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“The Ai Pushed Me To Consider New Perspectives”: Preliminary Observations On A Chatgpt Intervention Designed To Elicit Critical Thinking About Media Headlines, Karina Luna, Chelsea Julian Reynolds, Ali Zain Jun 2026

“The Ai Pushed Me To Consider New Perspectives”: Preliminary Observations On A Chatgpt Intervention Designed To Elicit Critical Thinking About Media Headlines, Karina Luna, Chelsea Julian Reynolds, Ali Zain

Journal of Media Literacy Education Pre-Prints

This study explored whether a custom AI chatbot could be a relevant tool for promoting critical thinking about news bias. The research team discusses the development of a custom critical media literacy chatbot and its implementation in an upper-division critical media studies course at a large North American public university. Students interacted with the chatbot to analyze news headlines about transgender issues, employing a scaffolded framework to dissect media framing and generate alternative frames. We argue that the same AI technologies fueling anxiety can be reimagined as partners in cultivating critical media literacy and guiding future directions in journalism pedagogy. …


Expanding The Cognitive Attentional Standards Platform Through Artificial Influence Assessment (Aia): Rationale, Development, And Measurement Design, Delante Clark Jun 2026

Expanding The Cognitive Attentional Standards Platform Through Artificial Influence Assessment (Aia): Rationale, Development, And Measurement Design, Delante Clark

Graduate Scholarship and Creative Works

Artificial intelligence is increasingly shaping how individuals access information, make decisions, and interact with digital environments. The Cognitive Attentional Standards Platform (C.A.S.) was developed to assess attention related harms, cognitive safety, digital autonomy, and platform influence across digital systems (Clark, 2026). However, the growth of generative AI, conversational agents, and algorithmic decision support technologies has introduced new forms of influence that may not be fully captured by existing assessment domains. This paper proposes the Artificial Influence Assessment (AIA) as an expansion of the C.A.S. framework designed to measure AI mediated influence on cognition, behavior, autonomy, and information processing. Drawing on …


Governing Algorithmic Attention: Attention Safeguard Models And The Cognitive Attentional Standard As System Level Interventions In Human Computer Interaction, Behavioral Economics, And Artificial Intelligence, Delante Clark Jun 2026

Governing Algorithmic Attention: Attention Safeguard Models And The Cognitive Attentional Standard As System Level Interventions In Human Computer Interaction, Behavioral Economics, And Artificial Intelligence, Delante Clark

Graduate Scholarship and Creative Works

Algorithmic recommendation systems and interface designs shape attention by combining visually salient cues with uncertain reward timing and low friction interaction. These conditions can sustain anticipatory checking, extend time on task, and reduce natural disengagement points through patterns such as infinite scrolling and autoplay. This paper synthesizes research across neuroscience, human computer interaction, behavioral economics, and artificial intelligence to argue that attention capture is a predictable outcome of incentive driven design rather than an individual failure of self regulation. It advances the Attention Safeguard Models and the Cognitive Attentional Standard as system level interventions that regulate exposure conditions, pacing, and …


Interview With Orca Award Winner Ross Thompson, Unl Psychology; Childhood Emotional Development, Mark Griep, Ross Thompson Jun 2026

Interview With Orca Award Winner Ross Thompson, Unl Psychology; Childhood Emotional Development, Mark Griep, Ross Thompson

UNL ORCA Interview Series

Ross Thompson was awarded the ORCA in 2000. He was born in 1954 in Madison, Wisconsin. He traveled nearly 2000 miles west to earn a bachelor’s in psychology magna cum laude from Occidental College in Los Angeles. Then, he traveled east over 2200 miles to earn a master’s and doctorate in psychology at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor. In 1981, he joined the University of Nebraska-Lincoln as an assistant professor of psychology and rose quickly through the ranks while studying childhood emotional development. In 2003, three years after earning the ORCA, Ross left UNL to join the psychology …


Nasa Student Launch Initiative And 4-H Stem Engagement, Kelly Dziak Jun 2026

Nasa Student Launch Initiative And 4-H Stem Engagement, Kelly Dziak

Journal of Extension

In 4-H programs, youth take the lead as scientists and engineers in their project work. NASA's Student Launch Initiative challenges youth to design and launch high-powered rockets carrying scientific payloads. This competition models the work process of real-world NASA contractors. In 2023 and 2024, the Morris County New Jersey ResistoJets Rocketry 4-H Club competed as the only team representing the 4-H youth development program. This experience intentionally placed youth in authentic roles as scientists, researchers, engineers, and educators. The goals of NASA's Student Launch Initiative and 4-H align to provide a rich learning experience for youth interested in STEM.


Thinking Silence Otherwise: Toward A “Research Other” In Qualitative Research, Rosa Vázquez Recio Jun 2026

Thinking Silence Otherwise: Toward A “Research Other” In Qualitative Research, Rosa Vázquez Recio

The Qualitative Report

Why ask about silence when it comes to research? This paper explores and analyzes how silence, unlike words and verbal expression, has received little attention in the data production process. Despite its different manifestations and meanings in social interactions and knowledge production, silence tends to be overlooked, ignored, or silenced. We focus on analyzing how we relate silence to evidence-based research to describe the “non-places” of silence in qualitative research, addressing controversies and issues. We propose a “research other,” grounded in decolonial approaches and Southern and feminist epistemologies, to argue for the inclusion of silence in the research process. …


Character Education Across School Contexts: A Qualitative Study Of High- And Regular-Performing Schools In Indonesia, Heri Retnawati, Zurqoni Zurqoni, Mukhamad Ilyasin, Hasan Djidu, Kartianom Kartianom, Ezi Apino Jun 2026

Character Education Across School Contexts: A Qualitative Study Of High- And Regular-Performing Schools In Indonesia, Heri Retnawati, Zurqoni Zurqoni, Mukhamad Ilyasin, Hasan Djidu, Kartianom Kartianom, Ezi Apino

The Qualitative Report

This qualitative study explores how character education is understood, organized, and enacted across two types of junior high schools in Indonesia: High-Performing Schools (HPS) and Regular-Performing Schools (RPS). Using semi-structured interviews with school leaders, teachers, parents, students, and school committee members from nine schools across three provinces, we examined how institutional conditions and relational practices shape the implementation of character education. Analysis generated four themes: variation in program management approaches, differences in implementation structures and stakeholder involvement, school inputs shaping program capacity, and community perceptions of character education outcomes. Findings show that HPS tend to institutionalize character education through structured …


Ethical Pedagogy In Marketing: Faculty Perspectives On Generative Artificial Intelligence Using Thematic Analysis, Maria Naureen Shahid, Oscar Robayo-Pinzon, Sandra Rojas-Berrio, Sana Irfan Jun 2026

Ethical Pedagogy In Marketing: Faculty Perspectives On Generative Artificial Intelligence Using Thematic Analysis, Maria Naureen Shahid, Oscar Robayo-Pinzon, Sandra Rojas-Berrio, Sana Irfan

The Qualitative Report

Because of the potential misuse of ChatGPT for coursework and student learning, marketing educators must investigate how to protect students' honesty and integrity. Additionally, it is crucial to examine whether marketing professors are modifying their pedagogy to promote learner autonomy rather than dependence on Artificial Intelligence (AI). This study addresses two central questions: How do marketing educators preserve students' honesty and integrity amidst the potential misuse of ChatGPT for coursework and learning? How are marketing professors adjusting their pedagogy to ensure learner autonomy rather than dependency on AI tools like ChatGPT? To explore these issues, semi-structured interviews were conducted with …


From Pathology To Ecology: Rethinking Student Well-Being Through Consciousness-Centered Education, Molly Beauregard Jun 2026

From Pathology To Ecology: Rethinking Student Well-Being Through Consciousness-Centered Education, Molly Beauregard

Journal of Conscious Evolution

This article revisits a five-year mixed-methods study conducted from 2012 to 2018, involving 207 student participants (n = 207), of an undergraduate sociology course—Consciousness, Creativity, and Identity—that integrated group meditation and mindfulness into a standard curriculum. Earlier analyses interpreted positive outcomes primarily as reductions in stress and improvements in attention among students. This paper reconsiders that interpretation, arguing that such a framing risks locating dysfunction within students rather than the social and cultural environments they inhabit.

Drawing on an ecological perspective, the study reexamines survey, reflection, and interview data documenting changes, not only in affect and attention, …


The Problem With People: Signed Language Interpreter Disposition Match And Attrition, Dawn M. Wessling Jun 2026

The Problem With People: Signed Language Interpreter Disposition Match And Attrition, Dawn M. Wessling

Journal of Interpretation

In the United States, communication access is a legislated right for Deaf people in many settings; however, recent data suggest that the number of signed language interpreters does not meet current service demand. This multiple‑case study contributes to understanding interpreter attrition by examining how disposition mismatches between novice interpreters and more experienced co‑interpreters influence early exit from the field. Attrition among novice interpreters may exacerbate demand–supply imbalances and contribute to persistent shortages in interpreting services.

This study draws on applied and organizational psychology frameworks, specifically attraction, selection, and attrition (ASA) theory and person–organization fit (P–O fit). Using these theoretical lenses, …


From Kuala Lumpur To The Classroom: A Narrative Inquiry Into Becoming A Global Citizenship And Educator Identity, Kacie Clopp, Sarah Straub Jun 2026

From Kuala Lumpur To The Classroom: A Narrative Inquiry Into Becoming A Global Citizenship And Educator Identity, Kacie Clopp, Sarah Straub

Journal of Multicultural Affairs

This narrative inquiry explores how participation in the 2025 University Scholars Leadership Symposium (USLS) in Kuala Lumpur shaped the author’s development as a global citizen and emerging educator. Throughout the symposium, field texts were gathered through journals, photographs, and artifacts, then revisited through reflective analysis. Guided by curriculum-as-lived, global citizenship education, and Greene’s concept of wide-awakeness, the study highlights how learning occurs not only in formal classrooms but also in relational, global, and service-oriented spaces. Four themes emerged: care and joy as pedagogy, leadership as small but courageous action, resisting ignorance through empathy and humanizing knowledge, and identity development through …


Brushstrokes Of Belonging: An Arts-Based Approach To Heritage Language Sustainability Among Multilingual Youth, Erica Anne Daniels Jun 2026

Brushstrokes Of Belonging: An Arts-Based Approach To Heritage Language Sustainability Among Multilingual Youth, Erica Anne Daniels

Dissertations - ALL

This qualitative case study examines how arts-based curriculum supports heritage language learning among elementary-aged multilingual students in a community language program. Drawing on Culturally Sustaining Pedagogy, Transformative Multiliteracies, and Community Cultural Wealth, this study analyzes observations, student artifacts, and interviews across Arabic and Karen heritage language classrooms using an arts-based curriculum. Findings demonstrate that arts-based practices foster four key outcomes: identity exploration, the development of agency and critical authenticity, relational language sustainability through family engagement, and heightened motivation grounded in creativity and cultural relevance. Students’ multimodal identity texts, such as drawings, ceramics, and jewelry, served as transformative sites where linguistic …


Visions Of Paradise - Leslie Hiatt Catalogue, Nova Southeastern University Jun 2026

Visions Of Paradise - Leslie Hiatt Catalogue, Nova Southeastern University

Visions of Paradise

Leslie Hiatt: Visions of Paradise

Step into a world where memory, nature, and imagination dissolve into luminous color and rich textures. Curated by Antonio Permuy, this solo exhibition of artist Leslie Hiatt invites viewers into her signature Impressionistic landscapes where ethereal florals drift through suspended dreamlike, atmospheric spaces and connect you with realms just out of reach of the senses. Alongside these beloved works,

Visions of Paradise unveils a selection of her recent mythology-inspired pieces and other rarely seen creations, offering a deeper glimpse into the evolving language of her practice.

Hiatt’s work is rooted in a reverence for nature, …


Client Communication Strategy Pitch Deck, Staci Thomas Jun 2026

Client Communication Strategy Pitch Deck, Staci Thomas

Generative AI Teaching Activities

Business Client Communication Strategy - Pitch Deck


Testimonios From Latine Educational Leaders Supporting Youth Development Programs, Luis E. Feliciano Jun 2026

Testimonios From Latine Educational Leaders Supporting Youth Development Programs, Luis E. Feliciano

USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations

The United States has been experiencing a demographic change for the last twenty years representing a rise in both Latiné students and families. Despite this demographic change, Latiné folk remain widely underrepresented in school leadership, and furthermore underrepresented in specific Youth Development Programs (YDPs), with the relationship between educational leaders and YDPs being widely unexplored in academia. This study sought to bridge the gap between YDPs and educational leadership, specifically for Latiné folk by asking how Latiné educational leaders used their cultural heritage to encourage YDP development. To accomplish this a testimonio methodology was implemented via a two staged interview …


Freshman Student Sleep And Academic Stress Levels: An Empirical Study For Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Julia M. Cortese Jun 2026

Freshman Student Sleep And Academic Stress Levels: An Empirical Study For Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Julia M. Cortese

Beyond: Undergraduate Research Journal

Receiving an adequate amount of sleep is essential for academic success as it prepares the brain each day for the workload ahead. Sleep deprivation is associated with negative cognitive, emotional, and physical outcomes that may affect academic performance. Currently, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University (ERAU) does not have any form of sleep education or awareness for first-year, first-semester students, which leaves them susceptible to a cycle of sleep deprivation, academic underperformance, and stress. This study examines the relationship between sleep habits and academic stress among first-semester, first-year students of Fall 2023 at ERAU. This empirical study used a mixed-methods survey with eighteen …


Language, Life, And Indigenous Knowledge: Cultural Contexts In Advanced Kaqchikel Maya Language Education Approaches To Indigenous Language Revitalization In Kik'aslemal Ri Kaqchikela': An Advanced Kaqchikel Maya Language Textbook, José Israel Herrera Jun 2026

Language, Life, And Indigenous Knowledge: Cultural Contexts In Advanced Kaqchikel Maya Language Education Approaches To Indigenous Language Revitalization In Kik'aslemal Ri Kaqchikela': An Advanced Kaqchikel Maya Language Textbook, José Israel Herrera

Journal of Maya Heritage

Abstract. This article examines the relationship between Indigenous language revitalization and the continuity of socially embedded systems of knowledge through the case of advanced Kaqchikel Maya language education. Drawing upon scholarship on Indigenous pedagogies, linguistic anthropology, and Indigenous epistemologies, the article explores how culturally grounded approaches to language learning contribute not only to the development of linguistic competence but also to the reproduction of memories, values, and intellectual traditions. Particular attention is devoted to Kik'aslemal ri Kaqchikela': An Advanced Kaqchikel Maya Language Textbook, whose thematic organization and collaborative development illustrate broader processes of knowledge production and cultural continuity. Rather than …


Dismantling Future Writing Teachers’ English-Only Assumptions: Composing Videos To Learn The Value Of Linguistic And Cultural Inclusion, Ann N. Amicucci Jun 2026

Dismantling Future Writing Teachers’ English-Only Assumptions: Composing Videos To Learn The Value Of Linguistic And Cultural Inclusion, Ann N. Amicucci

Teaching/Writing: The Journal of Writing Teacher Education

This article presents the results of a study of 12 students’ video composing assignments and accompanying reflections in which students, all of whom were future writing teachers enrolled in an undergraduate TESOL course, examined how well public spaces acknowledged and included multilingual individuals. Students’ videos and reflections demonstrated that the assignment dismantled these future writing teachers’ assumptions that multilingual writers learn best in an English-only environment but perpetuated perceptions of languages as discrete rather than intertwined. Findings are discussed within the context of scholarship on writing teacher education and English-only policy and practice in the U.S.


Cognitive Autonomy In The Age Of Ai: A First-Year University Writing Teacher’S Case For Embodied Learning, Rachel M. Terry Jun 2026

Cognitive Autonomy In The Age Of Ai: A First-Year University Writing Teacher’S Case For Embodied Learning, Rachel M. Terry

Essays in Education

Cognitive autonomy in the age of AI is becoming an urgent concern in higher education. This article argues that first-year writing instruction should recover cognitive autonomy and embodied learning as correctives to technocratic habits shaped by generative AI, digital convenience, and an overreliance on optimization. Drawing on the author’s positionality as a first-year university writing teacher, it examines how students increasingly treat knowledge as detachable information rather than as something formed through disciplined engagement. The article includes examples of handwritten note-taking and annotation as embodied learning that slows thought, deepens synthesis, and supports student agency. It concludes that education should …


Bullying Prevalence And Persistence In Rural And Urban Settings, Eric Landers, Juliann Sergi Mcbrayer, Monika Krah, Meredith A. Rausch Jun 2026

Bullying Prevalence And Persistence In Rural And Urban Settings, Eric Landers, Juliann Sergi Mcbrayer, Monika Krah, Meredith A. Rausch

The Rural Educator

Bullying is a serious issue in schools, affecting students’ physical health, academic performance, and mental well-being. It involves repeated, intentional aggression—physical, verbal, social, or online—that creates a power imbalance between the bully and the victim. Over time, it can lead to depression, low self-esteem, substance abuse, and even criminal behavior. Bullying varies by environment. Urban schools may see more peer aggression due to social instability, while rural schools face challenges like social isolation and unique power dynamics. Rural students face higher and more persistent bullying and repeated incidents at a higher rate than their urban peers. A growing concern is …


Barriers And Solutions To Effective Mental Health Services In Rural Schools: A Delphi Study, Rawn Boulden, Anna Simmons Jun 2026

Barriers And Solutions To Effective Mental Health Services In Rural Schools: A Delphi Study, Rawn Boulden, Anna Simmons

The Rural Educator

In response to a gap in the literature, this study examined barriers and solutions to effective school-based mental health services and supports in schools. Using a Delphi methodology with a panel of 30 rural educators (i.e., school counselors, teachers, and administrators), the study identified 126 consensus statements across multiple domains. Findings highlight systemic challenges such as workforce shortages, stigma, limited access to services, and structural inequities. Participants also proposed actionable strategies, including expanding school-based mental health staffing, fostering community partnerships, and integrating social-emotional learning into classroom practices. These results offer practical, research-informed guidance for strengthening mental health infrastructure in rural …


Resourcefulness, Ingenuity, And Community Strengths In Meeting Rural Youth Mental Health Needs: A Multiple Case Study, Aaron Leo, Jessie Tobin, Paul Guay, Kristen Campbell Wilcox Jun 2026

Resourcefulness, Ingenuity, And Community Strengths In Meeting Rural Youth Mental Health Needs: A Multiple Case Study, Aaron Leo, Jessie Tobin, Paul Guay, Kristen Campbell Wilcox

The Rural Educator

This study investigated how 133 educators in six rural schools experience and address youth mental health challenges and the adaptations they use to meet students’ needs. Interview and focus group data were examined through the lens of rural community wealth to draw attention to the ways educators support their students and the resources on which they draw in their efforts. Findings illustrate that rural educators shift to providing as many services to students as possible on their school campuses; increase the capacity of staff members to address students’ mental health through targeted professional development and training; and integrate social-emotional learning …


Challenges And Opportunities In Rural Education: The Case Of La Araucanía, Chile, Katerin Arias-Ortega, Viviana Villarroel Jun 2026

Challenges And Opportunities In Rural Education: The Case Of La Araucanía, Chile, Katerin Arias-Ortega, Viviana Villarroel

The Rural Educator

The article reports on the challenges that rural education has been facing in La Araucanía, Chile, from the perspective of Mapuche parents. The study’s methodology was qualitative and involved Mapuche families who sent their children to rural, single-teacher schools located in an Indigenous context. The findings indicate that Mapuche mothers perceive the education that their children receive in rural schools to be of lower academic quality. Furthermore, they acknowledge that rural education receives less economic support than education in urban settings, which creates a disadvantage for Indigenous and peasant children. This disparity limits their ability to acquire the same resources …


Constructing Evidence And Epistemic Agency In Science, Katherine S. Misar Jun 2026

Constructing Evidence And Epistemic Agency In Science, Katherine S. Misar

The Language and Literacy Spectrum

This microethnographic discourse analytic study uses an academic literacies theoretical lens to examine how a highly regarded urban high school biology teacher taught students to write from scientific data and positioned of students with epistemic agency using modeling instruction. Drawing on 6 lessons from one instructional unit over the course of two weeks; data sources include audio and video recordings, 30 transcribed literacy events, students’ written work, teacher interviews, case study student interviews, and photos. Participants included an experienced teacher and a student teacher using modeling instruction and 23 “accelerated” biology students in an urban high school. This study addresses …


Printing Press Renewal, Ashley Mcguire, Margaret Wood Balch, Anna Kaetz, Timothy M. Wick Jun 2026

Printing Press Renewal, Ashley Mcguire, Margaret Wood Balch, Anna Kaetz, Timothy M. Wick

Libraries Professional Work

The University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB) Libraries are home to a Chandler & Price printing press, originally built in 1885. Unfortunately, this press was not whole or fully operational when it was acquired by the UAB Libraries in the 1970s. Among its defects, the press lacked the treadle, Pittman arm, and crankshaft to power the press, a functioning rotating ink plate, a chase for holding the type in place, and the pin that keeps the large wheel turning in time with the gears that lead the machine to function. Members from the UAB Libraries Historical Collections and Reference and …


Exploring Ninth–12th Grade Teachers’ Experiences And Supports Needed When Using Trauma-Informed Practices, Kimberly C. Johnson Jun 2026

Exploring Ninth–12th Grade Teachers’ Experiences And Supports Needed When Using Trauma-Informed Practices, Kimberly C. Johnson

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

No abstract provided.


Success In Student Leadership: An Appreciative Inquiry Approach To A Student Leader Program, Ana M. Tayeb Jun 2026

Success In Student Leadership: An Appreciative Inquiry Approach To A Student Leader Program, Ana M. Tayeb

USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations

This study explored the strengths and successes of a Student Leader Program within a Physician Assistant (PA) program at a large southeastern university, using an Appreciative Inquiry (AI) framework to understand how the program positions students for success. The program, established to support leadership development, academic engagement, and professional growth, includes elected student roles such as class president, vice president, wellness champion, volunteer liaison, and class liaisons. Through semi‑structured interviews with faculty, administrators, current Student Leaders, non‑leader students, and a Student Leader alumnus, the study examined lived experiences and perceptions of the program’s impact. Guided by the AI 4‑D cycle, …


Beyond Autonomy: An Actor-Network Theory Study Of A Solo Exhibition In Indonesia, Rendy Pandita Bastari, Patra Aditia, Ganesha Puspa Nabila Jun 2026

Beyond Autonomy: An Actor-Network Theory Study Of A Solo Exhibition In Indonesia, Rendy Pandita Bastari, Patra Aditia, Ganesha Puspa Nabila

Bahasa dan Seni: Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra, Seni, dan Pengajarannya

In many exhibition artists are often perceived as singular and autonomous actors. Departing from the critique of this tendency, this study examines the solo exhibition Toyscapes, After Us by Indonesian artist Hilman Hendarsyah (November 2025) as a case study through the lens of Actor-Network Theory (ANT), in order to understand art exhibition as relational and socio-material practices. This study traces how exhibitions are produced through interaction between human and non-human actors within heterogeneous network. The analysis was conducted by following the actors and mapping processes of problematization, translation, and network stabilization. The findings elucidates that solo exhibition cannot be understood …


Emergency Action Plan: Home, Family, Pets, And Livestock, Kristin Black, Michael Pate, Callahan K. Adams Jun 2026

Emergency Action Plan: Home, Family, Pets, And Livestock, Kristin Black, Michael Pate, Callahan K. Adams

All Current Publications

This document is an emergency family action plan designed to help your entire household prepare for emergencies. It aligns with the Youth Emergency Preparedness and Animal Project Safety Program available through Utah State University (USU). It can be taught by FFA teachers, 4-H leaders, Extension faculty/staff, and afterschool program educators. The Emergency Action Plan is intended for youth to bring home, lead their families in completing the sections, and guide them in preparing for and practicing emergency preparedness.


Preparing Preservice Teachers: Developing Skills For Working With Students With Disabilities In The Social Studies Classroom, Melissa Waugh Jun 2026

Preparing Preservice Teachers: Developing Skills For Working With Students With Disabilities In The Social Studies Classroom, Melissa Waugh

USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations

This study was aimed towards investigating the extant research, best practices, and teacher preparation standards related to working with students with disabilities in the social studies classroom. The study was guided using three research questions: Are students with disabilities’ learning needs reflected in the National Council for Social Studies National Standards for the Preparation of Social Studies Teachers?; How do preservice social studies teacher programs prepare their candidates for teaching students with disabilities as evidenced by Social Science Education methods course syllabi?; and, What might a college-level course aimed towards social studies teaching methods centering around students with disabilities’ learning …