on target species, nontarget species and humans who may consume carcasses. Models for …

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Considerations For Lmmunocontraception Among Free-Ranging Carnivores: The Rabies Paradigm, Cathleen A. Hanlon, Charles E. Rupprecht Oct 1993

Considerations For Lmmunocontraception Among Free-Ranging Carnivores: The Rabies Paradigm, Cathleen A. Hanlon, Charles E. Rupprecht

Contraception in Wildlife Management

The raging North American controversy over the reintroduction of wolves into the ecosystem of the greater Yellowstone National Park area exemplifies the emotive relationship between humankind and the Carnivora. What forces act in concert to portray this much maligned Order in unfavorable light? Control of free-ranging carnivore populations by Homo sapiens has been practiced for centuries as part of a pastoral lifestyle, with the intent of protecting one's own life and livelihood from becoming freshly killed prey in the onslaught from mammalian competitors. Traditionally, control is equated most commonly with population reduction through direct elimination of individuals (e.g., typically social …

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Research To Develop Contraceptive Control Of Brushtail Possums In New Zealand, Simon E. Jolly, Phil E. Cowan, Janine A. Duckworth Oct 1993

Research To Develop Contraceptive Control Of Brushtail Possums In New Zealand, Simon E. Jolly, Phil E. Cowan, Janine A. Duckworth

Contraception in Wildlife Management

Common brushtail possums are serious pests in New Zealand, where they threaten the survival of native plants and animals and spread bovine tuberculosis. A National Science Strategy Committee established in 1991 to coordinate possum research gave high priority to research aimed at biological control of possums, particularly contraceptive control. Surveys are identifying pathogens and potential vectors, and research has begun on immunology, gene transcription, potential contraceptive targets, and sociobiology. As there are more than 60 million possums in New Zealand, contraceptive vaccine delivery systems need to be cost effective, and they must be publicly acceptable. A vaccine could be included …

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Surgical Sterilization: An Underutilized Procedure For Evaluating The Merits Of Induced Sterility, James J. Kennelly, Kathryn A. Converse Oct 1993

Surgical Sterilization: An Underutilized Procedure For Evaluating The Merits Of Induced Sterility, James J. Kennelly, Kathryn A. Converse

Contraception in Wildlife Management

Despite more than 4 decades of effort, development of effective wildlife damage control programs based on sterilization of target species has met with limited success. This is partly due to the fact that investigators have assumed, rather than empirically tested, whether the reproductive strategies of the target populations were vulnerable to the planned treatment. Equally important, methods selected to induce sterility usually involve a chemical agent that can affect sociosexual behaviors of the nuisance population. In this report, we illustrate how surgically induced sterility circumvents both problems-how it enables one to assess the feasibility and applicability of the concept without …

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Remotely Delivered Contraception With Needle-Less Norgestomet Implants, Darrel J. Kesler Oct 1993

Remotely Delivered Contraception With Needle-Less Norgestomet Implants, Darrel J. Kesler

Contraception in Wildlife Management

A remotely delivered contraceptive was developed that suppressed estrus and prevented pregnancy in deer with 100-percent efficacy. This contraceptive utilized norgestomet, a potent progestin that is approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in cattle. Although the needle-less norgestomet implant is not FDA approved for use in deer, it is safe for treated animals, humans, and the environment. The remote delivery of this implant can be accomplished up to 40 m away and causes minimal tissue damage and stress if administered properly. Because of its ease, its simplicity of delivery, and the control it provides for proper …

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Contraception Of Wild And Feral Equids, Jay F. Kirkpatrick, J.W. Turner Jr., I.K.M. Liu Oct 1993

Contraception Of Wild And Feral Equids, Jay F. Kirkpatrick, J.W. Turner Jr., I.K.M. Liu

Contraception in Wildlife Management

Fertility control in wild horses has been attempted with both stallions and mares. Nonreversible surgical sterilazaiton by means of vasectomy has been successful in inhibiting reporcution in wild horses in Montana and Nevada. Administration of a microencapsulated form of testosterone to wild stallions reduced sperm counts and motility and foal counts. In a third approach, intraperitoneal SilasticTM implants containing ethinylesdtradiol and progesterone blocked ovulation in wild mares for up to 3 years.

The first immunological fertility control of free-ranging wildlife was accomplished with wild horses, Initial experiments demonstrated that immunization with porcine zonae pellucidae was capable of causing contraception …

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Overview Of Delivery Systems For The Administration Of Contraceptives To Wildlife, Terry J. Kreeger Oct 1993

Overview Of Delivery Systems For The Administration Of Contraceptives To Wildlife, Terry J. Kreeger

Contraception in Wildlife Management

Successful contraception in wildlife requires both an efficacious and safe contraceptive agent and an efficacious and safe method of delivering that agent to the animal. Remote delivery systems (RDS)-mechanical devices capable of administering a single dose to an unrestrained animal, usually by means of a ballistic projectile-can target specific animals and facilitate the administration of contraceptives on a body weight basis. Liquid, solid, and semisolid formulations can be delivered via RDS, and sometimes treatment costs can go down with this methodology. Disadvantages of RDS include the fact that many of them can be used only on larger animals and RDS’ …

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Development Of A Bait For The Oral Delivery Of Pharmaceuticals To White-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus Virginianus), J. Russell Mason, N.J. Bean, Larry S. Katz, Heidi Hales Oct 1993

Development Of A Bait For The Oral Delivery Of Pharmaceuticals To White-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus Virginianus), J. Russell Mason, N.J. Bean, Larry S. Katz, Heidi Hales

Contraception in Wildlife Management

Solid and liquid baits were tested for the delivery of drugs to white-tailed deer. The solid bait was compromised of a mineral block paired with apple, peanut butter, or acorn extract. The liquid bait was compromised of water, apple juice, glycerine, salt, and either peanut butter or apple odor. Although both solid and liquid baits were attractive to deer, the latter may be more useful because consumption can be measured directly, ingestion by nontarget animals is minimized, and bait degradation by weathering is reduced.

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Delivery Of Lmmunocontraceptive Vaccines For Wildlife Management, Lowell A. Miller Oct 1993

Delivery Of Lmmunocontraceptive Vaccines For Wildlife Management, Lowell A. Miller

Contraception in Wildlife Management

Immunocontraceptive technology appears to be a viable approach for population control of nuisance species of wildlife. The administration of immunocontraceptive vaccines is presently performed by syringe injection or by remote delivery via darts or biobullets. In order for immunocontraception to be successful in free-roaming animals, the vaccine must be delivered in an oral form. Recent advances in molecular biology, immunology, and pathology of mucosal infections give us tools to develop effective oral vaccines. Oral vaccines encapsulated in either biodegradable microspheres, synthetic adhesive liposomes, or nonvirulent live vectors hold promise as a practical approach for immunocontraception of free-roaming wildlife. Issues of …

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Contraception In Wildlife Management: Index Oct 1993

Contraception In Wildlife Management: Index

Contraception in Wildlife Management

Index

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Lmmunocontraception In White-Tailed Deer, John W. Turner Jr., Jay F. Kirkpatrick, Irwin K.M. Liu Oct 1993

Lmmunocontraception In White-Tailed Deer, John W. Turner Jr., Jay F. Kirkpatrick, Irwin K.M. Liu

Contraception in Wildlife Management

lmmunocontraception may have management application for white-tailed deer populations in parks and preserves. where hunting 1s illegal or impractical. This study examines physiological aspects of immunocontraception with porcine zonae pellucidae in 53 fertile white-tailed does. In separate studies, we employed protocols of three and two porcine zonae pellucidae (PZP) injections as well as two different protocols using one injection. Each one-injection vaccination consisted of one dose of porcine zonae pellucidae as in other protocols plus a second controlled-release dose of the material delivered via an osmotic minipump implant or injected, biodegradable polymer microspheres. We monitored fawn production for 1 to …

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Lmmunosterilization For Wild Rabbits: The Options, C.H. Tyndale-Biscoe Oct 1993

Lmmunosterilization For Wild Rabbits: The Options, C.H. Tyndale-Biscoe

Contraception in Wildlife Management

Control of wildlife pest populations by sterilization could be more effective than conventional mortality agents, provided that two conditions are met: (1) the endocrine function of affected animals is not compromised, so as to exploit the natural suppression of reproduction of subordinate members of the population that occurs in many species; and (2) the incidence of sterility is sufficient to lower population recruitment and growth. Both conditions could, theoretically, be met by use of an infectious recombinant virus, expressing genes for specific reproductive antigens. Using the rabbit, I describe the research required to test the concept and discuss the legal …

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Research And Field Applications Of Contraceptives In White-Tailed Deer, Feral Horses, And Mountain Goats, Robert J. Warren, Richard A. Fayrer-Hosken, Lisa I. Muller, L. Paige Willis, Robin B. Goodloe Oct 1993

Research And Field Applications Of Contraceptives In White-Tailed Deer, Feral Horses, And Mountain Goats, Robert J. Warren, Richard A. Fayrer-Hosken, Lisa I. Muller, L. Paige Willis, Robin B. Goodloe

Contraception in Wildlife Management

This paper reviews our applications of long-acting implantable steroids and immunocontraceptives in selected wild ungulates. We implanted captive white-tailed deer does with levonorgestrel but did not successfully prevent conception. We also evaluated antisperm immunocontraceptives delivered remotely via biobullet. Does immunized with plasma membrane proteins isolated from deer or porcine sperm showed persistence of antisperm antibody titers for 5 months, but these titers did not cause infertility. Our research also has included applications via biobullet or antigonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), antisperm, and antiporcine zona pellucida (ZP) vaccines in female horses. Although the biobullet was effective in delivering immunocontraceptives at distances of ≤ …

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Similarities Between Big Game Repellent And Predator Urine Repellency To White-Tailed Deer: The Importance Of Sulfur And Fatty Acids, Rebecca Lewison, N. Jay Bean, Evgeny V. Aronov, John E. Mcconnell Jr., J. Russell Mason Oct 1993

Similarities Between Big Game Repellent And Predator Urine Repellency To White-Tailed Deer: The Importance Of Sulfur And Fatty Acids, Rebecca Lewison, N. Jay Bean, Evgeny V. Aronov, John E. Mcconnell Jr., J. Russell Mason

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

In the present experiment, we evaluated the repellency of Big Game Repellent® (BGR), whole coyote urine, coyote urine with sulfur compounds removed, and water. Each stimulus was applied to an ornamental plant (hostas, Alba marginata) at 5 sites in the vicinity of Poughkeepsie, N.Y. At weekly intervals for 5 weeks, damage was recorded, treatments were reapplied, and plants were replaced when necessary. There was no damage to plants treated with either BGR or whole coyote urine. This was not true for plants sprayed with sulfur-free urine or water. We conclude that the repellency of coyote urine is largely …

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Effects Of A Bird Hazard Reduction Force On Reducing Bird/Aircraft Strike Hazards At The Atlantic City International Airport, Nj., Andrew J. Montoney, H. Christopher Boggs Oct 1993

Effects Of A Bird Hazard Reduction Force On Reducing Bird/Aircraft Strike Hazards At The Atlantic City International Airport, Nj., Andrew J. Montoney, H. Christopher Boggs

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

Bird-aircraft strikes at the Atlantic City International Airport (ACY) increased from 18 in 1989 to 37 in 1990. The number of bird-aircraft strikes involving gulls (Larus spp.) during this time rose from 6 to 27, a 350% increase. The predominant species involved in bird strikes was the laughing gull (L. atricilla). Pursuant to an interagency agreement between the U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT), Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)/ Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS)/ Animal Damage Control (ADC), ADC established a Emergency/Experimental Bird Hazard Reduction Force (BHRF) at ACY …

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Status And Management Of Vole Damage To Horticultural Plantings In North Carolina, Peter T. Bromley, William T. Sullivan Jr. Oct 1993

Status And Management Of Vole Damage To Horticultural Plantings In North Carolina, Peter T. Bromley, William T. Sullivan Jr.

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

A trapping study in 1979 indicated that voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus and M. pinetorum) were distributed widely in North Carolina. In 1991, Extension Agents with the North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service were surveyed to determine the distribution, nature and severity of vole damage to horticultural plantings, home orchards, and other plantings. Data from the statewide trapping survey and the poll of agents coincided to indicate that voles, particularly pine voles, caused damage from the mountains to the coast. Existing, legal control methods were judged grossly inadequate by agents. Pursuant to the surveys, the North Carolina Pesticide Board and the …

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Status And Management Of Vole Damage To Horticultural Plantings In North Carolina, Peter T. Bromley, William T. Sullivan Jr. Oct 1993

Status And Management Of Vole Damage To Horticultural Plantings In North Carolina, Peter T. Bromley, William T. Sullivan Jr.

Eastern Wildlife Damage Control Conference: 6th (1993)

A trapping study in 1979 indicated that voles (Microtus pinetorum and M. pinetorum) were distributed widely in North Carolina. In 1991, Extension Agents with the North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service were surveyed to determine the distribution, nature and severity of vole damage to horticultural plantings, home orchards, and other plantings. Data from the statewide trapping survey and the poll of agents coincided to indicate that voles, particularly pine voles, caused damage from the mountains to the coast. Existing, legal control methods were judged grossly inadequate by agents. Pursuant to the surveys, the North Carolina Pesticide Board and the North Carolina …

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Shooting As A Blue Jay Depredation Management Technique In Native Pecan Groves, John R. Kerr, J. Grant Huggins Oct 1993

Shooting As A Blue Jay Depredation Management Technique In Native Pecan Groves, John R. Kerr, J. Grant Huggins

Eastern Wildlife Damage Control Conference: 6th (1993)

We conducted a 4-year project in south central Oklahoma native pecan (Carya illilnoensis) groves to evaluate the effectiveness of shooting blue jays (Cyanocitta cristata) to reduce pecan losses. We monitored blue jay abundance by time-area counts and bird nut damage using ground plots in 5, 4.3-ha study areas during the fall damage periods of 1989-1992. In 1991 and 1992 we applied shooting to 3 of these areas. A mean of 16.3 blue jays/ha was shot at a mean cost (shotgun shells and labor) of $18.65/ha over the 2 years. The break-even savings level was 0.5 kg of pecan nuts saved …

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Evaluating The Gas Cartridge For Coyotes In Controlling Badgers, Craig A. Ramey Oct 1993

Evaluating The Gas Cartridge For Coyotes In Controlling Badgers, Craig A. Ramey

Eastern Wildlife Damage Control Conference: 6th (1993)

Efficacy investigations were conducted in Pampa, Tx to evaluate the use of the “GAS CARTRIDGE FOR COYOTES: (Canis latrans) for controlling problem badgers (Taxidea taxus) in burrows. This coyote cartridge with two active ingredients (sodium nitrate and charcoal), produces high concentrations of carbon monoxide when burned and is effective in controlling coyotes in dens. Badgers were live-trapped, immobilized, and equipped with mortality-indicating radio transmitters prior to their release. Movements were monitored for a minimum of 12 days prior to each initial efficacy test and for at least 3 days in follow up tests for survivors. Only occupied burrows, unplugged and …

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A Survey Comparison Of Pest Control And Nuisance Wildlife Control Operators In Kentucky, Thomas G. Barnes Oct 1993

A Survey Comparison Of Pest Control And Nuisance Wildlife Control Operators In Kentucky, Thomas G. Barnes

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

A variety of factors including increased urbanization, decreased funding for governmental animal damage programs, and increases in some urban wildlife populations have resulted in a greater demand for urban nuisance wildlife control. Historically, this demand was met by Cooperative Extension Service (San Julian 1987), state fish and wildlife agency, or federal wildlife damage control employees (Bollengier 1987). These agencies provided educational materials, consultations, and/or physically removed animals. Recently, there is an increased demand for physical animal removal evidenced by increasing numbers of private pest control operators (PCO), companies that do general pest or insect control work, specializing in the removal …

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Strategies To Address Human Conflicts With Raccoons And Black Bears In New Hampshire, Marsha E. Barden, Dennis Slate, Robert T. Calvert, Paul W. Debow Oct 1993

Strategies To Address Human Conflicts With Raccoons And Black Bears In New Hampshire, Marsha E. Barden, Dennis Slate, Robert T. Calvert, Paul W. Debow

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

The Cooperative Animal Damage Control program in New Hampshire has received increasing requests for assistance over the past 5 years. This trend is due largely to changing public concern over black bears (Ursus americanus) in residential areas and an epizootic of the Mid-Atlantic strain of rabies in raccoons (Procyon lotor). A growing number of requests is related to improper garbage storage and feeding of songbirds during late spring and summer. Some traditional methods, especially live- trapping and relocation, are not generally appropriate to resolve these conflicts. In this paper we discuss trends in requests for assistance …

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