Digital Commons Network^™

Puzzling Behavior In Monetary Policy Transmission: New Evidence From Central Asian Economies, Elyor Davlatov, Judit Sági

Bulletin of Monetary Economics and Banking

The misidentification of monetary policy shocks typically produces the price, and the exchange rate puzzles in empirical studies. Numerous identification approaches have been introduced in the VAR literature, and these approaches have been applied to address anomalies in various countries. This study examines how well these identification approaches have worked in resolving price and exchange rate puzzles under state dominance in the financial sector in a highly dollarized and shallow financial market environment of Central Asian Economies (CAEs). First, a baseline Vector Autoregression (VAR) model with short-run restrictions is estimated using Cholesky factorization, with anomalous results observed for both prices …

Religion And Economics: The Economic Views Of Catholicos-Patriarch Ilia Ii Of Georgia, Giuli Giguashvili

Occasional Papers on Religion in Eastern Europe

The paper examines the impact of religion on a country’s economic development, analyzing how religious values and institutions influence economic behavior. The research employs a qualitative, comparative, and historical approach based on the systematic analysis of primary and secondary sources. Religion can promote economic growth by strengthening work ethics, education, and social order. Still, it may also hinder development through inefficient resource allocation and regulatory influence. In the context of the 1700th anniversary of Christianity in Georgia, the study highlights the relationship between Orthodox teaching and economic thought. Drawing on the epistles and sermons of the Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia, …

Clinical Outcomes Of Adjunctive Use Of Oxygen-Releasing Formula In Non-Surgical Treatment Of Periodontal Abscess Associated With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, Anil Kumar Kanakamedala, Laxmi Kavya Gangireddy, Gautami S Penmetsa, Sruthima Gottumukkala, Mohan Kumar Pasupuleti, Konathala Santhosh Venkata Ramesh

Journal of Dentistry Indonesia

Background: This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of oxygen-releasing formula (ORF) as an adjunct in the non-surgical management of periodontal abscess in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Methods: This split-mouth clinical trial was conducted on 14 patients with periodontal abscess with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), who were divided into a control group, nonsurgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) alone, and a test group (NSPT+ORF). Parameters such as Landry's healing index (HI) were evaluated at 1 week, 2 weeks, and 1 month. Probing pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment level (CAL), and bleeding on probing presence or absence (BOP) …

Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting In Dental Practice And The Importance Of Pharmacovigilance In Dental Education, Radhakrishna Lagishetty, Lakshmi Ramya T, Kvr Barath Raju, Mohan Kumar Pasupuleti

Journal of Dentistry Indonesia

Background: Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are a critical component of patient safety; however, ADR monitoring remains underutilized in dentistry. This study aimed to assess knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding ADR reporting among undergraduate and postgraduate students and practicing dentists.

Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted using a structured, validated 19-item questionnaire covering socio-demographics, knowledge (6 items), attitude (4 items), and practice (5 items), which was distributed both in person and online. A total of 258 complete responses were analyzed out of 300 individuals contacted (response rate: 86%). Descriptive statistics and Chi-square tests were applied, with p < 0.05 considered statistically significant.

Results …

Investigation Of Patients' Use Of Non-Pharmacological Substances In Dental Pain Management, Neslihan Yılmaz Çırakoğlu, Özgenur Kaya

Journal of Dentistry Indonesia

Background: Dental pain is a complex condition influenced by biological, biochemical, environmental, and psychological factors. Before seeking professional care, many patients attempt to relieve dental pain using self-administered, non-medical agents. This study aimed to investigate patients’ use of non-pharmacological substances in dental pain management and to identify factors influencing these practices.

Methods: The questionnaire consisted of four sections addressing demographic characteristics, oral hygiene habits, pain characteristics, and pain-relief agents. Categorical variables were analyzed using Pearson’s chi-square test. Categorical data are presented as frequencies and percentages, while continuous data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation and median values. …

Orthodontic Camouflage Treatment Of A Severe Class Iii Skeletal Pattern With Anterior Open Bite: A Case Report, Dikeledi Maureen Letsholo, Mandla Dominic Nyakale, Mosimane Peter Silas Sethusa

Journal of Dentistry Indonesia

Background: Class III malocclusion combined with anterior open bite (AOB) is one of the most challenging occlusal problems to treat. The objective of this article was to report a case of an adult female patient diagnosed with Class III malocclusion combined with an anterior open bite and a hyperdivergent facial pattern.

Case Report: Camouflage orthodontic treatment with the extraction of maxillary and mandibular first premolars was used to treat the patient. Anterior teeth were retracted maximally against the Nance holding arch and fixed lingual arch appliances, and box elastics were used to close AOB. At the end of …

Middle Class Affordability In The Mountain West, 2023, Kian Parikh, Krish Sharma, Mohit Pande, Kristian Thymianos, Caitlin J. Saladino, William E. Brown Jr.

Economic Development & Workforce

This fact sheet presents 2023 data on the share of middle-class households that can afford basic necessities in the five Mountain West states of Arizona, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, and Utah. The Brookings Institution report, “In every corner of the country, the middle class struggles with affordability,” provides metropolitan-level estimates across all 50 U.S. states and the District of Columbia. This fact sheet focuses on middle class affordability data for the largest metro area in each Mountain West state and, where available, explores middle class affordability by race and ethnicity.

Hkc09 - Climate Change Increases Bilateral Trade Costs, Maximilian Huppertz

Oberlin College Kasper Economics and Business Working Paper Series

It is well established that climate change affects productivity, but its effects on trade costs have not been studied. I combine international trade and weather data covering 190 years and show how an augmented gravity framework can be used to estimate the impact of climate change on bilateral trade cost. I find that climate change, as measured by decadal temperature shifts at the origin or destination country, increases them. Adaptation to these changes seems slow. They appear to be driven by impacts on maritime trade in particular, perhaps due to the vulnerability of seaports to climate change. Combining these results …

Economic Policies And Their Role In Enhancing Innovation: An Econometric Study Of South Korea (1996–2024), Ahmad M. Habeeb, Mahdi Saleh Sulaiman Al-Rikani

Muthanna Journal of Administrative and Economics Sciences

This research aims to study and analyze the impact of macroeconomic policies (fiscal, monetary, and trade) on promoting innovation in South Korea during the period 1996-2024 using the ARDL model. The results of estimating the model’s parameters in the short and long run showed a stable equilibrium relationship, with an error correction coefficient of –0.173. This indicates that the Korean economic system possesses a self-correcting mechanism that restores equilibrium shocks within approximately 5 years and 9 months. The results also demonstrated the importance of education spending and the money supply in stimulating and promoting innovation, while trade liberalization had a …

Financial Behavior As A Mediating Variable Between Artificial Intelligence Applications And The Enhancement Of Financial Inclusion: An Analytical Study Of The Opinions Of A Sample Of Customers Of The Trade Bank Of Iraq (Tbi) In Al-Muthanna Governorate, Alaa Hussein Lrhayim, Kamal Kadhim Al-Hassani

Muthanna Journal of Administrative and Economics Sciences

This analytical study aims to explain the nature of the relationship between Artificial Intelligence (AI) and the enhancement of Financial Inclusion through examining the mediating role of Financial Behavior. The study was conducted on a sample of customers of the Trade Bank of Iraq (TBI) in Al-Muthanna Governorate. A structured questionnaire was designed to measure the main research variables, namely Artificial Intelligence, Financial Behavior, and the level of Financial Inclusion. The research gap stems from the limited ability of previous studies to explain how Artificial Intelligence can contribute to enhancing Financial Inclusion, as most studies have examined this relationship directly …

The Impact Of Certain Electronic Payment Methods On Iraqi Bank Credit For The Period 2018–2024, Kareem Muttair Hassan Al-Zayadi, Ali Jaber Abdul-Hussein Al-Maali

Muthanna Journal of Administrative and Economics Sciences

The information revolution and the significant acceleration in the proliferation of electronic payment instruments over the last decade represent the primary frontier in reshaping traditional economic transactions, with the banking sector garnering the utmost attention in this domain, and beginning from 2018, Iraq initiated its digital financial transformation operations through the Central Bank launching initiatives to regulate the work of electronic payment companies, and the significance of this study lies in formulating an integrated analytical and econometric vision to explore the dynamic relationship between the expansion of these systems and the efficiency and trends of bank credit for the period …

The Impact Of Using Block Chain Technology On The Quality Of Financial Statements Of Economic Units, Hussein Abdul Mohsen Kazem

Muthanna Journal of Administrative and Economics Sciences

The current research aims to identify the concept of Block Chain technology, its characteristics and mechanism of action, and to clarify the nature of the quality of financial statements in economic units, as well as to show the extent of the impact of the use of Block Chain technology on the quality of financial statements in economic units, as the research problem crystallized in the extent of the reflection of the use of Block Chain technology on the quality of financial statements of economic units, and the study adopted the (descriptive analytical) approach in presenting the theoretical frameworks and then …

The Role Of Green Accounting In Achieving Sustainable Development Through The Quality Of Accounting Information: An Empirical Study Of Iraqi Industrial Companies, Ahmed Neamah Abed, Anmar Adnan Khudhair, Farqad Mohammed Bakr Al Saadi

Muthanna Journal of Administrative and Economics Sciences

The goal of this study is to highlight the role of green accounting, both direct and indirect, via the quality of accounting information, in achieving sustainable development goals in industrial companies in Iraq. The methodology was done based on data obtained in 2026 through a questionnaire sent to a random sample of 110 employees (accountants, heads of finance departments, finance managers and internal auditors) in industrial companies listed on the Iraq Stock Exchange. Structural equation modelling (SEM) was used to test the hypotheses and pathways by applying AMOS software. Furthermore, the results indicated that the green accounting is positively and …

Consumer Behavior In The Social Media Ecosystem: A Scoping Review Of Influential Factors, Huda Fadhil Gatea

Muthanna Journal of Administrative and Economics Sciences

The rapid expansion of social media has fundamentally transformed the ways consumers search for information, interact with brands, and make purchasing decisions. This study provides a structured synthesis of the literature on consumer behavior in the social media ecosystem using a Scoping Review approach aligned with the PRISMA-ScR framework. The review aimed to map the main research streams, identify dominant thematic categories, and clarify the conceptual directions shaping this field. A total of 31 studies published between 2011 and 2025 were included in the final review following a multi-stage screening process involving identification, screening, eligibility assessment, and final inclusion. The …

The Impact Of Integrated Reporting In Rationalizing Investment Decisions And Value Enhancing, Asst Prof Dr. Muna Jabbar Mohammed

Muthanna Journal of Administrative and Economics Sciences

The current research aims to identify and understand integrated reporting reports and to demonstrate their impact in investment decisions of publicly traded companies listed on the Iraq Stock Exchange and their role in enhancing the market value of these companies. To achieve this objective, a questionnaire was distributed to a group of investors in the Iraq Stock Exchange and processed using the SPSS statistical software. The questionnaire was analyzed using several statistical methods (factor analysis, correlation coefficient, and simple linear regression). The research reached several conclusions, the most important of which is that integrated reporting reports are a means of …

The Mediating Role Of Production Process Efficiency Through Lean Production In Enhancing Institutional Excellence: An Applied Study At The Maysan Oil Factory, Asst. Lect. Wasan Jawad Kadhim

Muthanna Journal of Administrative and Economics Sciences

This study aimed to analyze the mediating role of production process efficiency in the relationship between lean production and organizational excellence, through an applied study at the Maysan Oils Factory. This was done within the framework of efforts to improve operational performance and enhance the competitiveness of industrial enterprises. The study’s significance stems from its highlighting of lean production as a modern strategic approach and its showcasing of the role of production process efficiency as an intermediary mechanism that contributes to achieving organizational excellence in the industrial environment. The study adopted a descriptive-analytical approach. The study population consisted of employees …

Servant Leadership And Organizational Loyalty: Examining The Mediating Effect Of Meaningful Work, Mezher Abdulsada Hunain, Hasan Oudah Abdullah

Muthanna Journal of Administrative and Economics Sciences

This study aims to examine the effect of servant leadership on organizational loyalty among administrative and technical employees at the University of Basrah, with particular emphasis on the mediating role of meaningful work in explaining this relationship. The study seeks to provide deeper insight into how servant leadership practices influence employees’ organizational attachment by enhancing their perception of work as meaningful, which in turn strengthens organizational loyalty. A quantitative research design was adopted, and a simple random sample of 362 employees was selected to ensure adequate representation across various colleges and administrative units within the university. Data were collected using …

The Impact Of Cyber Resilience On Achieving Digital Development: A Survey Study At North Oil Company, Huda Abdul Rahim Hussein, Ali Abdul Fattah Alshaher, Ahmed Zuhair Tawfiq

Muthanna Journal of Administrative and Economics Sciences

The research aims to identify the impact of cyber resilience on achieving digital development in the North Oil Company within the framework of a conceptual model that relies on cyber resilience as an independent variable with its four dimensions (prevention, protection, response, recovery) and a dependent variable represented by digital development with its dimensions (digital infrastructure, digital skills, digital inclusion, technological innovation) The research adopted a survey methodology, and data was collected using a questionnaire developed based on previous studies that employed tested measures in the field of information systems and information security. The research sample consisted of 312 individuals …

Smart Financial Management Governance Based On Auditing As A Constitutional Mechanism For Accountability Of Algorithmic Authority, Ahmed Abdul Mahmood Al-Janabi, Yasser Saad Znad, Mohammed Salman Nima

Muthanna Journal of Administrative and Economics Sciences

This research examines the structural transformations brought about by the increasing use of algorithms and intelligent systems in financial management. These transformations extend beyond simply improving operational efficiency; they reshape the logic of decision-making and the distribution of power within organizations. The research is based on the premise that intelligent financial management generates a new form of algorithmic power, exercised through relatively closed computational models. This limits the interpretability and accountability of financial decisions within traditional governance frameworks. Furthermore, the research seeks to reframe the audit function from a regressive, compliance-based oversight role to a constitutional mechanism capable of holding …

The Impact Of Generative Ai Applications On Employees’ Perceived Job Security: A Field Study In Knowledge-Intensive Organizations In Iraq, Hayder Ibrahim Hassoon

Muthanna Journal of Administrative and Economics Sciences

This study examines the impact of generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) applications on employees’ perceived job security within knowledge-intensive organizations in Iraq. A quantitative, descriptive–analytical field design was employed. Data were collected through a five-point Likert-scale questionnaire administered to a stratified random sample of 420 employees from four organizations: Zain Iraq, Asiacell, Korek, and Rafidain Bank. The independent variable was operationalized through three dimensions: intensity of daily GenAI use, the impact of automation and job redesign, and organizational governance of GenAI use. The dependent variable was employees’ perceived job security. Reliability and construct validity supported the instrument’s adequacy for analysis, with …

Measuring And Analysing The Impact Of The Construction Sector On Per Capita Real Gdp In Iraq For The Period 2000–2024, Haider Abd Radhi

Muthanna Journal of Administrative and Economics Sciences

This study examines the extent to which the construction sector contributes to the national economy, specifically through its contribution to gross domestic product (GDP) at constant prices and per capita GDP. as this sector, which constitutes a significant part of the national economy in Iraq, aims to achieve an increase in GDP and per capita GDP and to achieve economic growth through the development of infrastructure in Iraq. Standard methods were used to measure the impact of the construction sector (the independent variable) on per capita real GDP (the dependent variable) during the period from 2000 to 2024, using the …

The Role Of Agile Human Resources In Enhancing Job Performance: An Exploratory Study Of The Opinions Of A Sample Of Human Resources In The Traffic Directorate Of Sulaymaniyah Governorate, Wafaa Salman Ibrahim, James Yohana Odeesh

Muthanna Journal of Administrative and Economics Sciences

Many organizations face challenges related to poor job performance resulting from difficulty adapting to rapid changes in the work environment. This necessitates the adoption of modern management approaches capable of enhancing human resource efficiency and improving performance levels. Agile human resources is one of the most important of these approaches that contributes to enhancing job performance. Based on this, this research seeks to identify the role of lean human resources as an independent variable in enhancing job performance as a dependent variable in the Sulaimaniyah Governorate Traffic Directorate. The research relied on a questionnaire as a data collection tool, consisting …

Effectiveness Of Banking Marketing Strategies And Their Impact On Attracting Customers: A Comparative Study Between The Trade Bank Of Iraq (Tbi) And The Bank Of Baghdad, Azzam Saleh Abd

Muthanna Journal of Administrative and Economics Sciences

The research problem centers on the growing gap between the marketing strategies adopted by Iraqi banks and the increasing expectations of customers in the digital age, which has led to a noticeable disparity in the ability to attract and retain customers between the public and private sectors. Despite its capital strength and sovereign status, the Trade Bank of Iraq (TBI) faces challenges in aligning its marketing flexibility with the needs of individuals versus large corporations, while the Bank of Baghdad struggles to promote trust and security to compete with government guarantees. To analyze this problem, three main hypotheses were formulated: …

Non-Parametric Bayesian Modeling For Predicting Financial Market Volatility, Maab Adil Sabbar, Ahmed Imad Jawad Alradhi

Muthanna Journal of Administrative and Economics Sciences

This study examines methodological developments in modeling financial market volatility, with a particular focus on Bayesian nonparametric approaches as flexible alternatives to traditional parametric models such as GARCH and stochastic volatility frameworks. While characteristics of financial time series—including fat tails, volatility clustering, asymmetry, and structural breaks—limit the effectiveness of rigid parametric specifications, nonparametric Bayesian tools such as Dirichlet Process Mixtures offer adaptive probabilistic structures that better capture the true behavior of returns.
Using daily data from the ISX Main 60 Index, the empirical analysis shows that although the GARCH(1,1) model achieves a good statistical fit, stable volatility estimates, and accurate …

The Influence Of Managerial Attitudes And Dynamic Capabilities On E-Marketing Adoption Among Small And Medium Tourism Enterprises, Hilal Maabad Ame, Omari Khalifa Mbura, Amani Gration Tegambwage

Arab Economic and Business Journal

This study examines how managerial attitudes and dynamic capabilities shape e-marketing adoption among Small and Medium Tourism Enterprises (SMTEs) in Zanzibar, using PLS-SEM on survey data from 216 SMTEs in the Urban-West and South Regions. Drawing on the Decomposed Theory of Planned Behaviour and Dynamic Capabilities Theory, the study finds that perceived ease of use and perceived security significantly increase adoption, while perceived usefulness and compatibility significantly decrease it suggesting that recognising a technology's value is insufficient without the operational capacity to act on it. Supporting this, dynamic capabilities significantly strengthen the usefulness–adoption and compatibility–adoption relationships, but show no moderating …

Do Nonprofit Ratings Help Donors Make Better Decisions?, Ashraf Haque

Center for Policy Research

Nonprofit organizations depend on donations to fulfill their missions, but donors choosing among 1.8 million U.S. public charities often lack the time or capacity to evaluate which organizations are actually performing well. This brief summarizes findings from a study that used a five-year panel dataset of over one million nonprofit-year records from GuideStar (2014–2018) to examine how transparency seal ratings affect donation behavior. The author finds that having any GuideStar seal increases donations by about 7% compared to having no seal, and that platinum-rated nonprofits receive 34% more in donations than unrated organizations, regardless of actual organizational quality. Donors do …

Credence Goods In Markets With Collective Reputation: Nature Of Equilibria And The Value Of Certification, Erin Krupka, Thomas P. Lyon, Arnab Mitra

Economics Faculty Publications and Presentations

Fraud can cause markets for credence goods to collapse, but collective reputation has been suggested as a potential solution, especially when buyer valuations for quality are high. We develop a discrete model of a market for label credence goods and provide conditions for no-fraud equilibria based on collective reputation. We identify conditions under which all equilibria may be asymmetric or involve mixed strategies and hence sellers may face coordination problems. Our analysis suggests such coordination problems are the greatest when the size of the high-quality market is approximately half of the overall market (that incorporates both high- and low-quality goods), …

Connecting Families Through Cash Transfers And An Enabling Environment In Colombia, Mexico, And The Philippines: A Qualitative Study, Johanna K P Greeson, John Gyourko, Sarah Wasch, Kristin Mallory, Lory Fehlig, Cesar Jácome, Nestor David Lara Yanes, Fátima Areli Ruiz Gutiérrez, Dennis Guamos, Adele R. Lehman

Faculty Scholarship

Nearly 700 million people worldwide live in extreme poverty, and almost half of the world’s population lives below the poverty line. Cash transfer programs are increasingly used to address poverty’s effects on family well-being, yet less is known about how families experience programs that combine cash transfers with peer-driven mutual aid. Children International’s (CI) Community Independence Initiative (CII) provides conditional cash transfers and promotes family-led goal setting, mutual support, and shared learning. This qualitative study explored how families in Colombia, Mexico, and the Philippines experienced CII and made meaning of its material and relational components. We conducted focus groups with …

The Mundlak Estimator In A Panel Data Model With Serially Correlated Error Component Disturbances, Badi H. Baltagi, Long Liu

Center for Policy Research

This paper shows that the classic Mundlak (1978) result where the random effects estimator reduces to the fixed effects estimator when the regressors are all correlated with the individual effects, may not hold if the remainder disturbances have a general serial correlation variance-covariance matrix. This includes the popular AR(1), MA(1) and ARMA(p, q) processes for serial correlation. This is illustrated with an empirical example for the AR(1) case.

Analyzing The Relationship Between Ai-Enhanced Accounting Disclosure And Financial Reporting Quality: Digital Transparency As A Mediating Variable, Mawj Abbas Jasim Al-Hchaimi, Hasan Talib Hashim, Mohammed Adhab Jassim

Muthanna Journal of Administrative and Economics Sciences

The current research aims to study the relationship between AI-enhanced accounting disclosure and the quality of financial reports in the Iraqi banking sector, while also examining the role of digital transparency as a mediating variable in explaining this relationship. The research was conducted on a sample of 180 financial managers, accountants, internal auditors, and IT specialists from three Iraqi banks: Bank of Baghdad, Al-Rasheed Bank, and the Commercial Bank of Iraq. The research employed a descriptive, analytical, and field-based methodology, using a structured questionnaire, personal interviews, and objective system-performance indicators as the main tools of data collection. Data were analyzed …