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Pharyngeal Teeth, Lateral Ethmoids, And Jaw Teeth Of Fishes And Additional Fossils From The Late Miocene (Late Khersonian / Early Maeotian) Of Eastern Paratethys (Yalova, Near İstanbul, Turkey), Neri̇man Rühkert Ülkümen, Erdi̇nç Yi̇ği̇tbaş

Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences

A late Khersonian to early Maeotian fossil assemblage from the Upper Miocene to Lower Pliocene Yalakdere Formation near Yalova city (northwestern Anatolia, Turkey) is documented. The following fish taxa, represented by pharyngeal teeth, lateral ethmoids and jaw teeth are described: Cyprinidae with Carassius sp., Tinca sp., Scardinius sp., Leuciscus sp., Barbus sp., Cobitidae with Cobitis sp., Siluridae with Silurus sp., and Esocidae with Esox sp.. Further described vertebrates are reptiles (Trionyx sp.) and small mammals (cf. Eliomys intermedius FRIANT). Additional invertebrate fauna and flora, comprising diverse gastropods, ostracods, charophytes, pollen and limnic green algae, are listed. The fossil assemblage from …

Late Visean–Early Namurian Bivalves From The Zonguldak Coal Basin, Northwestern Turkey, Yavuz Okan, İzzet Hoşgör

Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences

Marine bivalves Septimyalina sublamellosa (Etheridge 1878), Septimyalina lamellosa (de Koninck 1842), Septimyalina minor (Brown 1841) and Posidonia becheri Bronn, 1828 are described from the Visean-Namurian transition of Zonguldak coal basin, Northwestern Turkey. Macroinvertebrate fossils are rare in the Lower Carboniferous of the Zonguldak coal basin and only a few shallow marine forms of Myalinidae and Posidoniidae families are present. Their palaeobiogeographic distribution delineates a seaway from Britain to the Black Sea coast during the Carboniferous.

A Condensed Mesozoic Succession North Of İzmir: A Fragment Of The Anatolide-Tauride Platform In The Bornova Flysch Zone, Aral İ. Okay, Demi̇r Altiner

Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences

The Bornova Flysch Zone consists of large blocks of Mesozoic limestone, basalt, serpentinite and radiolarian chert in a highly sheared clastic matrix of latest Cretaceous to Paleocene age. We describe a condensed Mesozoic section from a limestone block near the village of Urbut, 27 km southwest of Bigadiç, north of İzmir. The section, 81 m thick, starts with massive, thickly-bedded Upper Triassic carbonates with megalodonts and foraminifera characteristic of Late Norian-Rhaetian. These are unconformably overlain by condensed, hemipelagic Tithonian-Middle Albian limestones, 19 m thick, with gaps in the succession. The condensed sequence is, in turn, unconformably overlain by red, pink …

Late Ypresian To Middle Lutetian Orthophragminid Record From Central And Northern Turkey: Taxonomy And Remarks On Zonal Scheme, Ercan Özcan, György Less, Botond Kertesz

Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences

Orthophragmines are one of the commonest larger foraminifera in the late Paleocene-Eocene shallow-marine deposits of Turkey. Following several common lineages, such as Discocyclina archiaci, Orbitoclypeus schopeni and O. multiplicatus, a major turnover in the orthophragminid composition - both in diversity and abundance - is observed to occur around the early-late Ypresian boundary. This is manifested in the first appearance/dominance of such important lineages like Discocyclina augustae, D. fortisi, Nemkovella strophiolata, Orbitoclypeus douvillei, O. varians, O. furcatus, Asterocyclina stellata and A. alticostata simultaneously with the disappearance of O. multiplicatus and other forms. These and their successors, ranging up at least to …

Lake Hazar Basin: A Negative Flower Structure On The East Anatolian Fault System (Eafs), Se Turkey, Ercan Aksoy, Murat İnceöz, Ali̇ Koçyi̇ği̇t

Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences

The East Anatolian Fault System (EAFS) is a 30-km-wide, 700-km-long and NE-trending sinistral strike-slip megashear belt between the Anatolian platelet in the northwest and African-Arabian plates in the southeast. It is located between Karlıova County in the NE and Karataş (Adana)-Samandağ (Antakya) in the SW. In the Lake Hazar region, the EAFS consists of five fault zones. These are, from north to south, the Elazığ fault zone, the Uluova fault zone, the Sivrice fault zone, the Adıyaman fault zone and the Lice-Çermik fault zone; in previous studies only the Sivrice fault zone has been reported to be part of the …

Petrography, Geochemistry And Origin Of Lower Liassic Dolomites In The Aydıncık Area, Mersin, Southern Turkey, Muhsi̇n Eren, Meryem Yeşi̇lot Kaplan, Selahatti̇n Kadi̇r

Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences

In the Aydıncık area, the Lower Liassic carbonates consist predominantly of dolomites, including limestone and dolomitic limestone intervals. These carbonates were deposited in peritidal environments, and later underwent early and late stage dolomitization. Petrographically, three dolomite-types are determined: (1) very fine to fine crystalline dolomite (T1) with crystal size of 13-65 µm and a good fabric preservation, (2) coarse crystalline sucrosic dolomite (T2) with size of 65 to 270 µm and fabric destruction, and (3) dolomite cement (T3) that occurs as a clear outer rim to cloudy coarse dolomite crystals (T2) or as a pore-lining and cement-fill of fenestral pores. …

Retention And Transport Of Hexavalent Chromium In Calcareous Karst Soils, İrfan Yolcubal, Ni̇hat Hakan Akyol

Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences

Hexavalent chromium, which is a highly toxic and soluble form of the element chromium, is a common soil and groundwater contaminant found in many contaminated sites throughout the world and poses a serious risk to human health when released into environment. The objective of this study was to determine transport and retention behaviour of aqueous Cr(VI) species in a highly calcareous and alkaline top soil of a karst system that is vulnerable to contamination. Batch sorption studies and column experiments conducted at both saturated and unsaturated steady-state flow conditions were used to evaluate the sorption/desorption and the transport of Cr(VI) …

Filograna Minor Nov. Sp. (Worm Tube) From The Middle Triassic (Anisian) Reef Boulders Of The Karaburun Peninsula, Western Turkey, Baba Senowbari-Daryan, Michael Link, İsmai̇l Işintek

Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences

A colonial serpulid worm tube, Filograna minor nov. sp., from the Anisian reef boulders of the Karaburun Peninsula, Western Turkey is described. The Filograna-bearing boulders occur together with Anisian reef boulders within the Upper Anisian siliciclastic deposits of the Gerence Formation. Filograna minor differs from the Norian species Filograna serialis, described by Senowbari-Daryan and Link from the Taurus Mountains, by the smaller dimensions of the tubes.

A N-S-Trending Active Extensional Structure, The Şuhut (Afyon) Graben: Commencement Age Of The Extensional Neotectonic Period In The Isparta Angle, Sw Turkey, Ali̇ Koçyi̇ği̇t, Şule Deveci̇

Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences

The Şuhut graben is an 8-11-km-wide, 24-km-long, N-S-trending, active extensional structure located on the southern shoulder of the Akşehir-Afyon graben, near the apex of the outer Isparta Angle. The Şuhut graben developed on a pre-Upper Pliocene rock assemblage comprising pre-Jurassic metamorphic rocks, Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous platform carbonates, the Lower Miocene-Middle Pliocene Afyon stratovolcanic complex and a fluvio-lacustrine volcano-sedimentary sequence. The eastern margin of the Şuhut graben is dominated by the Afyon volcanics and their well-bedded fluvio-lacustrine sedimentary cover, which is folded into a series of NNE-trending anticlines and synclines. This volcano-sedimentary sequence was deformed during a phase of WNW-ESE contraction, and …

Quaternary Activity Of The Cihanbeyli And Yeniceoba Fault Zones: İnönü-Eskişehir Fault System, Central Anatolia, Erman Özsayin, Kadi̇r Di̇ri̇k

Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences

The İnönü-Eskişehir fault system (İEFS) is one of the most important fault systems in Central Anatolia and consists of a series of NW-SE- to WNW-ESE-trending fault zones extending from Uludağ (Bursa) in the northwest to Sultanhanı in the southeast. Between İnönü and Sivrihisar, the Eskişehir fault zone of the İEFS trends WNW, but east of Sivrihisar the İEFS changes its direction to NW-SE and splays out into four fault zones, named the Ilıca, Yeniceoba, Cihanbeyli and Sultanhanı fault zones and extends to south of Tuzgölü in the east. The NW-SE-trending Yeniceoba fault zone (YFZ), exposed between Günyüzü in the west …

Tectonic Evolution Of The Kiraz Basin, Küçük Menderes Graben: Evidence For Compression/Uplift-Related Basin Formation Overprinted By Extensional Tectonics In West Anatolia, Tahi̇r Emre, Hasan Sözbi̇li̇r

Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences

The Kiraz Basin which is located at the eastern end of the Küçük Menderes Graben was previously considered to be an extensional basin. However, the data presented here allow us to infer that the tectonic evolution of the Kiraz Basin could be explained by an alternate model which suggests compression/uplift-related basin formation at the early stage of basin evolution followed, later, by block faulting in an extensional neotectonic regime. The successive compressional and extensional strain is accommodated by a predominantly NE-trending strike-slip fault system. The new model is based on the detailed mapping, field-cross sections and kinematic analyses of the …

Ground-Water Age And Quality In The High Plains Aquifer Near Seward, Nebraska, 2003-2004, Jennifer S. Stanton, Matthew K. Landon, Michael J. Turco

United States Geological Survey: Publications

The U.S. Geological Survey, In cooperation with the City of Seward, Nebraska, conducted a study of ground-water age and quality to improve understanding of: (1) travel-times from recharge areas to public-supply wells, (2) the effects of geochemical reactions in the aquifer on water quality, and (3) how water quality has changed historically in response to land-use practices. Samples were collected from four supply wells in the Seward west well field and from nine monitoring wells along two approximate ground-water flow paths leading the well field.

Temporal Differences In The Hydrologic Regime Of The Lower Platte River, Nebraska, 1895–2006, Daniel Ginting, Ronald B. Zelt, Joshua I. Linard

United States Geological Survey: Publications

In cooperation with the Lower Platte South Natural Resources District for a collaborative study of the cumulative effects of water and channel management practices on stream and riparian ecology, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) compiled, analyzed, and summarized hydrologic information from long-term gaging stations on the lower Platte River to determine any significant temporal differences among six discrete periods during 1895-2006 and to interpret any significant changes in relation to changes in climatic conditions or other factors. A subset of 171 examined hydrologic indices (HIs) were selected for use as indices that (1) included most of the variance in the …

Simulations Of Ground-Water Flow, Transport, Age, And Particle Tracking Near York, Nebraska, For A Study Of Transport Of Anthropogenic And Natural Contaminants (Tanc) To Public-Supply Wells, Brian R. Clark, Matthew K. Landon, Leon J. Kauffman, George Hornberger

United States Geological Survey: Publications

The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is committed to providing the Nation with credible scientific information that helps to enhance and protect the overall quality of life and that facilitates effective management of water, biological, energy, and mineral resources (http://www.usgs.gov/). Information on the Nation’s water resources is critical to ensuring long-term availability of water that is safe for drinking and recreation and is suitable for industry, irrigation, and fish and wildlife. Population growth and increasing demands for water make the availability of that water, now measured in terms of quantity and quality, even more essential to the long-term sustainability of our …

The Influence Of Sublacustrine Hydrothermal Vent Fluids On The Geochemistry Of Yellowstone Lake, Laurie S. Balistrieri, Wayne C. Shanks Iii, Russell L. Cuhel, Carmen Aguilar, J. Val Klump

United States Geological Survey: Publications

The geochemical composition of Yellowstone Lake water is strongly influenced by sublacustrine hydrothermal vent activity. The evidence for this conclusion is twofold. First, mass-balance calculations indicate that the outflow from Yellowstone Lake is enriched in dissolved As, B, Cl, Cs, Ge, Li, Mo, Sb, and W relative to inflowing waters. Calculations involving stable isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen (δD and δ18O, respectively) and mass-balances indicate about 13 percent evapoconcentration in the lake, which is inadequate to account for the enrichment of these elements in the water column. Second, linear relationships between the concentration of Cl and many other elements in …

Is Yellowstone Losing Its Steam?— Chloride Flux Out Of Yellowstone National Park, Irving Friedman, Daniel R. Norton

United States Geological Survey: Publications

Chloride flux, a surrogate for heat flow, was determined for the four rivers draining Yellowstone National Park (the Park) for the water years (October 1 through September 30) 1983 through 2003, with the exception of 1995 and 1996. The chloride emitted by the geothermal system underlying Yellowstone Park is designated “thermal chloride,” and it constitutes 94 percent of the total chloride exiting the Park. The remainder of the chloride is contributed by rainfall, rock weathering, and a minor amount due to human impact.

Of this 94 percent, the Fall, Madison, Snake, and Yellowstone Rivers have been determined to discharge 93 …

Monitoring Changes In Geothermal Activity At Norris Geyser Basin By Satellite Telemetry, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, Irving Friedman

United States Geological Survey: Publications

Instrumentation on a weir on Tantalus Creek, which captures 98 percent of the surface discharge of Norris Geyser Basin, Yellowstone National Park (the Park), records discharge and water temperature every 10 minutes and telemeters recorded data every hour via GOES satellite. Plots of discharge from June 1998 through mid-November 2003 record frequent—and often large—changes in
discharge.

Data recorded during five eruptions of Steamboat Geyser (May 2000, April 2002, September 2002, April 2003, and October 2003) allow calculation of the time and duration of the eruptions, as well as amounts of water released by each eruption.

Water discharge at the weir …

Hydrothermally Altered Rock And Hot-Spring Deposits At Yellowstone National Park—Characterized Using Airborne Visible- And Infrared-Spectroscopy Data, K. Eric Livo, Fred A. Kruse, Roger N. Clark, Raymond F. Kokaly, W. C. Shanks Iii

United States Geological Survey: Publications

The hydrothermal system in Yellowstone National Park has created altered rock and hot-spring deposits that were mapped using AVIRIS (airborne visible and infrared imaging spectrometer) data. The mapped minerals are indicative of the geologic processes and environments that controlled their formation. Ongoing volcanic activity is expressed at the surface by geothermal features, earthquakes, and geologically recent caldera formation. Precipitated minerals such as siliceous sinter and travertine on the surface are derived from chloride-rich alkaline solutions that are leaching silica and calcite from the underlying country rock. Siliceous sinter and montmorillonite are associated with hydrothermal systems abundant in hot water, whereas …

Investigations Of The Effects Of Synthetic Chemicals On The Endocrine System Of Common Carp In Lake Mead, Nevada And Arizona, Michael R. Rosen, Steven L. Goodbred, Reynaldo Patiño, Thomas J. Leiker, Erik Orsak

United States Geological Survey: Publications

Lake Mead is the largest reservoir by volume in the United States and was created by the construction of the 221-meter high Hoover Dam in 1935 at Black Canyon on the lower Colorado River between Nevada and Arizona (fig. 1). Inflows of water into the lake include three rivers, Colorado, Virgin, and Muddy; as well as Las Vegas Wash, which is now perennial because of discharges from municipal wastewater treatment plants (Covay and Leiker, 1998) and urban stormwater runoff. As the population within the Las Vegas Valley began to increase in the 1940s, the treated effluent volume also has increased …

Applications Of Trace-Element And Stable-Isotope Geochemistry To Wildlife Issues, Yellowstone National Park And Vicinity, Maurice A. Chaffee, Wayne C. Shanks Iii, Robert O. Rye, Charles C. Shwartz, Monique G. Adams, Robert R. Carlson, James G. Crock, Pamela A. Gemery-Hill, Kerry A. Gunther, Cynthia L. Kester, Harley D. King, Shannon R. Podruzny

United States Geological Survey: Publications

Reconnaissance investigations have been conducted to identify how geochemical techniques can be applied to biological studies to assist wildlife management in and near Yellowstone National Park (the Park). Many elements (for example, As, B, Be, Ce, Cl, Cs, F, Hg, K, Li, Mo, Rb, S, Sb, Si, and W) are commonly enriched in (1) thermal waters in the Yellowstone area, (2) rocks altered by these waters, (3) sinter and travertine deposits, and (4) soils and stream sediments derived from these rocks. Some of these elements, such as As, F, Hg, and Mo, may be toxic to wildlife and could be …

The Question Of Recharge To The Deep Thermal Reservoir Underlying The Geysers And Hot Springs Of Yellowstone National Park, Robert O. Rye, Alfred H. Truesdell

United States Geological Survey: Publications

The extraordinary number, size, and unspoiled beauty of the geysers and hot springs of Yellowstone National Park (the Park) make them a national treasure. The hydrology of these special features and their relation to cold waters of the Yellowstone area are poorly known. In the absence of deep drill holes, such information is available only indirectly from isotope studies. The δD-δ¹⁸O values of precipitation and cold surface-water and ground-water samples are close to the global meteoric water line (Craig, 1961). δD values of monthly samples of rain and snow collected from 1978 to 1981 at two stations in …

Geochemistry Of Sublacustrine Hydrothermal Deposits In Yellowstone Lake—Hydrothermal Reactions, Stable-Isotope Systematics, Sinter Deposition, And Spire Formation, Wayne C. Shanks Iii, Jeffrey C. Alt, Lisa A. Morgan

United States Geological Survey: Publications

Geochemical and mineralogical studies of hydrothermal deposits and altered vent muds from the floor of Yellowstone Lake indicate that these features form due to hydrothermal fluid quenching in shallow flow conduits or upon egress into bottom waters. Siliceous precipitates occur as conduits within the uppermost sediments, as tabular deposits that form along sedimentary layers, and as spires as much as 8 m tall that grow upward from crater-like depressions on the lake bottom. These deposits are enriched in As, Cs, Hg, Mo, Sb, Tl, and W.

Variations in major-element geochemistry indicate that subaerial sinters from West Thumb and spire interiors …

The Life Cycle Of Gold Deposits Near The Northeast Corner Of Yellowstone National Park—Geology, Mining History, And Fate, Bradley S. Van Gosen

United States Geological Survey: Publications

Henderson Mountain, near Cooke City, Mont., about 4.5 mi northeast of the northeast entrance to Yellowstone National Park (the Park), hosts identified resources of at least 2.3 million ounces of gold, 8.9 million ounces of silver, and 130 million pounds of copper. The mineral deposits formed by selective replacement of calcareous blocks and clasts in a complex breccia pipe (the Homestake deposit), and concurrent skarn development replaced limestone adjacent to the breccia pipe (the Miller Creek deposit). The breccia pipe and mineral deposits formed in the middle Eocene during intrusion of the dacitic Homestake stock.

The geologic history of the …

Concentrations Of Metals In Aquatic Invertebrates From The Ozark National Scenic Riverways, Missouri, Christopher J. Schmitt, William G. Brumbaugh, John M. Besser, Thomas W. May

United States Geological Survey: Publications

This report summarizes the findings of a study conducted as a pilot for part of a park-wide monitoring program being developed for the Ozark National Scenic Riverways (ONSR) of southeastern Missouri. The objective was to evaluate using crayfish (Orconectes spp.) and Asian clam (Corbicula fluminea) for monitoring concentrations of metals associated with lead-zinc mining. Lead-zinc mining presently (2007) occurs near the ONSR and additional mining has been proposed. Three composite samples of each type (crayfish and Asian clam), each comprising ten animals of approximately the same size, were collected during late summer and early fall of 2005 …

Possible Impacts Of Early-11th-, Middle-12th-, And Late-13th-Century Droughts On Western Native Americans And The Mississippian Cahokians, Larry V. Benson, Michael S. Berry, Edward A. Jolie, Jerry D. Spangler, David W. Stahle, Eugene M. Hattori

United States Geological Survey: Staff Publications

One or more of three intense and persistent droughts impacted some Native American cultures in the early-11th, middle-12th and late- 13th centuries, including the Anasazi, Fremont, Lovelock, and Mississippian (Cahokian) prehistorical cultures. Tree-ring-based reconstructions of precipitation and temperature indicate that warm drought periods occurred between AD 990 and 1060, AD 1135 and 1170, and AD 1276 and 1297. These droughts occurred during minima in the Pacific Decadal Oscillation and may have been associated with positive values of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation. Each of the Native American cultures was supported, to a greater or lesser degree, by precipitation-dependent resources. Both the …

Hydrologic Connectivity And The Contribution Of Stream Headwaters To Ecological Integrity At Regional Scales1, Mary C. Freeman, Catherine M. Pringle, C. Rhett Jackson

United States Geological Survey: Staff Publications

Cumulatively, headwater streams contribute to maintaining hydrologic connectivity and ecosystem integrity at regional scales. Hydrologic connectivity is the water-mediated transport of matter, energy and organisms within or between elements of the hydrologic cycle. Headwater streams compose over two-thirds of total stream length in a typical river drainage and directly connect the upland and riparian landscape to the rest of the stream ecosystem. Altering headwater streams, e.g., by channelization, diversion through pipes, impoundment and burial, modifies fluxes between uplands and downstream river segments and eliminates distinctive habitats. The large-scale ecological effects of altering headwaters are amplified by land uses that alter …

Arsenic Incorporation Into Authigenic Pyrite, Bengal Basin Sediment, Bangladesh, Heather A. Lowers, George N. Breit, Andrea L. Foster, John Whitney, James Yount, Md. Nehal Uddin, Ad. Atual Muneem

United States Geological Survey: Staff Publications

Sediment from two deep boreholes (~400 m) approximately 90 km apart in southern Bangladesh was analyzed by X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), total chemical analyses, chemical extractions, and electron probe microanalysis to establish the importance of authigenic pyrite as a sink for arsenic in the Bengal Basin. Authigenic framboidal and massive pyrite (median values 1500 and 3200 ppm As, respectively), is the principal arsenic residence in sediment from both boreholes. Although pyrite is dominant, ferric oxyhydroxides and secondary iron phases contain a large fraction of the sediment-bound arsenic between approximately 20 and 100 m, which is the depth range of wells …

Seismology Inside The Fault Zone: Applications To Fault-Zone Properties And Rupture Dynamics, William L. Ellsworth, Peter E. Malin, Kazutoshi Imanishi, Steven W. Roecker, Robert Nadeau, Volder Oye, Clifford H. Thurber, Felix Waldhauser, Namoi L. Boness, Stephen H. Hickman, Mark D. Zoback

United States Geological Survey: Staff Publications

A central goal of seismology is to understand the physics of earthquakes and other sources of seismic waves in the Earth. We would like to understand how dynamic instabilities are nucleated, how they evolve in space and time, and how they come to rest. To achieve this goal, we need observations that are truly broadband with respect to source process time scales. Because the high-frequency limit of a seismogram directly controls the spatial scale at which we can resolve these processes, the requirement for “broadband” means bandwidth that is sufficient to record the shortest pulse produced by the physical system …

Microbial Sulfate Reduction And Metal Attenuation In Ph 4 Acid Mine Water, Clinton D. Church, Richard T. Wilkin, Charles N. Alpers, Robert O. Rye, R. Blaine Mccleskey

United States Geological Survey: Staff Publications

Sediments recovered from the flooded mine workings of the Penn Mine, a Cu-Zn mine abandoned since the early 1960s, were cultured for anaerobic bacteria over a range of pH (4.0 to 7.5). The molecular biology of sediments and cultures was studied to determine whether sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) were active in moderately acidic conditions present in the underground mine workings. Here we document multiple, independent analyses and show evidence that sulfate reduction and associated metal attenuation are occurring in the pH-4 mine environment. Waterchemistry analyses of the mine water reveal: (1) preferential complexation and precipitation by H₂S of Cu …

Butterfly Responses To Prairie Restoration Through Fire And Grazing, Jennifer A. Vogel, Diane M. Debinski, Rolf R. Koford, James R. Miller

United States Geological Survey: Staff Publications

The development of land for modern agriculture has resulted in losses of native prairie habitat. The small, isolated patches of prairie habitat that remain are threatened by fire suppression, overgrazing, and invasion by non-native species. We evaluated the effects of three restoration practices (grazing only, burning only, and burning and grazing) on the vegetation characteristics and butterfly communities of remnant prairies. Total butterfly abundance was highest on prairies that were managed with burning and grazing and lowest on those that were only burned. Butterfly species richness did not differ among any of the restoration practices. Butterfly species diversity was highest …