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Microfinance And Households Coping With Hiv/Aids In Zimbabwe: An Exploratory Study, Carolyn Barnes, Erica Keogh, Nontokozo Nemarundwe, Loveness Nyikahadzoi, Ellen Weiss Jan 2003

Microfinance And Households Coping With Hiv/Aids In Zimbabwe: An Exploratory Study, Carolyn Barnes, Erica Keogh, Nontokozo Nemarundwe, Loveness Nyikahadzoi, Ellen Weiss

HIV and AIDS

This study, conducted in Zimbabwe, sought to better understand the relationship between a microfinance program, Zambuko Trust, and how microentrepreneurs’ households cope with the impact of HIV/AIDS. The study examined how HIV/AIDS is affecting Zambuko’s operations and what microfinance institutions (MFIs) can do to lessen the impact of HIV/AIDS on their clients and operations. The findings indicate several small yet important ways that MFI programs help microentrepreneurs and their families respond to these impacts through access to credit and business management training. Participation in a microfinance program led to income smoothing and better financial management, which can help households mitigate …

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Disciplining Globalization: International Law, Illegal Trade, And The Case Of Narcotics, Chantal Thomas Jan 2003

Disciplining Globalization: International Law, Illegal Trade, And The Case Of Narcotics, Chantal Thomas

Michigan Journal of International Law

This Article is the first in a series of studies of the globalization of illicit markets. My theses are as follows: First, the increase in international trade in illicit products and services parallels the growth in international trade more generally that accompanies the phenomenon of globalization. Second, at the same time that most international trade law has moved toward a posture of liberalization, there has been a movement to strengthen the prohibition and punishment of trade in illicit transactions. Third, the mechanisms that have developed to regulate this prohibition constitute a significant development in the international legal order.

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Agglomeration, Labor Supply, And The Urban Rat Race, Stuart S. Rosenthal, William C. Strange Jan 2003

Agglomeration, Labor Supply, And The Urban Rat Race, Stuart S. Rosenthal, William C. Strange

Center for Policy Research

This paper establishes the existence of a previously overlooked relationship between agglomeration and hours worked. Among non-professionals, hours worked decrease with the density of workers in the same occupation. Among professionals, a positive relationship is found. This relationship is twice as strong for the young as for the middle-aged. Moreover, young professional hours worked are shown to be especially sensitive to the presence of rivals. We show that these patterns are consistent with the selection of hard workers into cities and the high productivity of agglomerated labor. The behavior of young professionals is also consistent with the presence of keen …

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Entrepreneurship And Economic Growth: The Proof Is In The Productivity, Douglas Holtz-Eakin, Chihwa Kao Jan 2003

Entrepreneurship And Economic Growth: The Proof Is In The Productivity, Douglas Holtz-Eakin, Chihwa Kao

Center for Policy Research

Popular and policy discussions have focused extensively on "entrepreneurship." While entrepreneurship is often viewed from the perspective of the individual's benefits--an increase in standard of living, flexibility in hours, and so forth--much of the policy interest derives from the presumption that entrepreneurs provide economy-wide benefits in the form of new products, lower prices, innovations, and increased productivity. How large are these effects? Using a rich panel of state-level data, we quantify the relationship between productivity growth--by state and by industry--and entrepreneurship. Specifically, we use state-of-the-art econometric techniques for panel data to determine whether variations in the birth rate and death …

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On The Measurment Of Job Risk In Hedonic Wage Models, Dan Black, Thomas J. Kniesner Jan 2003

On The Measurment Of Job Risk In Hedonic Wage Models, Dan Black, Thomas J. Kniesner

Center for Policy Research

We examine the incidence, form, and research consequences of measurement error in measure of fatal injury risk in United States workplaces using both BLS and NIOSH data. We find evidence of substantial measurement errors in the fatality risk researchers attach to individual workers when estimating the implicit price of risk and the value of a statistical life. We first examine possible classical attenuation bias in the fatality risk coefficient. However, because we also find non-classical measurement error that differs across multiple risk measures and is not independent of other regressors, more complex statistical procedures than a standard instrumental variables estimator …

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Local Economic Development Policies, Timothy J. Bartik Jan 2003

Local Economic Development Policies, Timothy J. Bartik

Upjohn Institute Working Papers

This chapter seeks to provide useful advice for local government policy towards economic development programs. The chapter: reviews the size and scope of local economic development programs in the United States; critically analyzes the various rationales offered for these programs; makes recommendations for what local policy should do about business attraction and incentives, business retention, new business development, high technology development, brownfield development, distressed neighborhoods, and downtowns; and discusses how local economic development programs should be organized, managed, and evaluated.

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Estimating The Impact Of The Local Health Care Sector On A Rural Economy Using An Implan Based Sam, David W. Hughes, Tom Walker Jan 2003

Estimating The Impact Of The Local Health Care Sector On A Rural Economy Using An Implan Based Sam, David W. Hughes, Tom Walker

Regional Research Institute Working Papers

An IMPLAN-based social accounting matrix (SAM) is used to estimate health care sector impacts on the Morgan County (West Virginia) economy. The SAM is a hybrid of the IMPLAN-SAM, which has an inadequate linkage between industry payments to workers and resulting household spending. An income distribution matrix provides this linkage. This matrix is based on the 1990 Census Public Use Microdata dataset for money payments and on a variety of data sources that account for the distribution of non-money income. Output multipliers and results of a local hospital impact scenario are compared between the original and reformulated models.

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A Method For Testing Low-Value Spatial Clustering For Rare Diseases, Ge Lin, Tonglin Zhang Jan 2003

A Method For Testing Low-Value Spatial Clustering For Rare Diseases, Ge Lin, Tonglin Zhang

Regional Research Institute Working Papers

This paper proposes a method that tests for the existence of low-value spatial clustering while accounting for the influence of high-value clustering. Although the method was developed in reference to the Tango test, it can be extended to other testing methods. The simulation results showed that the proposed method is able to effectively detect low-value clustering with substantially lower rates of type I errors than those of the Tango test, while maintaining comparable statistical power. Applying the method in a case study of leukemia in Minnesota demonstrated an overall tendency toward low-value clustering of leukemia mortality for males but provided …

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Beyond The Reality Of Injury And Statistical Death: An Internship Experience In Forensic Economics, Henrietta Iranyi Jan 2003

Beyond The Reality Of Injury And Statistical Death: An Internship Experience In Forensic Economics, Henrietta Iranyi

Masters Culminating Experiences (1993-2011)

Day after day, people get terminated, injured, or even killed. In forensic economics, more specifically, in personal injury and wrongful death litigation, the injured party is often allowed to receive compensation for the economic losses suffered. It is the job of an economic expert to evaluate the damages in the different personal injury and wrongful death cases. The following report demonstrates three different situations when economic damage evaluation would be performed by an expert. Two of the cases evaluate lost earnings (including fringe benefits) and lost support to the injured person and/or the immediate surviving family members. The third case …

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Labor Standards In The United States And Canada, Richard N. Block, Ronald O. Clarke, Karen Roberts Jan 2003

Labor Standards In The United States And Canada, Richard N. Block, Ronald O. Clarke, Karen Roberts

Upjohn Press

Block, Roberts, and Clarke offer a method for comparing ten labor standards across political jurisdictions. They then apply this method to the United States and Canada, an exercise that allows them to settle the long-running dispute over whether or not Canada has higher standards than the U.S., and if so, to what degree.

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Demographic Effects On Personal Saving In The Future, Frederic L. Pryor Jan 2003

Demographic Effects On Personal Saving In The Future, Frederic L. Pryor

Economics Faculty Works

After briefly examining the various proposed causes for the decline in the U.S. personal saving rate in the past decade, this essay then argues that a shift in the demographic composition of the population will be a much more important cause for a decline in personal saving in the future. A change in the balance between those in the labor force who are saving and retirees who are dissaving will result in a considerable fall in the aggregate saving rate under most assumptions. The simulation model used to examine this phenomenon takes into account the interest rate, the growth rate …

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Retirement And High Level Human Capital, Irving Gershenberg Jan 2003

Retirement And High Level Human Capital, Irving Gershenberg

Gerontology Institute Publications

Given that demographic trends in economically advanced industrial countries such as our own continue to shift toward increasingly older, formally retired populations, we need to find ways to keep more of this older retired population productive. Economists and others differ in their estimation regarding the ability and/or willingness on part of the retired to retain, let alone utilize the know-how, the human capital accumulated prior to retirement. This is as true for those who have spent their work life engaged in producing and communicating new ideas and synthesizing and diffusing what is known, those who have accumulated what I term …

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Economic Currents: The State Of The State Economy, Alan Clayton-Matthews Jan 2003

Economic Currents: The State Of The State Economy, Alan Clayton-Matthews

Public Policy and Public Affairs Faculty Publication Series

Statewide numbers paint a picture of declining employment and output, continuing widespread layoffs, slow wage and income growth, rapidly declining consumer confidence, weak consumer spending, stagnant tax revenues, high vacancy rates in the commercial real estate market, and no clear sign of growth in demand for the state’s technology products.

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Data Mining Mining Data: Msha Enforcement Efforts, Underground Coal Mine Safety, And New Health Policy Implications, Thomas J. Kniesner, John D. Leeth Jan 2003

Data Mining Mining Data: Msha Enforcement Efforts, Underground Coal Mine Safety, And New Health Policy Implications, Thomas J. Kniesner, John D. Leeth

Center for Policy Research

Studies of industrial safety regulations, Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) in particular, often find little effect on worker safety. Critics of the regulatory approach argue that safety standards have little to do with industrial injuries and defenders of the regulatory approach cite infrequent inspections and low fines for violating safety standards. We use recently assembled data from the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) concerning underground coal mine production, safety inspections, and workplace injuries to shed new light on the regulatory approach to workplace safety. Because all underground coal mines are inspected at least once per quarter, MSHA regulations …

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Nonstandard Work In Developed Economies: Causes And Consequences, Susan N. Houseman Editor, Machiko Osawa Editor Jan 2003

Nonstandard Work In Developed Economies: Causes And Consequences, Susan N. Houseman Editor, Machiko Osawa Editor

Upjohn Press

This book reveals the considerable variation in the levels of growth in a broad set of nonstandard work arrangements while presenting a comprehensive view of how, as a result, the nature of the employment relationship is changing within and among countries. The international roster of economists, sociologists, and labor law experts who contributed draw on cross-country variations in economic conditions and institutional characteristics to explain why some arrangements have grown faster in some countries than in others and what this means for workers. By considering a broad array of nonstandard work arrangements in a number of economies, the authors provide …

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Lakefront Utilities And Railroads Educational Issues Forum, Kathryn W. Hexter, Matthew Harrison Grabenstein Jan 2003

Lakefront Utilities And Railroads Educational Issues Forum, Kathryn W. Hexter, Matthew Harrison Grabenstein

All Maxine Goodman Levin School of Urban Affairs Publications

On October 2, 2002, the Levin College Forum Program and the Cleveland Lakefront Partners (the city of Cleveland, the Greater Cleveland Growth Association, Cleveland Tomorrow, and the Cleveland Neighborhood Development Coalition) sponsored a public forum on lakefront utilities and railroads. The forum was the second in a series of four intended to deepen the community’s understanding of some of the issues related to the plans for the Cleveland lakefront. It was part of the Levin College Forum Program’s two-year Northeast Ohio’s Waterways forum series, which is focusing public attention on development of a comprehensive vision for all of Northeast Ohio’s …

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Climate And Shoreline Educational Issues Forum, Kathryn W. Hexter, Matthew Harrison Grabenstein Jan 2003

Climate And Shoreline Educational Issues Forum, Kathryn W. Hexter, Matthew Harrison Grabenstein

All Maxine Goodman Levin School of Urban Affairs Publications

On November 7, 2002, the Levin College Forum Program and the Cleveland Lakefront Partners (the city of Cleveland, The Greater Cleveland Growth Association, Cleveland Tomorrow, and The Cleveland Neighborhood Development Coalition) sponsored a public forum on Climate and Shoreline. The forum was the final in a series of four, intended to deepen the community’s understanding of some of the more complex issues related to the city’s lakefront planning efforts. It was also part of the Levin College Forum Program’s two-year Northeast Ohio’s Waterways forum series, which is focusing public attention on development of a comprehensive vision for all of Northeast …

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Helping Working Families: The Earned Income Tax Credit, Saul D. Hoffman, Laurence S. Seidman Jan 2003

Helping Working Families: The Earned Income Tax Credit, Saul D. Hoffman, Laurence S. Seidman

Upjohn Press

Hoffman and Seidman offer a thorough assessment of the EITC in which they analyze, evaluate, summarize, and critique the state of the program. They find that, overall, the EITC works well, and that it has earned its political popularity. Yet they also uncover several problem areas that they address with specific recommendations based on their analysis.

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Income And Influence: Social Policy In Emerging Market Economies, Ethan B. Kapstein, Branko Milanovic Jan 2003

Income And Influence: Social Policy In Emerging Market Economies, Ethan B. Kapstein, Branko Milanovic

Upjohn Press

The authors study the connection between economic reform and social policy, and why such reforms failed to produce the tide needed to lift all boats in the transition economies of eastern and central Europe and of Asia.

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Training That Works: Lessons From California's Employment Training Panel Program, Richard W. Moore, Daniel R. Blake, G. Michael Phillips, Daniel Mcconaughy Jan 2003

Training That Works: Lessons From California's Employment Training Panel Program, Richard W. Moore, Daniel R. Blake, G. Michael Phillips, Daniel Mcconaughy

Upjohn Press

The authors provide an in-depth analysis of an incumbent worker training program funded through California's unemployment insurance taxes.

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Bargaining For Competitiveness: Law, Research, And Case Studies, Richard N. Block Editor Jan 2003

Bargaining For Competitiveness: Law, Research, And Case Studies, Richard N. Block Editor

Upjohn Press

This book offers an analysis of the relationship among collective bargaining, firm competitiveness, and employment protections and creation in the United States. The contributors provide an overview of the legal framework and the economic and industrial relations research on collective bargaining, competitiveness, and employment, then follow with four case studies that provide insights into the process of collective bargaining and its current status in the evolving U.S. labor-management system.

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The Economics Of Risk, Donald J. Meyer Editor Jan 2003

The Economics Of Risk, Donald J. Meyer Editor

Upjohn Press

This collection offers an economics-based overview of the various facets of risk. It contains six papers that examine a broad array of research relating to risk. Two papers examine risk management and its application to decision making as well as what researchers have learned over the past few decades in their theoretical investigations of risk. The remaining chapters examine how risk plays out in the particular markets in which it has a significant presence, including casino gambling enterprises, agricultural markets, auctions, and health insurance.

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The Decline In Employment Of People With Disabilities: A Policy Puzzle, David C. Stapleton Editor, Richard V. Burkhauser Editor Jan 2003

The Decline In Employment Of People With Disabilities: A Policy Puzzle, David C. Stapleton Editor, Richard V. Burkhauser Editor

Upjohn Press

The book begins with a documentation of the employment rate decline and ends by spelling out the implications of this decline for public policy. However, the bulk of the book provides a detailed examination of the various explanations for the puzzling decline in employment among the working-aged population with disabilities.

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Workplace Education For Low-Wage Workers, Amanda L. Ahlstrand, Laurie J. Bassi, Daniel P. Mcmurrer Jan 2003

Workplace Education For Low-Wage Workers, Amanda L. Ahlstrand, Laurie J. Bassi, Daniel P. Mcmurrer

Upjohn Press

This study reports on employers' practices and decision-making procedures with regards to workplace education and training for low-wage workers.

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Geography, Industrial Organization, And Agglomeration, Stuart S. Rosenthal, William C. Strange Jan 2003

Geography, Industrial Organization, And Agglomeration, Stuart S. Rosenthal, William C. Strange

Center for Policy Research

This paper makes two contributions to the empirical literature on agglomeration economies. First, the paper uses a unique and rich database in conjunction with mapping software to measure the geographic extent of agglomerative externalities. Previous papers have been forced to assume that agglomeration economies are club goods that operate at a metropolitan scale. Second, the paper tests for the existence of organizational agglomeration economies of the kind studied qualitatively by Saxenian (1994). This is a potentially important source of increasing returns that previous empirical work has not considered. Results indicate that localization economies attenuate rapidly and that industrial organization affects …

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Economic Lessons, Philip N. Jefferson Jan 2003

Economic Lessons, Philip N. Jefferson

Economics Faculty Works

No abstract provided.

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The Effects Of Regulatory Threats And Strategic Bargaining On Firms' Voluntary Participation In Pollution Reduction Programs, Claire M. Jahns Jan 2003

The Effects Of Regulatory Threats And Strategic Bargaining On Firms' Voluntary Participation In Pollution Reduction Programs, Claire M. Jahns

Honors Papers

After years of intense debate, global climate change has finally been acknowledged as a serious threat to global biological, political and economic systems. There is overwhelming evidence that the atmospheric warming observed over the course of the past 50 years, as well as the increasing incidence of extreme weather events and floods, is being caused by the acceleration of the rate in which greenhouse gases (GHGs) produced by the burning of fossil fuels are being released into the atmosphere. The extreme weather and weather-related events associated with climate change, such as landslides and flooding, totaled roughly $40 billion in the …

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Is-Lm Model With A General Consumption Tax, Y. H. Cheung Jan 2003

Is-Lm Model With A General Consumption Tax, Y. H. Cheung

Research outputs pre 2011

OECD tax revenue statistics show that on average the share of consumption tax is almost equal to that of income tax. However, consumption tax hardly attracts any attention from intermediate macroeconomic textbooks, not to mention its inclusion in IS-LM model. This paper compares the IS curves under an income tax regime and a general consumption tax regime. It also examines the trade off between the income tax rate and the consumption tax rate in a dual tax regime.

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The Labor Market Experience Of Workers With Disabilities: The Ada And Beyond, Julie L. Hotchkiss Jan 2003

The Labor Market Experience Of Workers With Disabilities: The Ada And Beyond, Julie L. Hotchkiss

Upjohn Press

This book focuses on the labor market provisions of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). It provides a comprehensive analysis of the current labor market experience of American workers with disabilities and an assessment of the impact the ADA has had on that experience.

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The Role Of Temporary Agency Employment In Tight Labor Markets, Susan N. Houseman, Arne L. Kalleberg, George A. Erickcek Jan 2003

The Role Of Temporary Agency Employment In Tight Labor Markets, Susan N. Houseman, Arne L. Kalleberg, George A. Erickcek

Upjohn Institute Working Papers

This paper examines the reasons why employers used and even increased their use of temporary help agencies during the tight labor markets of the 1990s. Based on case study evidence from the hospital and auto supply industries, we evaluate various hypotheses for this phenomenon. In high-skilled occupations, our results are consistent with the view that employers paid substantially more to agency help to avoid raising wages for their regular workers and to fill vacancies while they recruited workers for permanent positions. In low-skilled occupations, our evidence suggests that temporary help agencies facilitated the use of more "risky" workers by lowering …

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