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Comparison Of Median Indicator Kriging With Full Indicator Kriging In The Analysis Of Spatial Data, Donna Hill

Theses : Honours

In the earth sciences, and particularly in the mining of precious metals, data distributions are often strongly positively skewed. When making decisions on the potential profitability of a gold mine, for example, the high values of the distribution are of particular importance. Indicator kriging provides estimates of cumulative distribution functions from which grade tonnage curves may be calculated. Multiple or full indicator kriging requires a semivariogram to be modelled and a kriging system of equations to be solved for each cut off. This can be time consuming and modelling indicator semivariograms at high cut-offs may be difficult because of the …

Description Of The Sections And Subsections Of The Interior Highlands Of Arkansas And Oklahoma, Thomas L. Foti, George A. Bukenhofer

Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science

Sections and subsections of the Interior Highlands of Arkansas and Oklahoma are redefined, mapped and briefly summarized. The map was produced to support the Ozark- Ouachita Highlands Assessment (OOHA), being conducted by the USDA Forest Service. It revises the USDA Forest Service map "Ecological units of the eastern United States, first approximation" by Keys et al. (1995) and the earlier maps of the natural divisions of Arkansas (Foti, 1974; Foti, 1976; Pell, 1983) to reflect new knowledge and to achieve consistency with units recognized in Missouri. Four sections (natural divisions) are defined as opposed to the three of the previous …

Factors Contributing To Landslide Activity In The Winter Of 1995-96, Clearwater County Near Orofino, Idaho, Aaron Paul Wisher

All Master's Theses

Significant landslide activity occurred in Clearwater County, Idaho in November 1995 and February-May 1996. Mass wasting in the study area consisted of debris slides and earthflows triggered by rain-on-snow weather events. It is important to determine what factors contribute to landsliding in this area so that reliable prediction can reduce the destruction of property. Through field observation and aerial photo analysis, the factors contributing to landslides were studied. The objectives included a study of the geology, soils, aspect, slope gradient, vegetation and slope position related to each slide. Also a goal was to assess the role of land use in …

Resource Use In The Trinational Sangha River Region Of Equatorial Africa: Histories, Knowledge Forms, And Institutions, Heather E. Eves, Rebecca Hardin, Stephanie Rupp

Yale School of the Environment Bulletin Series

This volume is based on an international conference, “Natural Resource Use Relations in the Trinational Sangha River Region of the Northwest Congo Basin,” held at Yale University in September 1997. In recognition of the bilingual context in which conservation occurs in the three countries of the Sangha region — Cameroon, Central African Republic, and Congo — all sessions of the conference were conducted simultaneously in French and English. This publication, which is a complete rendering of the conference papers and discussion sessions, is available in its entirety in both French and English.

Putting Land Resource Information Into Perspective. Interpreting Land Resource And Capability Information To Assess The Impacts And Management Needs Of Different Land Uses And To Assist Strategic Planning, Land Assessment Pty Ltd, Agriculture Western Australia

Natural resources published reports

These notes were prepared by Martin Wells from Land Assessment Pty Ltd in June 1997 to assist in the delivery of this training course. The objective of the course is to provide land use planning practitioners with a working understanding of soil-landscape mapping and land capability assessment activities, and of their practical applications in land use planning.

Who Is This Course For?

Land use planners

* not only professional planners

* but all involved in making decisions on how land is used

* involves many government or semi-government bodies

* and also immediate land use decision makers, farmers and their …

Planning To Grow Vegetables Commercially, John Burt, Peter Gartrell

Bulletins 4000 -

This Bulletin was developed by Department of Agriculture in recognition of the increasing complexity and competitiveness in establishing a commercial vegetable enterprise. The information in this Bulletin will provide you with a useful guide to assess your likelihood of succeeding in vegetable production.

Vegetable production is not an easy lifestyle. It is a highly competitive environment with the industry consisting of growers with big investments and years of experience and knowledge. Horticultural farms require a large amount of capital and time and are increasingly expanding and becoming more specialised.

If you are serious about growing vegetables, work through this Bulletin …

Yuna Farm Improvement Group - Conservation Farm Planning Manual, Mike Clarke, Cecilia Mcconnell, Nancye Gannaway

Natural resources published reports

A landcare group formed on Tuesday, 30 June 1998 due to growing concern about land degradation. The main interests and objectives of the group where discuss and were outlined as follows:

1. Wind Erosion

2. Soil Acidity

3. Soil Degradation

4. Remnant Vegetation Decline

5. Tree Placement and Survival

6. Oil Mallees

7. Water Erosion

8. Non Wetting Soils

9. Salinity

10. Waterlogging

The first step toward addressing these issues was to organise two workshops with Mike Clarke, Cecilia McConnell and Nancye Gannaway from Agriculture Western Australia. The first workshop was held on the 4/8/98 and the second on the …

Status Of Coral Reefs In The Northern Areas Of The Wider Caribbean, Judy Lang, Pedro Alcolado, Juan Pablo Carricart-Ganivet, Mark Chiappone, H. Allen Curran, Phil Dustan, Gudrun Gaudian, Francisco Geraldes, Steve Gittings, Robbie Smith, Wes Tunnell, Jean Wiener

Geosciences: Faculty Publications

Published on behalf of the (GCRMN) Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network by the Australian Institute of Marine Science

Results Of Investigations Into The Groundwater Response And Productivity Of High Water Use Agricultural Systems 1990-1997 4. Tkk Engineering's Catchment (Williams), A D. Smith, Richard J. George Dr, P R. Scott, D L. Bennett, R J. Rippon, G J. Orr

Resource management technical reports

High water use vegetation systems for salinity control were trialed on a 70 ha catchment located about 15 km north of Williams, Western Australia. The catchment receives about 545 mm annual rainfall and 1870 mm annual evaporation. Development of salinity is characterised by passive discharge upslope from a dolerite dyke. Because recharge exceeds the discharge capacity of current seeps, there is potential for new seeps to develop in the mid to lower slopes.

Results Of Investigations Into The Groundwater Response And Productivity Of High Water Use Agricultural Systems 1990-1997 : 6. Summary Of All Sites, A D. Smith, Richard J. George Dr, P R. Scott, D L. Bennett, R J. Rippon, G J. Orr, Peter J. Tille

Resource management technical reports

The south-western Woolbelt receives annual rainfall between 500-700 mm with long dry summers and cool wet winters. The dominant land use is grazing of Merino sheep for wool productiion, with smaller areas (5-15%) of cropping. All of the catchments selected were affected by salinity, but the extent and severity varied. In all catchments the location of the major expression of salinity was the valley floor.

7. Thermal Diagenesis Of Cretaceous Sediment Recovered At The Cote D’Ivoire – Ghana Transform Margin, Mary Anne Holmes

Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences: Faculty Publications

The early opening of the South Atlantic ocean along the eastern Romanche Fracture Zone, including an initial phase of transform faulting and pull-apart basin formation, followed by the generation of a seafloor spreading center, was investigated during Ocean Drilling Program Leg 159 to the Côte d’Ivoire-Ghana continental margin. Clay minerals in the <0.5-μm fraction of tectonically disturbed sediment recovered during this leg were analyzed by X-ray diffraction to determine the extent of thermal diagenesis caused by the passing of the South Atlantic spreading center along this transform margin, and to date the passing. Results from Sites 959-961 reveal mild thermal alteration of clays, to paleotemperatures of 120°–170°C, in older, mostly undated sediment, in response to an elevated paleogeothermal gradient, as indicated by the absence of randomly interstratified illite/smectite group clays (R = 0 I/S clay), and the presence of dominant regularly interstratified (R = 1) I/S clay. Thermally altered sediment at these sites underlie unaltered sediment with likely erosional contacts. Based on a date of nannofossil biozone CC9b for the oldest unaltered sediment at Site 959, the thermal event there must have been pre-CC9b.
At Site 962, drilled on a minor marginal ridge to the west of Sites 959–961, heat has altered clay in basal sediment to R = 1 I/S, and the transition uphole to thermally unaltered sediment, bearing R = 0 I/S clay, was recovered over a 175-m-thick interval, indicating …

Glacial Deposits, Vol. 26, 1997-1998, Department Of Geography-Geology

Glacial Deposits

Newsletter of the Department of Geography-Geology

Overview Of The 8th International Symposium On Vulcanospeleology, William R. Halliday

International Journal of Speleology

In February 1998 the 8h International Symposium on Vulcanospeleology was hosted by CEGEA (Cave Exploration Group of East Africa) in Nairobi, Kenya: it was attended by 16 scientists coming from 4 continents. Pre- and Post- Symposium excursions allowed the participants to have an overview on the most important and famous volcanic cave of that area.

Volcanic Caves Of East Africa - An Overview, Jim W. Simons

International Journal of Speleology

Numerous Tertiary to recent volcanoes are located in East Africa. Thus, much of the region is made up volcanic rock, which hosts the largest and greatest variety of East Africas caves. Exploration of volcanic caves has preoccupied members of Cave Exploration Group of East Africa (CEGEA) for the past 30 years. The various publications edited by CEGEA are in this respect a treasure troves of speleological information. In the present paper an overview on the most important volcanic caves and areas are shortly reported.

The Cave Exploration Group Of East Africa And Volcanic Caves In Kenya, Michael Declan Kennedy

International Journal of Speleology

This paper looks at the history of the Cave Exploration Group of East Africa with special reference to the exploration of volcanic caves. It demonstrates that the group has concentrated on two main areas, the Chyulu HiIls and Mt. Suswa, although other areas have also been studied. The Cave Exploration Group of East Africa has had to cope with various problems. The most important of which are related to the socio-economic conditions of a developing country. These problems have not prevented the group from making a valuable contribution to vulcanospeleology.

Guano Mining In Kenyan Lava Tunnel Caves, Jim W. Simons

International Journal of Speleology

Commercial mining of bat guano for agricultural fertilizer only became possible in Kenya through discovery of major deposits in the lava tunnel caves of Mt. Suswa and the North Chyulu Hills in the early 1960’s. This paper provides historical information leading up to the guano mining, describes the cave deposits, outlines the mining under-takings, and provides information on the guano producing bats and insect faunas. The results of guano analyses, details of the tonnages extracted and sold to recipients between 1966 to 1984, and some benefits which resulted from its use on crops are given. A brief outline of attempts …

Lave Caves Of Kilimanjaro. Mawenzi Lava Tubes, Clive Ward

International Journal of Speleology

This is the first short report on the exploration of lava tubes in the upper part of Kilimanjaro. The area seems to be extremely interesting from vulcanospeleological point of view.

"Hades" - A Remarkable Cave On Oldoinyo Lengai In The East African Rift Valley, Gordon J. Davies

International Journal of Speleology

Oldoinyo Lengai is the world’s only active carbonatite volcano, situated in northern Tanzania within the Eastern Rift Valley, al 2.751 degrees S, 35.902 degrees E. It forms an isolated symmetrical cone at the southern end of Lake Natron, with a summit elevation of 2,890 m (9,480 ft). Periodic eruptions of ash and lava have been recorded since about 1880, and with increasing precision during this century since 1904. In 1990 a routine expedition to monitor activity levels at the summit led to the discovery of a remarkable cave located in the crater floor, filled with numerous long delicate pale yellow …

Tectonic Caves Of Solai In The Kenyan Rift Valley, Robert A. Davis

International Journal of Speleology

Tectonic caves at Solai, Kenya, were explored in 1970. These lie in a complex geological area of the Great Rift Valley in columnar-faulted ignimbrite. Fissures are presumed to have been widened by later tectonic activity -e.g. the major earthquake of January, 1928. The caves and exploration are briefly described. Questions of formation, drainage and possibilities of steam reservoirs are discussed.

Lava Caves Of Grande Comore, Indian Ocean: An Initial Reconnaissance, September 1997, Gregory J. Middleton

International Journal of Speleology

What are believed to have been the first speleological investigations in the Comoros Islands were carried out on Grande Comore island between 7 and 13 September 1997. A number of caves were located with the help of local informants and the more significant ones surveyed. Exploration of some caves was not able to be completed. The potential for further significant discoveries is believed to be high.

Lava Caves Of The Republic Of Mauritius, Indian Ocean, Gregory J. Middleton

International Journal of Speleology

In their Underground Atlas, MIDDLETON & WALTHAM (1986) dismissed Mauritius as: “very old volcanic islands with no speleological interest”. Recent investigations indicate this judgement is inaccurate; there are over 50 significant caves, including lava tube caves up to 687 m long (one 665 m long was surveyed as early as 1769) and 35 m wide. Plaine des Roches contains the most extensive system of lava tube caves with underground drainage rising at the seashore. Notable fauna includes an insectivorous bat and a cave swiftlet (Collocalia francica), the nests of which are unfortunately prized for ‘soup”. The caves …

Sheet Flow Caves Of Kilauea Caldera, Hawaii County, Hawaii, William R. Halliday

International Journal of Speleology

Terminal lobes of sheet flows of pahoehoe lava sometimes form three-dimensional nests, initially separated by partitions consisting of accreted "skins” of each lobe. Melting breaks down these partitions, forming a uniform flow unit. In Kilauea Caldera we have found and mapped sizable drained cavities in low-slope sheet flows. Their general pattern includes three-dimensional nests, with partially melted septa evident in some examples. Christmas Cave is the most extensive found to date, with 632 meters surveyed on two levels. It is located at the lower end of an inflated sheet flow tongue which underwent local deflation as a result of drainage …

Hollow Volcanic Tumulus Caves Of Kilauea Caldera, Hawaii County, Hawaii, William R. Halliday

International Journal of Speleology

In addition to lava tube caves with commonly noted features, sizable subcrustal spaces of several types exist on the floor of Kilauea Caldera. Most of these are formed by drainage of partially stabilized volcanic structures enlarged or formed by injection of very fluid lava beneath a plastic crust. Most conspicuous are hollow tumuli, possibly first described by Walker in 1991. Walker mapped and described the outer chamber of Tumulus E-1 Cave. Further exploration has revealed that it has a hyperthermic inner room beneath an adjoining tumulus with no connection evident on the surface. Two lengthy, sinuous hollow tumuli also are …

The Origin Of Tubular Lava Stalactites And Other Related Forms, Kevin Allred, Carlene Allred

International Journal of Speleology

Tubular lava stalactites are often found in lava tubes. Field observations, sample analysis, and comparative studies indicate that these are segregations extruded during cooling from partially crystallized lava al about 1,070 - 1,000 °C. Retrograde boiling (gas pressure) within the lava provides a mechanism to expel the interstitial liquid. In addition to tubular lava stalactites, a variety of other lava features can also result, such as lava helictites, lava coralloids, barnacle-like stretched lava, runners, runner channels, and some lava blisters and squeeze-ups.

"Pit Craters", Lava Tubes, And Open Vertical Volcanic Conduits In Hawaii: A Problem In Terminology, William R. Halliday

International Journal of Speleology

Almost from the 1849 publication of the term pit crater, volcanologists have disagreed about the parameters differentiating these features from other vertical volcanic structures. Kaluaiki is a jameo giving entry to Thurston Lava Tube in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. Long-standing misidentification of it as a pit crater is an example of misunderstandings arising from the lack of a clear definition of pit crater. In general, pit craters are unrelated to lava tube caves genetically, but two special cases are discussed. One probably is genetically related to a rift tube deep below the surface; the other is a complex of a …

The 1981 Eruptive Fissure On Mt. Etna: Considerations On Its Exploration And Genesis, Angelo Leotta, Marco Liuzzo

International Journal of Speleology

This paper is targeted to an analysis of features common to various fissure caves on Mt. Etna, Sicily. The Authors report the preliminary results of the exploration carried out in the 1981 eruptive fissure, the technical problems met during the exploration, the flow trends and the different courses of the molten material inside the fissure, the particular morphologies. A genetic model is proposed, different from those characterising the lava tube cave genesis, and links are suggested between the various fissures and the main tectonic stress systems operating on Mt. Etna, as well as the morpho-structural conditions of the volcanic edifice …

Chemical Deposits In Volcanic Caves Of Argentina, Carlos Benedetto, Paolo Forti, Ermanno Galli, Antonio Rossi

International Journal of Speleology

During the last Conference of the FEALC (Speleological Federation of Latin America and Caribbean Islands) which was held in the town of Malargue, Mendoza, in February 1997, two volcanic caves not far from that town were visited and sampled for cave mineral studies. The first cave (Cueva del Tigre) opens close to the Llancanelo lake, some 40 kms far from Malargue and it is a classical lava tube. Part of the walls and of the fallen lava blocks are covered by white translucent fibres and grains. The second visited cave is a small tectonic cavity opened on a lava bed …

Lava Tube Remelt By Radiant Heat And Burning Gasses, Kevin Allred

International Journal of Speleology

Some volcanologists assume that interior surfaces of hot lava tubes can commonly be remelted by burning gases and radiant heat. Pending further data, this appears to be unlikely.

The Origin Of Clay Minerals In Salina Playa-Mudflat Facies,Yeniçubuk Formation (Lower-Middle Miocene), Gemerek, Sivas, Türkiye, İbrahim Türkmen, Cemal Bölücek

Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences

The playa-mudflat facies under investigation are found in the Gemerek Basin (Sivas, Türkiye). This Miocene basin is bordered by the Akdağ Metamorphics (Paleozoic) to the N-NW, the Elmalıdağ Volcanic Rocks (Thanetian) to the E and clastic rocks and evaporites of the Cevizcik Formation (Oligocene) to the S-SW. Illite, palygorskite, smectites (montmorillonite, saponite and sauconite), chlorite (clinochlore) and serpentines had been studied using XRD analysis of mudstone samples. Illites and chlorites were found to have originated from marble, schists, granitic rocks, dioritic rocks and syenitic rocks of Akdağ Massif to the north. Palygorskite were formed in evaporitic basins by chemical sedimantation. …

Geochemistry And Origin Of The Oligocene Binkılıç Manganese Deposit;Thrace Basin, Turkey, Ali Haydar Gülteki̇n

Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences

Many Oligocene Manganese deposits are found in the Trace basin, a Tertiary collisional-collapse type basin in the northwestern part of Turkey. All the mineralizations are originally sedimentary type. The most economically important deposits are around Çatalça; of these, the Binkılıç manganese ore occurs conformably within the Oligocene fossiliferous formations, as a stratiform type manganese deposit. The manganese ores at Binkiliç show a continuity along strike and consists of micro-to Cryptocrystalline pyrolusite, psilomelane, radial manganite, cryptomelane, wad, rhodochrosite and dispersed organic matter, calcite, feldspar, clay minerals, and quartz but generally only minor quantities of limonite and goethite. Mn oxides with variable …