Digital Commons Network^™

Effects Of Collection, Transport, And Redeployment Methods On Natural Mortality Of Rangia Cuneata (Mactridae) Used In Biomonitoring Studies, Eugene G. Maurakis, David V. Grimes, William C. Gretes

Virginia Journal of Science

Sporadic, high mortality in test populations of wedge clams (Rangia cuneata) has limited the potential for using this otherwise desirable test organism in biomonitoring studies. To determine whether high mortality was due to ontogenic or experimental variables, a two-phased study was conducted. In phase I, mortality of collected and re-deployed wedge clams, subjected to varying transport conditions, was determined at 7, 14, 21 and 60 days re-deployment. The use of three transport times (1, 2, 3 hr.), two vehicle conditions (open, closed) and three transport treatments (open, closed, iced containers) yielded 18 test groups. Individual test group mortalities …

Retroposon Analysis Of Major Cetacean Lineages: The Monophyly Of Toothed Whales And The Paraphyly Of River Dolphins, Masato Nikaido, Fumio Matsuno, Healy Hamilton, Robert L. Brownell Jr., Yin Cao, Wang Ding, Zhu Zuoyan, Andrew Shedlock, R. Ewan Fordyce, Masami Hasegawa, Norihiro Okada

United States Department of Commerce: Staff Publications

SINE (short interspersed element) insertion analysis elucidates contentious aspects in the phylogeny of toothed whales and dolphins (Odontoceti), especially river dolphins. Here, we characterize 25 informative SINEs inserted into unique genomic loci during evolution of odontocetes to construct a cladogram, and determine a total of 2.8 kb per taxon of the flanking sequences of these SINE loci to estimate divergence times among lineages. We demonstrate that: (i) Odontocetes are monophyletic; (ii) Ganges River dolphins, beaked whales, and ocean dolphins diverged (in this order) after sperm whales; (iii three other river dolphin taxa, namely the Amazon, …

Book Review Of Cetacean Societies: Field Studies Of Whales And Dolphins, Edited By I. Mann, R. C. Connor, P. L. Tyack, And H. Whitehead, David Weller

United States Department of Commerce: Staff Publications

Studying the sociobiology and behavioral ecology of cetaceans is particularly challenging due in large part to the aquatic environment in which they live. Nevertheless, many of the obstacles traditionally associated with data gathering on tree-ranging whales, dolphins and porpoises are rapidly being overcome, and are now far less formidable. During the past several decades, marine mammal scientists equipped with innovative research methods and new technologies have taken field-based behavioral studies to a new level of sophistication. In some cases, as is true for bottlenose dolphins, killer whales, sperm whales and humpback whales, modern research paradigms in the marine environment are …

First Finding Of The Amphipod Echinogammarus Ischnus And The Mussel Dreissena Bugensis In Lake Michigan, Thomas F. Nalepa, Don W. Schloesser, Steve A. Pothoven, Darryl W. Hondorp, David L. Fanslow, Marc L. Tuchman, Guy W. Fleischer

United States Department of Commerce: Staff Publications

The first finding of the amphipod Echinogammarus ischnus and the mussel Dreissena bugensis in Lake Michigan is documented. These two species are widespread and abundant in the lower lakes, but had not yet been reported from Lake Michigan. E. ischnus is generally considered a warmwater form that is typically associated with hard substrates and Dreissena clusters in the nearshore zone. Along the eastern shoreline of Lake Michigan, this species was present at rocky, breakwall habitats along the entire north-south axis of the lake. Although not abundant, this species was also found at soft-bottomed sites as deep as 94 m in …

Zebra Mussel (Dreissena Polymorpha) Selective Filtration Promoted Toxic Microcystis Blooms In Saginaw Bay (Lake Huron) And Lake Erie, Henry A. Vanderploeg, James R. Liebig, Wayne W. Carmichael, Megan A. Agy, Thomas H. Johengen, Gary L. Fahnenstiel, Thomas F. Nalepa

United States Department of Commerce: Staff Publications

Microcystis aeruginosa, a planktonic colonial cyanobacterium, was not abundant in the 2-year period before zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) establishment in Saginaw Bay (Lake Huron) but became abundant in three of five summers subsequent of mussel establishment. Using novel methods, we determined clearance, capture, and assimilation rates for zebra mussels feeding on natural and laboratory M. aeruginosa strains offered alone or in combination with other algae. Results were consistent with the hypothesis that zebra mussels promoted blooms of toxic M. aeruginosa in Saginaw Bay, western Lake Erie, and other lakes through selective rejection in pseudofeces. Mussels exhibited high …

Tws Wildlife Damage Management Working Group Newsletter: Spring 2001 – Volume 8(1) Elections Issue

TWS Wildlife Damage Management Working Group Newsletter

From The Chair: 2000-2001 Wildlife Damage Management Working Group Officers:; Candidates For The Working Group Officers – May 2001; Wildlife Damage Management Working Group Ballot – May 2001; Proceedings Available: Predator Control; A Quest For Older Wildlife Control Workshop Proceedings; Wdamage: A Resource For Wildlife Damage Managers; Tws Reno/Tahoe 2001 8th Annual Conference Of The Wildlife Society Reno/Tahoe, Nevada , September 25–29, 2001 Preliminary Program; Application For Membership / The Wildlife Society

Tws Wildlife Damage Management Working Group Newsletter: Late Summer 2001 – Volume 8(2)

TWS Wildlife Damage Management Working Group Newsletter

Forward -Bob Timm; New Jersey Polices Chief Prevents 15mm Launcher Use; Close Encounters Of Predator Kind Rising; Fecal Canada Goose Study Results Available; Special Prepublication Offer On New Human Dimensions Book; Tws Reno/Tahoe 2001 8th Annual Conference Of The Wildlife Society Reno/Tahoe, Nevada, September 25–29, 2001 Preliminary Program; Application For Membership / The Wildlife Society

The Spatial Distribution Of Diversity Between Disparate Taxa: Spatial Correspondence Between Mammals And Ants Across South Florida, Usa, Craig R. Allen, L. G. Pearlstine, D.P. Wojcik, W.M. Kitchens

Nebraska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit: Staff Publications

Gap Analysis takes a proactive landscape-level approach to conserving native species by identifying nodes of high biological diversity. It uses vertebrate species richness as an index of overall biological diversity. However, it remains unknownwhether or not the spatial distribution of vertebrate diversity correspondswith the diversity of other taxa. We tested whether landscape-level diversity patterns corresponded between a vertebrate and an invertebrate taxon, mammals and ants, across the southern half of the Florida peninsula, USA. Composite digital maps with a 30-m spatial resolution were produced for each taxon. Spatial correspondence between the taxa was determined by normalizing and then subtracting the …

The Probe, Issue 214 – January/February 2001

The Probe: Newsletter of the National Animal Damage Control Association

Trap-Shy Feral Cats in Public Settings -- Susan Darling Greene
Why Worry About Human-Wildlife Conflicts? -- Mike Conover, President, NADCA
Imunoconctraception For Deer Control Shown to Be Ineffective
The USDA announced a settlement that would extend protection under the Animal Welfare Act to rats, mice, and birds used in laboratory research.
The Internet Center for Wildlife Damage Management: ttp://wildlifedamage.unl.edu -- Dallas Virchow, Proj. Coord., Distance Ed., Wildlife Damage Management,University of Nebraska
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Region 5 has recently ordered New Tech International (Warren, MI) to stop selling the unregistered pesticide Kritter Killer.
Since all snakes lack external ears, …

Management Plan

National Invasive Species Council

Farmers, ranchers, scientists, State officials, and many others have urged the Federal Government to consider invasive species issues a priority and to develop a coordinated national effort to address the problem. In response, the President issued Executive Order 13112 on Invasive Species (Order) in February 1999. The Order established the National Invasive Species Council (Council), co-chaired by the Secretaries of Agriculture, Commerce, and the Interior; and includes the Secretaries of State, Treasury, Defense, and Transportation, and the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency. The Order directs the Council to form a non-Federal Invasive Species Advisory Committee (ISAC) to advise the …

Pitcher’S Thistle

National Invasive Species Council

What is the Pitcher’s thistle?

Scientific Name

Range

Appearance

Habitat

Reproduction

Why is the Pitcher’s thistle threatened?

Shoreline Development

Road Maintenance and Construction

Shoreline Recreation Activities

What is being done to prevent extinction of the Pitcher’s thistle?

Listing

Landowner Contacts

Project Planning

What can I do to help prevent the extinction of species?

Learn

Plant Natives

Conserve

A Caloric-Based Evaluation Of Diet Indices For Largemouth Bass, Kevin Lee Pope, Michael Lee Brown, Walter Gilbert Duffy, Paul Herbert Michaletz

Nebraska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit: Staff Publications

Selection of methods for quantitative description and assessment of food habits is a concern for trophic investigations. We used diet data for largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides, to compare a caloric-based approach with eight diet indices: percent frequency of occurrence, percent total number, percent total weight, mean relative number, mean relative volume, relative importance index, prey-importance index, and mean stomach fullness. Mean caloric contribution of stomach contents for each prey taxon was used as a standard to compare diet indices. Temporal differences in composition and caloric contents of largemouth bass stomach contents were apparent. Most diet indices provided similar assessments …

Yellow Jackets (Vespula Spp.) Disperse Trillium (Spp.) Seeds In Eastern North America, Jennifer A. Zettler, Timonthy P. Spira, Craig R. Allen

Nebraska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit: Staff Publications

Approximately 70 plant families worldwide have ant-dispersed seeds (myrmecochory). In this putative ant-plant mutualism, ants are attracted to and disperse seeds that have a lipid-rich elaiosome. We observed yellow jackets (Vespula spp.) dispersing seeds of three elaiosome-bearing species-Trillium cuneatum, T. undulatum and T catesbaei-in the Blue Ridge Mountains of North Carolina and South Carolina. Moreover, we estimated the mean distance yellow jackets dispersed seeds of T. cuneatum by placing intact fruits on index cards and recovering dispersed seeds on sheets placed on the ground surface. Of the seeds presented, 41% were recovered and the average dispersal distance …

Soil Factors Influencing Eutrophication. In Soilguide. A Handbook For Understanding And Managing Agricultural Soils. (Ed. Geoff Moore), David Weaver, Robert Summers

Bulletins 4000 -

Eutrophication is essentially the nutrient enrichment of waterways leading to algal growth. It must be controlled to maintain sustainable agricultural systems and the main mechanisms of control are stabilising catchment processes and reducing nutrient output.

Eutrophication can be defined as 'the nutrient enrichment of waters which results in the stimulation of an array of symptomatic changes, among which increased production of algae and macrophytes, deterioration of water quality and other symptomatic changes, are found to be undesirable and interfere with water uses' (OECD 1982). The word eutrophic is a Greek word that means 'well fed'. The food referred to is …

Effects Of Epilimnetic Versus Metalimnetic Fertilization On The Phytoplankton And Periphyton Of A Mountain Lake With A Deep Chlorophyll Maxima, Wayne A. Wurtsbaugh, H. P. Gross, Phaedra E. Budy, Chris Luecke

Watershed Sciences Faculty Publications

Nutrients can load directly to either the epilimnion or metalimnion of lakes via either differential inflow depths of tributaries or intentional fertilization of discrete strata. We evaluated the differential effects of epilimnetic versus metalimnetic nutrient loading using 17-m-deep mesocosms that extended into the deep chlorophyll layer of oligotrophic Pettit Lake in the Sawtooth Mountains of Idaho. Addition of nitrogen plus phosphorus stimulated primary production nearly identically (2.4- to 4-fold on different dates) in both treatments, with the production peaks occurring in the strata where nutrients were added. The metalimnetic fertilization, however, resulted in equal or greater stimulation of chlorophyll a …

Salmonine Consumption And Competition For Endemic Prey Fishes In Bear Lake, Utah-Idaho, J. R. Ruzycki, Wayne A. Wurtsbaugh, Chris Luecke

Watershed Sciences Faculty Publications

Two principal sport fish—the indigenous Bonneville cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarki utah and the introduced lake trout Salvelinus namaycush—are the dominant piscivores in Bear Lake, a 282-km^2 oligotrophic system. These piscivores rely predominantly on four endemic prey fish species that make up a major portion of the unique Bear Lake fish assemblage. We estimated the annual biomass of pelagic and benthic prey fish by using hydroacoustic and trawling techniques. We also estimated the lakewide abundance of piscivores with a multiple mark–recapture survey and used a bioenergetics model to compare the population-level consumption of prey fish with prey fish production. Prey fish …

Composting Of Feedlot And Dairy Manure: Compost Characteristics And Impact On Crop Yields, Galen E. Erickson, Terry J. Klopfenstein, Walker Luedtke, Mark Schroeder, Charles A. Francis, Gary Lesoing

Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports

Since 1993, approximately 17,600 tons of beef feedlot and dairy compost have been spread on 1,100 acres. Crop yields were measured to determine the impact of a one-time compost application by using no-compost check strips in large-scale production fields. Adding compost to irrigated corn, irrigated soybeans, and dryland corn acres significantly increased yields, with four-year average increases of 2.3, 1.5, and 2.7%, respectively. For all crops measured, the response to compost was greatest the first year following application and declined linearly in subsequent years. The increased yield from compost application offsets spreading costs using average prices for crops.

Avian Use Of Various Bait Mixtures Offered In Harvested Cornfields During Spring Migration In South Dakota, George M. Linz, H. Jeffrey Homan, Ryan L. Wimberly

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

The avicide, DRC-1339, is used to cull populations of spring-migrating blackbirds in eastern South Dakota to reduce damage to ripening sunflower in late summer. We investigated non-target bird hazards associated with using various grain mixtures to attract blackbirds (Icteridae), especially red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus), to avicide-treated bait broadcast in harvested cornfields. During spring 1997 and 1998, we recorded the species and numbers of birds attracted to 0.2-ha plots baited with cracked corn and brown rice, fine-chipped sunflower meats and brown rice (1997 only), and unsupplemented brown rice. Unbaited plots were used as reference sites. In 1997 and 1998, …

Use Of Py-Gc/Ms Analysis Techniques In Animal Waste Management: A Preliminary Survey Of Dairy Manures, Daniel L. Vaughn, Michael A. Kruge

Department of Earth and Environmental Studies Faculty Scholarship and Creative Works

The increasing practice of industrial-scale agriculture tends to concentrate large masses of animal waste in relatively compact areas, potentially leading to excessive release of polluting nutrients into waterways during major storms. Anaerobic treatment conditions are generally favored to conserve nitrate N as an agricultural commodity. However, overall N contents in waste are often in excess of crop fertilization needs: storing excess N in soluble nitrate form increases pollution potential. Thus the perceived needs of agriculture and society-at-large become at odds. Organic nitrogen forms (e.g., proteins) are more environmentally stable and are less subject to unintentional release. Although U.S. farmers tend …

Local And Systemic Controls On Fish And Fish Habitat In South Dakota Rivers And Streams: Implications For Management, Craig L. Milewski

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Assessments of the health of rivers and streams in prairie environments would improve if the role of systemic patterns and processes among geologic-climatic settings in controlling physical habitat and fish communities were better defined. My research approach was based on a premise that assessments of the health of rivers and streams in prairie environments would benefit from studies that 1) examine the moderating effects of systemic patterns and processes by comparing physical habitat continua and fish communities among geologic-climatic settings, 2) determine the relative influence of locally interacting variables (e .g., channel shape and riparian vegetation) and systemic processes in …

The Status And Distribution Of The Topeka Shiner Notropis Topeka In Eastern South Dakota, Carmen M. Blausey

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

The Topeka shiner Notropis topeka is a small (< 75 mm) minnow that inhabits prairie streams in several north central plains states. Once widespread and abundant throughout its historic range, the Topeka shiner is now found only in isolated populations. Because of an 80% reduction in occurrence throughout their range, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service listed the Topeka shiner as endangered in January 1999. At the time, limited information on habitat preferences and dist1ibution existed for this species in South Dakota. The objectives of this study were to measure local habitat features and water quality conditions at the reach scale at Topeka shiner study sites, create a model using these data to determine favorable habitat conditions, and identify fish species commonly associated with Topeka shiners. Fish and habitat data were collected at 61 tributary sites of the James, Vermillion, and Big Sioux rivers from June through September in 1999 and 2000. Sample sites in 1999 were based on historic Topeka shiner records in the South Dakota Natural Heritage Database. Sample sites in 2000 were based on a draft GIS model identifying potential Topeka shiner streams. Fish were collected with seines between block nets and standard procedures were used to measure physical and hydrological features of stream reaches. Cyprinids dominated the fish community for each river basin during both sample years. Insectivores and omnivores were the dominant trophic classes for each river basin for both sample years. Fish community associations for Topeka shiners were based on two stepwise logistic regression models: abundance of individual species at each site and presence or absence of individual species at each site. The abundance model indicated that Topeka shiners were most commonly associated with orangespotted sunfish Lepomis lutrenis and tadpole madtoms Noturns gyrinus. The presence/absence model showed that Topeka shiners were typically associated with red shiners Notropis lutrenis, tadpole madtoms Noturns gyrinus, black bullheads Ameiurus melas, and bigmouth shiners Notropis dorsalis. Habitat preferences were based on three stepwise logistic regression models: physical habitat water quality, and substrate composition at the reach scale. The physical habitat model indicated that Topeka shiners are associated with stream reaches that had low animal use, overhanging vegetation, stream bank vegetation comprised of sedges/rushes, low depositional zones, and run macrohabitat. The water quality model did not indicate any favorable or preferred conditions. The substrate model indicated that Topeka shiners are associated with stream reaches that had fine gravel or cobble substrates. The results of my study will lead to a better understanding of Topeka shiner distribution and habitat, and aid federal and state agencies in making management decisions that provide for protection and preservation of this species.

Waste Management In Palm-Oleo Sdn. Bhd, Ramesh Ramasamy

Student Works (2000-2009)

Oleochemical industry in Malaysia has been diversifying significantly due to the availability of raw materials (palm oil) and the high demand for downstream products such as fatty acids, fatty alcohols and glycerine. The growth of oleochemical industries is further enhanced by fluctuations io petroleum price and regular animal diseases, which made tallow-based fats unreliable. Environmental awareness is growing rapidly in Malaysia. There is growing realization of the need to balance industrial and economic development with environmental preservation and protection, as well as, with efficient use of energy sources in order to achieve sustainable development. Extensive waste management studies were focused …

Effects Of Fish Culture On Macrobenthos Diversity And Abundance In The Matang Mangrove Estuary (Malaysia), Patricia Natin

Student Works (2000-2009)

A study on the effects of fish cage culture on mangrove macrobenthos diversity and abundance was carried out in the Matang mangrove estuary, Perak, Malaysia. Multiple investigations consisted of 4-month study, 12-hour study and I-day "grid" sampling. Six samplings (Dec 1999 - May 2000) were conducted along Sungai (River) Sangga Besar (SSB) (cage culture area) and Sungai Sangga Kecil (SSK) (non-cage culture area) by using a 0.1 m² Petersen Grab, Forty-four families (I nemertean, 12 polychaete, 5 bivalve, 11 gastropod, 7 decapod, 2 isopod, 2 amphipod, I ophiuroid and 3 fishes), comprising of 53 species were found, which increased in …

A Framework For River Restoration Planning : Considering Conceptual And Structural Perspectives From Case Studies Of The Liao River In China And The Kalgan River In Australia, Ye Sun

Theses: Doctorates and Masters

Over the last decade, restoration ecology has been considered a new paradigm for dealing with many of the environmental problems of river systems. It is also recognized that management decisions have a greater chance of being successful if they are based on a thorough understanding of a concept or a plan. A review of current studies on river restoration and river restoration planning revealed that managers and scientists have put a substantial emphasis on ecological science and technology in restoration, while many sociopolitical and economic elements have been de-emphasized Besides this, understanding and experiences of river restoration, especially those of …

Measures Of Denitrification In Selected South Dakota Semi-Permanent Prairie Pothole Wetlands, Beverly S. Klein

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Wetlands are an integral part of agricultural systems in the prairie pothole regions of the North Central United States and Canadian Provinces. Little research has been done on denitrification in prairie potholes, and a better understanding of their denitrifying capability could aide in optimizing management practices near pothole areas. Most probable number (MPN) and denitrifying enzyme activity (DEA or Phase I) assays were conducted. Most probable number (MPN) measures were used to give an estimate of dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonia (DNRA) and denitrifying populations present in the wetlands. This study involved 3 selected semi-permanent prairie pothole wetlands near Madison, …

Invertebrate Egg And Plant Seed Banks In Natural, Restored, And Drained Wetlands In The Prairie Pothole Region (Usa) And Potential Effects Of Sedimentation On Recolonization Of Hydrophytes And Aquatic Invertebrates, Robert Andrew Gleason

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Sediment is the major pollutant of wetlands, lakes, rivers, and estuaries in the United States and it poses unique threats to wetlands of the Prairie Pothole Region (PPR). Sediment may impact the success of wetland restorations because burial of invertebrate and plant propagules may impact hatching and germination success, and hence, may hamper successional changes throughout interannual climate cycles. Sedimentation also reduces the pool depth and volume, further exacerbating the recovery of hydrophyte communities in restored wetlands. I evaluated the potential impacts of sedimentation on prairie wetlands from several perspectives. First, I evaluated the effects of sedimentation on loss of …

Biodiversity: Connecting With The Tapestry Of Life, Elise F. Granek, Francisco Dallmeier, Alfonso Alonso, Peter H. Raven

Environmental Science and Management Faculty Publications and Presentations

Biodiversity is the extraordinary variety of life on Earth – from genes and species to ecosystems and the valuable functions they perform. E.O. Wilson, the noted biologist and author who coined the term “biodiversity,” explains it as “the very stuff of life.” Species and the ecosystems in which they live are indelibly linked. Conversion or loss of ecosystems inevitably impairs the species that depend on them. As well, changes in the life cycle of one species could impact the life cycles of many other species (including humans), alter ecosystems and ecosystem functions, and contribute to local, regional and, ultimately, global …

Scwds Briefs: Volume 16, Number 4 (January 2001)

Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study: Publications

• Avian vacuolar myelinopathy (AVM) was confirmed in eight bald eagles and is suspected in another six eagles that died from mid-November 2000 through late January 2001 at Clarks Hill Lake in eastern Georgia.
• Bovine tuberculosis TB in Manitoba Elk
• CWD in a Nebraska Deer: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) of cervids has been found for the first time in a free-ranging cervid outside Colorado and Wyoming.
• Tropical Bont Tick on St. Croix: The U.S. Department of Agriculture recently announced that the tropical bont tick (Amblyomma variegatum) had been found on St. Croix in the U.S. …

The Non-Indigenous Ant, Solenopsis Invicta, Reduces Loggerhead Shrike And Native Insect Abundance, Craig R. Allen, R. Scott Lutz, Tim Lockley, Sherman A. Phillips Jr., Stephen Demarais

Nebraska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit: Staff Publications

The red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta Buren) is an aggressive, non-indigenous species that is a threat to native biota in the southeastern United States. We determined the effect of S. invicta on loggerhead shrike (Lanius ludovicianus L.) abundance and investigated a possible mechanism of impact, which is a reduction in insect prey availability. We used a fire ant bait (hydramethylnon) to reduce fire ant populations on one randomly chosen member of each of five pairs of 202-ha study areas in the Texas coastal Bend region, and also measured shrike relative abundance and a volumetric index of insect …

Red Imported Fire Ants: Impact On Biodiversity, Daniel P. Wojcik, Craig R. Allen, Richard J. Brenner, Elizabeth A. Forys, Donald P. Jouvenaz, R. Scott Lutz

Nebraska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit: Staff Publications

The red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren (hereafter referred to as imported fire ant), long considered a regional problem, is receiving renewed attention nationwide, with infestations found in Arizona, Maryland, Nevada, New Mexico, and Virginia (Mitchell 1996). Recently, infestations discovered in several regions of California caused great public concern (Brennan 1999, Schrader 1999). Initially, infestations appeared to be isolated in almond groves in Kern County; presumably these infestations originated from bee hives transported interstate for the purpose of pollinating crops. Separately, ornamental plants arriving in Las Vegas, NV, were infested with fire ants, and records showed that the point …