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The Edwards Aquifer: Earth's Most Diverse Groundwater Ecosystem?, Glenn Longley

International Journal of Speleology

Recent studies on the Edwards Aquifer, a karstic formed cavernous system in Texas, indicate an extremely diverse community of aquatic troglobites. Sampling of wells and springs is providing new insight into the dynamics of this fascinating system, which is possibly the most diverse subterranean aquatic ecosystem known in the world today.

Biogeographical And Paleobiogeographical Problems In Stenasellids (Crustacea Isopoda Asellota Of Underground Waters), Guy J. Magniez

International Journal of Speleology

Considering their systematic isolation among present Asellota, their strong burrowing behaviour, their aptitude for interstitial life and their wide north-tropical present distribution, the history of Stenasellid Crustaceans seems to be marked by the antiquity of their settlements in continental groundwaters (Middle Cretaceous period?) and a long stage of life in phreatic waters on permanently emerged paleotropical continents during the Cenozoic Era. The resemblance between some forms of the Guinean shield and Mexico sets the problem of the anteriority of their continental conquest to South Atlantic drift. The repartition of Mediterranean European forms appears as a consequence of paleogeographical changes in …

Perspectives In The Study Of The Zoogeography Of Interstitial Crustacea: Bathynellacea (Syncarida) And Parastenocarididae (Copepoda), Horst Kurt Schminke

International Journal of Speleology

Aspects of the zoogeography of Bathynellacea and Parastenocarididae are discussed in the light of my recent investigations. Parastenocarididae in Australia are rare and not very diverse in number of species. Four species belonging to three genera were collected on a tour through Australia in 1968. Despite relationships to species from other Gondwanian landmasses the poorness of the Australian fauna, together with the apparent ability of this family to spread over longer distances, suggest a late arrival of Parastenocarididae in Australia. Invasion is likely to have taken place from two directions. As for the Bathynellacea, the relationships presumed to exist between …

Structure Et Fonctionnement Des Ecosystèmes Du Haut-Rhône Français; Ix: Analyse Des Peuplements De Deux Stations Phréatiques Alimentant Des Bras Morts, J. Gibert, R. Ginet, J. Mathieu, J. L. Reygrobellet

International Journal of Speleology

Two phreatic stations providing old meanders of the French river Rhône (“Lônes”) with interstitial water have been studied for three years. The samples (100 liters of water) have been collected by the Bou-Rouch method at 60 cm deep in the sediment. The analyses of populations show that the biocenoses of the two stations are quite different: The one (Station 2) is rather specialized; most of the species are troglobitic (80% of the whole biomass; the only Amphipod, Niphargopsis casparyi, represents 67% of this biomass). The other (Station 8) is very diversified; the seven dominant groups are all epigean animals. …

Investigation Of The Mutual Influence Between A Polluted River And Its Hyporheic, Milan Meŝtrov, Romana Lattinger-Penko

International Journal of Speleology

This paper describes investigations of fundamental biological and pratical importance. Interstitial subterranean water (hyporheic) which is near a polluted river in a plain is the subject of the study. The water is becoming increasingly important as a source of drinking water. The relation of the hyporheic water to the physical, chemical, bacteriological and faunistic characteristics of the river is discussed.

Phreatische Fauna In Ljubljansko Polje (Ljubljana-Ebene, Jugoslavien) - Ihre Ökologische Verteilung Und Zoogeographische Beziehungen, B. Sket, F. Velkovrh

International Journal of Speleology

The phreatic basin of Ljubljansko polje (polje = plain, field) recharges its water supply mainly from the Sava river-bed and at a few other locations where connections with karstic subterranean waters might exist and only up to 15% from precipitation. An important zone of infiltration in the river-bed is the bottom and not the bank which is to a large extent watertight due to organic debris (rests of Sphaerotilus e.g.). The main water-body moves about 10 m/day, there are however some local jets with far higher speeds. Yearly amplitudes of water temperatures are high near the river but in the …

Structure Et Fonctionnement Des Ecosystèmes Du Haut-Rhône Français; Viii: Hydrologie De Deux Stations Phréatiques Dont L'Eau Alimente Des Bras Morts, J. L. Reygrobellet, J. Mathieu, R. Ginet, J. Gibert

International Journal of Speleology

We have been working since 1975 on phreatic stations providing two old meanders of the French river Rhone with interstitial water. The hydrological characteristics are quite different (see diagrams in the text):

• The one (station 2) is a particular under-flow circulating laterally to the river (“paraécoulement”), which is closely subordinate with the varying level of the Rhone.
• The other (station 8) is the confluence of continental phreatic water proceeding from a Northeastern plateau (the “Dombes”) with the hyporheic of the river Ain (eastern tributary of the Rhone). The Rhone has no influence on the characteristics of this second interstitial flow. …

A Note On Directed Phytokarst In Sarawak (E. Malaysia), Martin Laverty

International Journal of Speleology

A distinctive new type of phytokarst, oriented towards available light, has been found in cave entrances in the Gunong Mulu National Park, Sarawak, E. Malaysia. The karst features of this area are spectacular and important.

The Role Of Co2 In Gypsum Speleogenesis: 1° Contribution, Paolo Forti, Ernesto Rabbi

International Journal of Speleology

Staring from direct observation carried out inside gypsum caves around Bologna (Italy), the authors develop a new theory about the role played by CO₂ in gypsum karstification. Such a theory agrees with the presence of calcite sinters inside gypsum caves without any source of calcium carbonate (cover or interbedding layer). Moreover, starting from this theory, gypsum speleogenesis has to be always considered as a hyperkarstic phenomenon (more than 3 components at the equilibrium).

Fluoreszenzmikroskopische Untersuchung Der Bakterienflora Und Bestimmung Ihrer Heterotrophen Aktiviät In Organisch Belastetem Und Unbelastetem Grundwasser Sandig-Kiesiger Ablagerungen, Jürgen Marxsen

International Journal of Speleology

Bacteriological investigations were carried out in the groundwater of sandy and gravelly deposits of the river Fulda valley in an area named "Johannesaue" near the town Fulda (Hesse, Fed. Rep. of Germany). In January 1979 water samples were collected from 16 pumping tubes distributed in organically polluted and unpolluted areas. For characterizing the bacterial populations, methods used for surface waters were modified and, as far as the author is aware, these methods were used for the first time for investigations pertaining subterranean waters. The bacteria were counted by means of epifluorescence microscopy after staining the bacteria with the fluorochrome acridine …

Distribution And Habitat Diversity Of Subterranean Amphipods In The Rocky Mountains Of Colorado, U. S. A., James V. Ward, John R. Holsinger

International Journal of Speleology

Subterranean amphipods have been collected from 35 locations on the eastern and western slopes of the Continental Divide in Colorado. All belong to the exclusively subterranean genus Stygobromus. Five species have been identified, two of which are undescribed. Specimens have been collected from (a) the hyporheic zone of rivers, (b) interrupted streams, (c) springs, and (d) seeps at elevations from 1597-2134 m a.s.l. Stygobromus occurs in several habitat types in interrupted drainage basins including sources, seeps, and isolated pools containing leaf detritus. All habitats contained waters which were cool to cold with dissolved oxygen values ranging from 4.3 ppm …

Preliminary Inventory Of Lifeline Systems And Evaluation Of Seismic Hazards In Reno And Sparks, Nevada, Barbara Priest

Dissertations and Theses

The Reno-Sparks community is in a seismically hazardous area. Recent research indicates that a Richter 7.0 or greater magnitude earthquake could affect the area. Many of the emergency and essential facilities are situated in dangerous geological locations and are housed in outdated structures which could be severely damaged in the event of a major earthquake. Detailed site evaluations need to be made with respect to location of new structures and of existing building safety. The 1979 Unified Building Code seismic provisions should be adopted without exception; Nevada Revised Statute 278 .160 needs to be revised to require a seismic safety …

Radar Observations Of Ash Eruptions, D. M. Harris, William I. Rose, R. Roe, M. R. Thompson

Michigan Tech Publications, Part 1

Radar systems located at Portland, Oreg., Seattle, Wash., and near Spokane, Wash., have been used extensively for observations of ash clouds from explosive volcanic eruptions at Mount St. Helens during 1980. Eruption clouds are composed of silicate particles and are therefore detectable by radar. Radar observations can be made at night and in overcast weather when conventional observations of eruptions are difficult.-from Authors

Quaternary Geology Of Chaco Canyon, Northwestern New Mexico, David Waxham Love

Earth and Planetary Sciences ETDs

The overall purpose of studying the Quaternary geology of Chaco Canyon is to develop an understanding of how the geomorphic system in the Chaco drainage evolved and how it presently operates. This dissertation has several subsidiary purposes; (1) to describe and relate modern sedimentary features and facies (which are likely to be preserved in the alluvial fill of the canyon) to modern geomorphic processes, (2) to use the results from the study of modern sediments to interpret exposures of alluvium in Chaco Canyon in order to reconstruct past environments, (3) to develop conceptual models of the geologic subsystems of the …

Geophysical And Geochemical Analyses Of Selected Miocene Coastal Basalt Features, Clatsop County, Oregon, Virginia Josette Pfaff

Dissertations and Theses

The proximity of Miocene Columbia River basalts to the "locally-erupted" coastal Miocene basalts in northwestern Oregon, and the compelling similarities between the two groups, suggest that the coastal basalts, rather than being locally erupted, may be the westward extension of plateau basalts derived from eastern Oregon and Washington.

The local-origin hypothesis is based largely on the interpretation of coastal dikes and sills as representing vent areas; however, a complex mechanism, as yet unsatisfactorily defined, would be required to cause the eruption of virtually identical magmas simultaneously from source areas 500 km apart.

This study, therefore, has investigated the coastal basalt …

Fertilizer Recommendations, William O. Thom

Soil Science News and Views

Fertilizer recommendations are interpreted from a soil test value. The interpretations are based on field research that compares crop yield to soil test levels and the amount of fertilizer applied. These field studies provide data to compare relative yield of a crop for a measured soil test value and fertilizer recommendations are then calibrated to these soil test values.

Bulletin 3929 - Irrigation In Western Australia, K S. Cole

Bulletins - 3000 - 3999

Irrigation is essential in many parts of the world to produce essential food and profitable cash crops. Generally, those areas of land with less than 360 mm of rain spread over a distinct wet season of several months cannot grow crops for food or cash on rainfall alone. Then irrigation becomes necessary unless some peculiarity such as an oasis exists.

Relationship Of Gravity Anomalies To A Drift Filled Bedrock Valley System In Calhoun County Michigan, James W. Farnsworth

Masters Theses

Gravity geophysics along with well data were used to delineate and map the locations of buried river valleys in Calhoun County, Michigan. The valleys are filled with thick sequences of glacial fluvial deposits which can serve as important aquifers.

One hundred and sixty-four gravimeter observations were made at approximately one-quarter mile intervals in a 35 square mile area. Four short-interval profiles were also established perpendicular to suspected valleys. A three-dimensional trend surface polynomial was fitted to the total Bouguer anomaly to approximate the regional effect of gravity. By comparing the observed residual gravity to theoretically derived anomalies, models were developed …

Geology Of The Eastern Part Of The Regina Quadrangle, Sandoval And Rio Arriba Counties, New Mexico, Margaret Anne Merrick

Earth and Planetary Sciences ETDs

The Regina quadrangle is located in Sandoval and Rio Arriba Counties, New Mexico, along the boundary between the northwestern margin of the Nacimiento uplift and the east-central San Juan Basin. The uplift is composed of a core of Precambrian rocks overlain by a veneer of Mississippian through Triassic sedimentary rocks. Sedimentary rocks ranging in age from Jurassic to Tertiary are upturned along the margin of the San Juan Basin.

The Precambrian rocks in the area are primarily granite to granodiorite gneiss with xenoliths of mafic and felsic metavolcanic rocks and metasedimentary rocks. These rocks have undergone greenschist facies metamorphism. Late …

Near-Bottom Seismic Profiling: High Lateral Variability, Anomalous Amplitudes, And Estimates Of Attenuation, R. C. Tyce, Larry A. Mayer, F. N. Spiess

Affiliate Scholarship

For almost a decade the Marine Physical Laboratory of Scripps Institution of Oceanography has been conducting near‐bottom geophysical surveys involving quantitative seismic profiling. Operating initially at 4 kHz and more recently at 6 kHz, this system has provided a wealth of fine scale quantitative data on the acoustic properties of ocean sediments. Over lateral distances of a few meters, 7‐dB changes in overall reflected energy as well as 10‐dB changes from individual reflectors have been observed. Anomalously high amplitudes from deep reflectors have been commonly observed, suggesting that multilayer interference is prevalent in records from such pulsed cw profilers. This …

Geology Newsletter- 1980, Department Of Geology

Geological and Environmental Sciences News

Vol. 1. No. 5

• Dear Alumni and Friends
• Alumni News

Soil Drainage---Effects On Crop Production, Kenneth L. Wells

Soil Science News and Views

One of the major physical properties of soil which is important to crop production is drainage through the rooting zone. This characteristic greatly influences aeration in the rooting zone, and the degree of aeration greatly influences several important biochemical reactions of economic importance to crop production.

Determination Of The Total Grain Size Distribution In A Vulcanian Eruption Column, And Its Implications To Stratospheric Aerosol Perturbation, P. J. Murrow, William I. Rose, S. Self

Department of Geological and Mining Engineering and Sciences Publications

Grain size analysis of samples representing all sampleable portions of the airfall deposit produced by the Fuego volcano in Guatemala on 14 October 1974 form the basis for estimating the total grain size distribution of tephra from this eruption. The region enclosed by each isopach has a particular average grain size distribution which can be weighted proportionally to its percentage volume. The grain size of pyroclastic avalanche deposits produced during the eruption are also included. The total grain size distribution calculated as a sum of weighted distributions has a median grain size of 0.8∅ (0.6mm) and a sorting coefficient (σ∅) …

An Analysis Of Gravity Surveys In The Portland Basin, Oregon, Janice C. Perttu

Dissertations and Theses

The geologic setting of the Portland Basin is ideal for gravity surveys because of the large density contrasts between geologic units. The Portland Basin consists of a north-northwest-trending syncline in the Columbia River basalt overlain by Pliocene to Recent alluvium. This study was undertaken to define structures in the Portland Basin which are obscured by the alluvium.

An areal gravity survey of the Portland Basin covering approximately 450 square kilometers was conducted for this study.

Conservation Tillage Practices, Monroe Rasnake

Soil Science News and Views

The loss of topsoil from farmlands has become a serious problem in some parts of Kentucky. During the past 20 years, grain crop acreage has tripled. The production of soybeans, which leaves the soil in a condition more susceptible to erosion, has grown from almost none to 1.7 million acres. Much of this increased acreage has come at the expense of soil conserving crops such as hay and pasture on sloping class II and III land with an erosion hazard. Use of large equipment, larger fields, chemical weed control, etc., has added to the scope of the problem with which …

The Distribution Of Cesium-137, Copper, Lead And Zinc In Various Sedimentary Environments Of The James River Estuary, Virginia, Colin Stevenson Moy

OES Theses and Dissertations

Ten grab samples and eight cores were obtained within a short stretch of the James River estuary. The distribution of CU, Pb, Zn, Cs-137, organic carbon (TOC) and fine-grained sediments in various depositional environments were examined. Within the past quarter of a century, these measured parameters have been accumulating preferentially in the low energy environment (Burwell Bay). The inventory of Cs-137 in the cores was linearly related to the inventory of heavy metals and TOC. The concentrations of Cs-137 in the surface sediments vary linearly to those of the other parameters suggesting that Cs-137 may be used as a tracer …

Climate Of Nebraska, Richard E. Myers

Conservation and Survey Division: Faculty and Staff Publications

No abstract provided.

Epa Profile Of Environmental Quality Nebraska, Kathleen Q. Camin

United States Environmental Protection Agency: Publications

Nebraska, Iowa, Kansas, and Missouri, which make up EPA Region VII, are among the leading corn and wheat producing States in the Nation_ These States also produce a significant share of the soybean, grain sorghum, fat cattle, and finished hogs that are supplied to American and foreign markets.

Although the States in Region VII can best be characterized as rural, 65 percent of their nearly 12 million people live in urban areas. In Nebraska, metropolitan areas such as Omaha 4 have environmental problems resulting from major industrial operations, municipal services, transportation, and energy production. Metropolitan areas, however, do not have …

Use Of Annual Legumes As Winter Cover For No-Till Corn, Robert L. Blevins

Soil Science News and Views

Legumes in crop rotations hsve traditionally provided nitrogen for nonlegume crops since the early history of agriculture. When in association with the proper strains of Rhyzobium bacteria, legumes are capable of fixing atmospheric nitrogen, which when residues from the legumes decompose, enrich the soil content of nitrogen. Legume cover crops recycle other nutrients, thus reducing leaching losses that often occur in soils during the winter and spring seasons. In addition to these advantages, legume cover crops used with no-tillage corn provide a surface mulch which reduces soil erosion, slows evaporation of soil moisture, increases infiltration of rainfall, and increases soil …

Variations In The Depositional Environment Of The Lower Cincinnatian Kope Formation, Thomas K. Mahan

Masters Theses

In northern Kentucky, the Upper Ordovician (Lower Cincinnatian) Kope Formation outcrops as a series of interbedded, laterally discontinuous limestone lenses and beds enclosed in a silty shale unit. Six stratigraphic sections within a 20-mile radius were sampled and measured and two of these were described in detail to characterize the variations in the environmental setting wherein the Kope Formation was deposited.

The shale lithology is homogeneous throughout this formation whereas the bioclastic limestones vary widely in faunal composition, texture, cross-sectional shape, and thickness. Apparently, the depositional style for the fine-grained, terrigenous sediment remained almost constant through Early Cincinnatian time, whereas …