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An Investigation Of Size Exclusion And Diffusion Controlled Membrane Fouling, Colin Michael Hobbs Jan 2007

An Investigation Of Size Exclusion And Diffusion Controlled Membrane Fouling, Colin Michael Hobbs

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

The reduction of membrane productivity (i.e. membrane fouling) during operation occurs in virtually all membrane applications. Membrane fouling originates from the method by which membranes operate: contaminants are rejected by the membrane and retained on the feed side of the membrane while treated water passes through the membrane. The accumulation of these contaminants on the feed side of the membrane results in increased operating pressures, increased backwashing frequencies, increased chemical cleaning frequencies, and increased membrane replacement frequencies. The most significant practical implication of membrane fouling is increased operating and maintenance costs. As such, membrane fouling must be properly managed to …

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Assessment Of The Contribution Of Game-Based Simulation In The Advancement Of Individual Soldier Intelligence Gathering Skills, Carlos Wiley Jan 2007

Assessment Of The Contribution Of Game-Based Simulation In The Advancement Of Individual Soldier Intelligence Gathering Skills, Carlos Wiley

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Self-directed Learning Internet Modules based on gaming technology are making tremendous strides as tools to current training system for our military services. Currently, the US Army is testing the Every Soldier is a Sensor Simulation software (ES3) as part of the Every Soldiers a Sensor program that focuses on intelligence gathering and maintaining situational awareness. The primary training goal of this simulation is the training of individual soldiers on conducting "Active Surveillance" and "Threat Indicator Identification" where the soldier is an active participant in the process. Traditional training in intelligence gathering is based largely on cold war models. As a …

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Comparison Of Thm Formation During Disinfection: Ferrate Versus Free Chlorine For Different Source Waters, Adhem Mukattash Jan 2007

Comparison Of Thm Formation During Disinfection: Ferrate Versus Free Chlorine For Different Source Waters, Adhem Mukattash

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

The objective of the study was to compare the trihalomethanes (THMs) produced from ferrate with hypochlorite and to determine how different the THM production would be for a given degree of disinfection (3 log reduction in Heterotrophic Plate Count (HPC)). Different water samples were collected from Lake Claire, Atlantic Ocean, and secondary effluent from an advanced wastewater treatment plant. THM formation was determined using a standard assay over 7 days at room temperature. In addition samples were tested for Total Coliform Escherichia coli (TC/E.coli), and heterotrophic bacteria using HPC by spreadplating on R2A agar. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) was measured …

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Microwave Synthesis Of Nanocrystalline Hydroxy Apatite And Comparison Of Its Biomechanical Properties With Tio2 Structures, Saurabh Verma Jan 2007

Microwave Synthesis Of Nanocrystalline Hydroxy Apatite And Comparison Of Its Biomechanical Properties With Tio2 Structures, Saurabh Verma

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite (HAp) powder of size 10-20 nm was synthesized applying microwave radiation using calcium nitrate tetrahydrate and sodium phosphate dibasic anhydrous as the starting materials. Microwave power of 600 W and Ca/P ratio of 1.66 in the starting chemicals served as the major factors in the synthesis of nanocrystalline HAp powder. Phase composition and evolution were studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique. Morphology, agglomeration and particle-size of the synthesized powder were studied using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) techniques. Energy Dispersive Spectrum (EDS) was used to determine the elemental composition of the powder. Thermal properties …

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Optimizing The Design Of Multimodal User Interfaces, Leah Reeves Jan 2007

Optimizing The Design Of Multimodal User Interfaces, Leah Reeves

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Due to a current lack of principle-driven multimodal user interface design guidelines, designers may encounter difficulties when choosing the most appropriate display modality for given users or specific tasks (e.g., verbal versus spatial tasks). The development of multimodal display guidelines from both a user and task domain perspective is thus critical to the achievement of successful human-system interaction. Specifically, there is a need to determine how to design task information presentation (e.g., via which modalities) to capitalize on an individual operator's information processing capabilities and the inherent efficiencies associated with redundant sensory information, thereby alleviating information overload. The present effort …

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Using Electrochemical Monitoring To Predict Metal Release In Drinking Water Distribution Systems, Rajendra D. Vaidya Jan 2007

Using Electrochemical Monitoring To Predict Metal Release In Drinking Water Distribution Systems, Rajendra D. Vaidya

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Corrosion of distribution system piping and home plumbing materials is a major concern in the water community. Iron release adverse affects aesthetic water quality and the release of copper and lead is regulated by the Lead and Copper rule (LCR) and can adversely affect consumer health. Corrosion control is typically done by pH regulation and/or addition of corrosion inhibitors. Monitoring of corrosion control is typically done after the fact by monitoring metal release, functional group concentration of the selected chemical species or water quality. Hence, the associated laboratory analyses create a significant delay prior to the assessment of corrosion in …

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Self-Consistent Analyses For Potential Conduction Block In Nerves By An Ultrashort High-Intensity Electric Pulse, R. P. Joshi, A. Mishra, Q. Hu, K. H. Schoenbach, A. Pakhomov Jan 2007

Self-Consistent Analyses For Potential Conduction Block In Nerves By An Ultrashort High-Intensity Electric Pulse, R. P. Joshi, A. Mishra, Q. Hu, K. H. Schoenbach, A. Pakhomov

Bioelectrics Publications

Simulation studies are presented that probe the possibility of using high-field (>100kV ∕ cm), short-duration (∼50ns) electrical pulses for nonthermal and reversible cessation of biological electrical signaling pathways. This would have obvious applications in neurophysiology, clinical research, neuromuscular stimulation therapies, and even nonlethal bioweapons development. The concept is based on the creation of a sufficiently high density of pores on the nerve membrane by an electric pulse. This modulates membrane conductance and presents an effective "electrical short" to an incident voltage wave traveling across a nerve. Net blocking of action potential propagation can then result. A continuum approach based …

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Assessment Of Dynamic Contrast Enhanced Mri For The Early Detection Of Treatment Response In Human Advanced Hepato-Cellular Carcinoma, Yun Jiang Jan 2007

Assessment Of Dynamic Contrast Enhanced Mri For The Early Detection Of Treatment Response In Human Advanced Hepato-Cellular Carcinoma, Yun Jiang

All ETDs from UAB

Dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) has been shown to be a potentially useful tool for early prediction of tumor response to antiangiogenesis agents. In this study, the technique was used to evaluate the chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin with or without the tyrosine kinase inhibitor sorafenib in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Five male patients (ages 50 to 78 years, average age 67  8 years) were studied with serial T1-weighted DCE-MRI to measure the alteration of perfusion parameters of tumors in response to the treatment. All patients received doxorubicin at dose of 60 mg/m2 intravenously every 21 days. Among …

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The Lynks Reader, Anne Marie Reamey Jan 2007

The Lynks Reader, Anne Marie Reamey

Theses and Dissertations

Many adults and children have problems reading and comprehending books, signs, written directions, etc. These same individuals have difficulty processing written materials as a result of right hemisphere interference. The Lynks Reader (DLR Co., Richmond, VA) is a commercially developed device which has been used to help individuals move from their right to their left hemisphere and to increase reading fluency and comprehension. The objective of this project was to evaluate the best way to use the various forms of the Lynks Reader. Using the device demonstrated an increase in reading fluency and comprehension by increasing the left hemisphere dominance. …

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Information Governance: A Model For Security In Medical Practice, Patricia A. Williams Jan 2007

Information Governance: A Model For Security In Medical Practice, Patricia A. Williams

Journal of Digital Forensics, Security and Law

Information governance is becoming an important aspect of organisational accountability. In consideration that information is an integral asset of most organisations, the protection of this asset will increasingly rely on organisational capabilities in security. In the medical arena this information is primarily sensitive patient-based information. Previous research has shown that application of security measures is a low priority for primary care medical practice and that awareness of the risks are seriously underestimated. Consequently, information security governance will be a key issue for medical practice in the future. Information security governance is a relatively new term and there is little existing …

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Network And Database Security: Regulatory Compliance, Network, And Database Security - A Unified Process And Goal, Errol A. Blake Jan 2007

Network And Database Security: Regulatory Compliance, Network, And Database Security - A Unified Process And Goal, Errol A. Blake

Journal of Digital Forensics, Security and Law

Database security has evolved; data security professionals have developed numerous techniques and approaches to assure data confidentiality, integrity, and availability. This paper will show that the Traditional Database Security, which has focused primarily on creating user accounts and managing user privileges to database objects are not enough to protect data confidentiality, integrity, and availability. This paper is a compilation of different journals, articles and classroom discussions will focus on unifying the process of securing data or information whether it is in use, in storage or being transmitted. Promoting a change in Database Curriculum Development trends may also play a role …

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Book Review: No Place To Hide, Gary C. Kessler Jan 2007

Book Review: No Place To Hide, Gary C. Kessler

Journal of Digital Forensics, Security and Law

This issue presents the second Book Review column for the JDFSL. It is an experiment to broaden the services that the journal provides to readers, so we are anxious to get your reaction. Is the column useful and interesting? Should we include more than one review per issue? Should we also review products? Do you have suggested books/products for review and/or do you want to write a review? All of this type of feedback -- and more -- is appreciated. Please feel free to send comments to Gary Kessler ([email protected]) or Glenn Dardick ([email protected]).

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Hydrodynamic Modeling Of A Hypothetical River Diversion Near Empire, Louisiana, Nathan Lamont Dill Jan 2007

Hydrodynamic Modeling Of A Hypothetical River Diversion Near Empire, Louisiana, Nathan Lamont Dill

LSU Master's Theses

Hydrodynamic models of a hypothetical Mississippi river diversion near Empire, LA are constructed using two popular finite element codes RMA2 and ADCIRC. In a series of simulations eddy viscosity parameters and bottom friction parameters are varied. Constant boundary conditions, discharge inflow and elevation outflow, are applied and water surface elevation and velocity solutions at fully developed flow are taken as steady-state results. A particle tracking code is developed and applied to the velocity solutions to aid in flow field comparisons. The results elucidate the model sensitivities to the varied parameters, and also provide for a comparison of the two different …

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Using Pareto Fronts To Evaluate Polyp Detection Algorithms For Ct Colonography, Adam Huang, Jiang Li, Ronald M. Summers, Nicholas Petrick, Amy K. Hara Jan 2007

Using Pareto Fronts To Evaluate Polyp Detection Algorithms For Ct Colonography, Adam Huang, Jiang Li, Ronald M. Summers, Nicholas Petrick, Amy K. Hara

Electrical & Computer Engineering Faculty Publications

We evaluate and improve an existing curvature-based region growing algorithm for colonic polyp detection for our CT colonography (CTC) computer-aided detection (CAD) system by using Pareto fronts. The performance of a polyp detection algorithm involves two conflicting objectives, minimizing both false negative (FN) and false positive (FP) detection rates. This problem does not produce a single optimal solution but a set of solutions known as a Pareto front. Any solution in a Pareto front can only outperform other solutions in one of the two competing objectives. Using evolutionary algorithms to find the Pareto fronts for multi-objective optimization problems has been …

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Validating Pareto Optimal Operation Parameters Of Polyp Detection Algorithms For Ct Colonography, Jiang Li, Adam Huang, Nicholas Petrick, Jianhua Yao, Ronald M. Summers, Maryellen L. Giger (Ed.), Nico Karssemeijer (Ed.) Jan 2007

Validating Pareto Optimal Operation Parameters Of Polyp Detection Algorithms For Ct Colonography, Jiang Li, Adam Huang, Nicholas Petrick, Jianhua Yao, Ronald M. Summers, Maryellen L. Giger (Ed.), Nico Karssemeijer (Ed.)

Electrical & Computer Engineering Faculty Publications

We evaluated a Pareto front-based multi-objective evolutionary algorithm for optimizing our CT colonography (CTC) computer-aided detection (CAD) system. The system identifies colonic polyps based on curvature and volumetric based features, where a set of thresholds for these features was optimized by the evolutionary algorithm. We utilized a two-fold cross-validation (CV) method to test if the optimized thresholds can be generalized to new data sets. We performed the CV method on 133 patients; each patient had a prone and a supine scan. There were 103 colonoscopically confirmed polyps resulting in 188 positive detections in CTC reading from either the prone or …

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Experimental And Modeling Studies Of Contaminant Transport In Capped Sediments During Gas Bubble Ebullition, Qingzhong Yuan Jan 2007

Experimental And Modeling Studies Of Contaminant Transport In Capped Sediments During Gas Bubble Ebullition, Qingzhong Yuan

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Fluxes of the three organics and eighteen metals from sediments were measured with diffusion chambers, and the effectiveness of a sand cap ascertained. The influence of sediment consolidation on contaminant flux and the mass transfer coefficient at the sediment-water interface was studied. A two-layer diffusion-advection model and consolidation model were coupled to elucidate the effect of sediment consolidation on chemical transport in the sediment-cap system. The model was tested and verified by the experimental data from microcosms, and then was used to predict phenanthrene flux under field conditions. The simulation results showed that consolidation could accelerate phenanthrene breakthrough and enhance …

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Locally Derived Nonpoint Loading Estimates For The Boeuf River/Bayou Lafourche Watershed, Emerald Purser Roider Jan 2007

Locally Derived Nonpoint Loading Estimates For The Boeuf River/Bayou Lafourche Watershed, Emerald Purser Roider

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

There is currently a great demand for data and models that can be used to quantify nonpoint source pollutant loads from different land-use types. The Louisiana Department of Environmental Quality (LDEQ) is in the process of implementing management programs for impacted water bodies based on the Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) of a pollutant. Pollutants of concern include total suspended solids (TSS), nitrogen, and phosphorus. One of the key parameters in determining the TMDL of a water body is the nonpoint source pollutant load from different land-use types. To date, such load estimates in Louisiana are lacking. The primary objective …

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Measurement And Modeling Of Light Transmission Through Turbid Media, Alois (Al) J. Adams, Michael Fahrenwald, Long Do Jan 2007

Measurement And Modeling Of Light Transmission Through Turbid Media, Alois (Al) J. Adams, Michael Fahrenwald, Long Do

Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science

No abstract provided.

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Minimizing The Number Of Constraints For Shared Backup Path Protection (Sbpp) In Shared Risk Link Group (Srlg) Optical Mesh Networks, Daryoush Habibi, Viet Quoc Phung, Hoang N. Nguyen Jan 2007

Minimizing The Number Of Constraints For Shared Backup Path Protection (Sbpp) In Shared Risk Link Group (Srlg) Optical Mesh Networks, Daryoush Habibi, Viet Quoc Phung, Hoang N. Nguyen

Research outputs pre 2011

Path-arc integer linear programming (ILP) models for shared backup path protection (SBPP) in optical mesh networks generally contain many redundant constraints for calculating shared backup capacity. This greatly increases the computational time of the ILP solvers. In this paper, we first identify the sharing relationship between working and backup capacities, which facilitates the development of two novel algorithms for minimizing the number of constraints in ILP models for SBPP in mesh networks. Next, we consider the more realistic case of Shared Risk Link Group (SRLG) networks, where some optical fibers have the same risk of a physical cut due to …

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Integrated Broadband Microphotonics Beamformer For Adaptive Nulling In Smart Antennas, Budi Juswardy, Kamal Alameh, Yong Lee Jan 2007

Integrated Broadband Microphotonics Beamformer For Adaptive Nulling In Smart Antennas, Budi Juswardy, Kamal Alameh, Yong Lee

Research outputs pre 2011

This paper presents an integrated MicroPhotonic beamformer that processes RF-modulated optical signals to adaptively synthesise multiple broadband nulls in smart phased-array antennas, The beam former is designed to operate at centre frequency of 5.6 GHz with I GHz bandwidth. Designs of the different photonic and RF components are presented. Simulation results show that a 4-element MicroPhotonic broadband smart antenna beamformer operating in the 5.1-6,1- GHz range can generate three broadband nulls, with less than 1.121 0 beam squint.

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First Read Rate Analysis Of 2d-Barcodes For Camera Phone Applications As A Ubiquitous Computing Tool, Hiroko Kato, Keng T. Tan Jan 2007

First Read Rate Analysis Of 2d-Barcodes For Camera Phone Applications As A Ubiquitous Computing Tool, Hiroko Kato, Keng T. Tan

Research outputs pre 2011

This paper presents a detailed study on the first read rate (FRR) of seven 2D-barcodes currently used for camera phone applications. The study revealed a few surprising observations. Through our analysis, we identified three key factors to improve the robustness of 2D-barcode reading, the range of the reading distance and the stability of the readers. This will contribute to the widespread use of 2D-barcode mobile technology as a ubiquitous computing tool.

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Cylindrical Quasi-Cavity Waveguide For Static Wide Angle Pattern Projection, Kaveh Sahba, Kamal Alameh, Clifton Smith, Arie Paap Jan 2007

Cylindrical Quasi-Cavity Waveguide For Static Wide Angle Pattern Projection, Kaveh Sahba, Kamal Alameh, Clifton Smith, Arie Paap

Research outputs pre 2011

Beam deflection methods such as rotary mirrors and motorized turning optical heads suffer from a variety of electro-mechanical related problems which affect laser scanning performance. These include wobble, jitter, wear, windage and synchronization issues. A novel optical structure consisting of two concentric and cylindrical interfaces with unique optical coating properties for the static projection of a laser spot array over a wide angle is demonstrated. The resulting ray trajectory through the waveguide is modeled using linear equations. Spot size growth is modeled using previously defined ray transfer matrices for tilted optical elements. The model is validated by comparison with experimental …

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Fibre Bragg Grating Sensors For Acoustic Emission And Transmission Detection Applied To Robotic Nde In Structural Health Monitoring, Graham Wild, Steven Hinckley Jan 2007

Fibre Bragg Grating Sensors For Acoustic Emission And Transmission Detection Applied To Robotic Nde In Structural Health Monitoring, Graham Wild, Steven Hinckley

Research outputs pre 2011

Distributed acoustic emission sensors are used in structural health monitoring (SHM) for the detection of impacts and/or strain, in real time. Secondary damage may result from the initial impact or strain. This damage may include surface pitting, erosion, or cracking. This type of damage may not be detectable by the SHM system, specifically in passive fiber optic based sensing systems. The integration of non-destructive evaluation (NDE) by robots into SHM enables the detection and monitoring of a wider variety of damage. Communicating via acoustic transmissions represents a wireless communications method for use by NDE inspection robots to communicate with an …

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Providing Qos For Symmetrical Voice/Video Traffic In Wireless Networks, Justin Wyatt, Daryoush Habibi, Iftekhar Ahmad, Hushairi Zen Jan 2007

Providing Qos For Symmetrical Voice/Video Traffic In Wireless Networks, Justin Wyatt, Daryoush Habibi, Iftekhar Ahmad, Hushairi Zen

Research outputs pre 2011

Voice over IP (VoIP) and voice-video over IP (VIoIP) are becoming very popular and widespread. These types of real-time services produce streams that are almost symmetrical in nature. A new token passing media access control (MAC) developed by our group, called wireless token network (WTN), has been designed with QoS guarantees in mind. We have previously shown in our previous paper (2006) that WTN supports a higher number of VoIP clients compared to 802.11e due to its higher channel efficiency. In this paper we show that WTN also provides superior QoS for bidirectional streams such as VIoIP due to a …

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Adaptive Segregation-Based Mac Protocol For Real-Time Multimedia Traffic In Wlans, Hushairi Zen, Daryoush Habibi, Alexander Rassau, Justin Wyatt Jan 2007

Adaptive Segregation-Based Mac Protocol For Real-Time Multimedia Traffic In Wlans, Hushairi Zen, Daryoush Habibi, Alexander Rassau, Justin Wyatt

Research outputs pre 2011

Wireless local area networks (WLANs) have become very popular both in private and public sectors. Despite the fast expansion of WLANs in various environments, quality of service (QoS) issues for multimedia applications in WLANs are not yet resolved. Multimedia applications contain traffic that are sensitive to delay and jitter and therefore a best-effort protocol such as the legacy IEEE 802.11 is not suitable. The 802.11e protocol provides prioritization and classification of traffic to offer better QoS for real-time services. However, it leaves the design and implementation of many important optimization features to vendors. In this paper we introduce a mechanism …

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Rerouting Technique For Faster Restoration Of Preempted Calls, Iftekhar Ahmad, Joarder Kamruzzaman, Daryoush Habibi Jan 2007

Rerouting Technique For Faster Restoration Of Preempted Calls, Iftekhar Ahmad, Joarder Kamruzzaman, Daryoush Habibi

Research outputs pre 2011

In a communication network where resources are shared between instantaneous request (IR) and book-ahead (BA) connections, activation of future BA connections causes preemption of many on-going IR connections upon resource scarcity. A solution to this problem is to reroute the preempted calls via alternative feasible paths, which often does not ensure acceptably low disruption of service. In this paper, a new rerouting strategy is proposed that uses the destination node to initiate the rerouting and thereby reduces the rerouting time, which ultimately improves the service disruption time. Simulations on a widely used network topology suggest that the proposed rerouting scheme …

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Opto-Vlsi-Based Reconfigurable Free Space Optical Interconnects Architecture, Muhsen Aljada, Kamal Alameh, Yong Lee, I-S Chung Jan 2007

Opto-Vlsi-Based Reconfigurable Free Space Optical Interconnects Architecture, Muhsen Aljada, Kamal Alameh, Yong Lee, I-S Chung

Research outputs pre 2011

This paper presents a short-distance reconfigurable high-speed optical interconnects architecture employing a Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser (VCSEL) array, Opto-very-large-scale-integrated (Opto-VLSI) processors, and a photodetector (PD) array. The core component of the architecture is the Opto-VLSI processor which can be driven by digital phase steering and multicasting holograms that reconfigure the optical interconnects between the input and output ports. The optical interconnects architecture is experimentally demonstrated at 2.5 Gbps using high-speed 1×3 VCSEL array and 1×3 photoreceiver array in conjunction with two 1×4096 pixel Opto-VLSI processors. The minimisation of the crosstalk between the output ports is achieved by appropriately aligning …

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Optimization Of Liquid-Crystal Spatial Light Modulator For Precise Phase Generation, Seow-Hwang Eng, Dong Mei Cai, Zhenglin Wang, Kamal Alameh, Wenhan Jiang Jan 2007

Optimization Of Liquid-Crystal Spatial Light Modulator For Precise Phase Generation, Seow-Hwang Eng, Dong Mei Cai, Zhenglin Wang, Kamal Alameh, Wenhan Jiang

Research outputs pre 2011

Spatial light modulators (SLMs) are recently emerging as wavefront generation or reconstruction devices. In this paper, we use a liquid-crystal SLM (LC-SLM) as a wavefront generation device through the modulation of the spatial phase distribution of an incident light beam. We characterize the phase modulation performance of the LC-SLM, and identified a polarization-configuration to minimize its amplitude modulation effects in order to maximize the contrast of reconstructed phase holograms. We also investigated the feasibility of determining the optical surface uniformity of the LC-SLM through computations of the interference fringes, and identified the disadvantages of this method. This new approach may …

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Passive And Active Optical Bit-Pattern Recognition Structures For Multiwavelength Optical Packet Switching Networks, Muhsen Aljada, Kamal Alameh Jan 2007

Passive And Active Optical Bit-Pattern Recognition Structures For Multiwavelength Optical Packet Switching Networks, Muhsen Aljada, Kamal Alameh

Research outputs pre 2011

Next generation High-Speed optical packet switching networks require components capable of recognising the optical header to enable on-the-fly accurate switching of incoming data packets to their destinations. This paper experimentally demonstrates a comparison between two different optical header recognition structures; A passive structure based on the use of Fiber Bragg Gratings (FBGs), whereas the active structure employs Opto-VLSI processors that synthesise dynamic wavelength profile through digital phase holograms. The structures are experimentally demonstrated at 10Gbps. Performance comparison between the two structures is also discussed. These optical header recognition structures are attractive for multiwavelength optical network and applications.

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Sampled Fiber Gratings For High-Resolution And High-Speed Photonic Signal Processing, Mingya Shen, Kamal Alameh Jan 2007

Sampled Fiber Gratings For High-Resolution And High-Speed Photonic Signal Processing, Mingya Shen, Kamal Alameh

Research outputs pre 2011

A novel sampled grating for high-resolution, highspeed signal processing is presented. Simulation based on Sinc2 sampled and rational sampled fiber grating modeling show that a large number of sub-ps time delay steps are attainable, corresponding to a sampling frequency in excess of 1THz. Design method is described for deriving sampling functions that meet specific true-time-delay profile requirements.

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