Digital Commons Network^™

Stubble Handling Begins At Harvest, Ed Blanchard

Journal of the Department of Agriculture, Western Australia, Series 4

Long stubble left in the paddock after harvest causes major difficulties at seeding time. To demonstrate the benefits of having short stubble at seeding, the Trayning Land Conservation District Committee created four stubble treatments at harvest in 1988 and sowed into these stubble treatments in 1989.

Cost Effective Stubble Retention Practices, Andrew Green, Ed Blanchard

Journal of the Department of Agriculture, Western Australia, Series 4

To increase the rate of adoption of stubble retention farming systems the Grains Research and Development Corporation is funding a three-year project with the Farm Machinery Unit to develop low cost, stubble handling systems from harvest to seeding

Natural And Technological Disasters: Causes, Effects And Preventive Measures, Nazrul I. Khandaker

Publications and Research

No abstract provided.

Low-Silica And High-Calcium Stone In The Newman Limestone (Mississippian) On Pine Mountain, Letcher County, Southeastern Kentucky, Garland R. Dever Jr., Thomas L. Robl, Jack R. Moody, Frank H. Walker, George W. Ellsworth Jr., Lance S. Barron

Information Circular--KGS

The coal industry of Kentucky is an important market for limestone. Coal producers use limestone as rock dust for explosion abatement in underground coal mines and as a neutralizing agent in surface-mine reclamation and acid-drainage control. Haulage-road construction and maintenance require crushed stone.

Coal-bearing rocks of Pennsylvanian age in the Eastern Kentucky Coal Field generally do not contain limestones that are sufficiently thick to quarry or mine economically, but in the southeastern part of the coal field, fault movement has brought the Newman Limestone to the surface along Pine Mountain. The Newman was sampled at three sites in Letcher County …

Design, Construction, And Monitoring Of The Ground-Water Resources Of A Large Mine-Spoil Area: Star Fire Tract, Eastern Kentucky, David R. Wunsch, James S. Dinger, Page B. Taylor

Report of Investigations--KGS

By the year 2010, the Star Fire mining operation in Knott, Breathitt, and Perry Counties in eastern Kentucky, which uses mountaintop-removal and hollow-fill mining techniques, will have created approximately 5,000 acres of gently rolling terrain that could support alternative land uses. The present research is centered on approximately 1,000 acres of spoil created since mining began in 1981. An aquifer fed by both ground and surface water will be created within the spoil. Spoil-handling techniques such as cast blasting, dragline placement, end dumping by trucks, and surface grading have created porous coarse-rock zones within the spoil through which ground water …

Ages Of The Whitewater And Fairhaven Tills In Southwestern Ohio And Southeastern Indiana, Barry B. Miller, William D. Mccoy, William J. Wayne, C. Scott Brockman

Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences: Faculty Publications

Alloisoleucine/isoleucine (aIle/Ile) ratios obtained from fossil mollusc shells collected at localities in southwestern Ohio and southeastern Indiana, where they occur in silt beds associated with the Whitewater and Fairhaven tills, indicate a pre-Wisconsinan age for these tills, which had previously been thought to be early or middle Wisconsinan.

The aIle/Ile ratios in shells from beneath the buried soil (Sidney soil) and till exposed near Sidney, Ohio, are most similar to values in shells obtained from Illinoian sediments at Clough Creek in Hamilton County, Ohio; Mechanicsburg southwest, Illinois; and Trousdale Mine in Vermillion Co., Indiana. The first well-developed weathering profile in …

In Situ Stress Measurements To 3.5 Km Depth In The Cajon Pass Scientific Research Borehole: Implications For The Mechanics Of Crustal Faulting, Mark D. Zoback, John H. Healy

United States Geological Survey: Staff Publications

Measurements of in situ stress orientation and magnitude at the site of the Cajon Pass research borehole have been made from depths of 0.9-3.5 km using the hydraulic fracturing technique and analysis of stress-induced well bore breakouts. The results of these measurements support two important conclusions about the mechanics of crustal faulting. First, the magnitudes of measured in situ stresses indicate ratios of shear to normal stress. on favorably oriented fault planes that are consistent with predictions based on Mohr-Coulomb theory and laboratory-determined coefficients of friction in the range of 0.6-1.0 assuming hydrostatic pore pressure (this is commonly known as …

Available Coal Resources Of The Booneville 7.5–Minute Quadrangle, Owsley County, Kentucky, Gerald A. Weisenfluh, R. E. Andrews, John K. Hiett, Stephen F. Greb, Richard E. Sergeant, Donald R. Chesnut Jr.

Information Circular--KGS

The Booneville Quadrangle lies within the Southwestern Reserve District of the Eastern Kentucky Coal Field. Six coal beds in the quadrangle have been commercially developed, mainly by surface mining methods, and comprise the basis of this Coal Availability Study. These beds are, in descending stratigraphic order, Copland, Whitesburg, Amburgy, Upper Elkhorn No. 3, Jellico and Manchester. A computerized Geographic Information System (GRASS) was used to calculate estimates of original, mined-out and remaining resources, restrictions to mining and available resources.

Evaluation Of Gamma Ray Attenuation For Measuring Soil Bulk Density Part I. Laboratory Investigation, Xiwen Luo, Larry G. Wells

Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering Faculty Publications

Gamma ray attenuation was evaluated as a means of determining soil bulk density. Experiments were conducted using clay, silt, and sandy loam soils wherein samples were compacted to uniform densities at various moisture contents. We determined the attenuation characteristics of dry soil to be independent of soil texture while being significantly different from that of water. Comparison of gamma density measurements with known soil sample densities indicated that the gamma gauge provided reliable measurement of soil bulk density, provided that the effect of soil moisture on attenuation was accounted for and the manufacturer-prescribed calibration procedure was followed daily. Further, we …

Evaluation Of Gamma Ray Attenuation For Measuring Soil Bulk Density Part Ii. Field Investigation, Larry G. Wells, Xiwen Luo

Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering Faculty Publications

A field investigation was conducted at sites near Lexington and Central City, Kentucky, to evaluate the use of gamma ray attenuation for measuring soil bulk density. Experiments were conducted whereby the gamma gauge was calibrated by various means and compared with volumetric cores collected from the field soils. Calibration by the manufacturer’s recommended procedure was determined to be as accurate as more rigorous laboratory calibration or calibration via regression of soil bulk density data, provided that the effect of soil water on gamma attenuation is correctly considered. We also developed a linear regression equation to correct for the occurrence of …

Glacial Deposits, Vol. 20, 1991-1992, Department Of Geography-Geology

Glacial Deposits

Newsletter of the Department of Geography-Geology

Numerical Methods 101 - Convergence Of Numerical Models, David B. Thompson

United States Geological Survey: Staff Publications

A numerical model is convergent if and only if a sequence of model solutions with increasingly refined solution domains approaches a fixed value. Furthermore, a numerical model is consistent only if this sequence converges to the solution of the continuous equations which govern the physical phenomenon being modeled. Given that a model is consistent, it is insufficient to apply it to a problem without testing for sensitivity to the size of the time and distance steps which form the discrete approximation of the solution domain. That is, convergence testing is a required component of any modeling study.

Two models were …

Modeling Flow And Flood-Plain Storage In A Tidally Affected River, A. G. Strickland, Jerad D. Bales

United States Geological Survey: Staff Publications

A one-dimensional, unsteady-flow model was calibrated, validated, and tested for a 30.4-mile reach of the tidally affected Roanoke River, North Carolina. The model includes a storage reservoir to represent the two-dimensional processes associated with flood-plain storage and release in the one-dimensional flow model. Simulated and measured water levels differed by less than 0.5 foot, and the average absolute difference between simulated and measured flows was 7 percent.

Desorption Hysteresis In Five Ion Exchanged Montmorillonites, Jerry Paul Fairley

UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones

It is generally believed that the formation of recalcitrant (slowly desorbing) fractions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in soils is due to diffusion of compounds to sorption sites inaccessible to bulk fluid. The exact nature of these sites, however, is not well understood. In clay minerals, researchers favor two probable areas for the storage of persistent contamination; sites between the clay lamella, or sites with clay particle aggregates.

To test the hypothesis that recalcitrant fractions are formed in interlamellar spaces, a Na/Ca Montmorillonite (Smectite) was ion exchanged with five different cations (K⁺, Na⁺, Ca⁺, …

Metamorphic Petrology And Gravity Studies Of The Archean English River Subprovince, Western Superior Province, Manitoba And Ontario, Canada, Moira E. Campion

Theses and Dissertations

The tectonic development of the English River Subprovince (ERSP) of the Superior Province in Ontario and Manitoba, as with other Archean medium-high grade metasedimentary/gneiss terranes, is an area of active research. Geochemical and geophysical data were collected during this study to determine the metamorphic conditions of formation, and the relationship between surface and subsurface geology. The results of metamorphic studies by Henke (1984), Baumann (1985), Chipera (1985) and Roob (1987) were also integrated with those of this study. The temperatures and pressures of formation, as well as detailed gravity characteristics, constrain the postulated tectonic model for the ERSP.

Chemical data …

Denitrification In The Elk Valley Aquifer, Northeastern North Dakota, Gale G. Mayer

Theses and Dissertations

Biological denitrification controls nitrate distribution in the Elk Valley aquifer, which underlies approximately 725 square kilometres of northeastern North Dakota and provides drinking water for farms and rural communities in the area. Increased irrigation has raised concerns over potential contamination from agricultural practices. The purpose of this study was to establish the role of biological denitrification in minimizing concentration and distribution of nitrate and to determine the effect irrigation practices have on groundwater flow and nitrate distribution in the saturated zone.

The aquifer is unconfined and consists of up to 20 metres of glacial outwash and deltaic shale-rich sand deposits. …

United States Geological Survey Bridge Scour Evaluation Program In Texas, David D. Dunn, Henry R. Hejl Jr.

United States Geological Survey: Staff Publications

The Federal Highway Administration has mandated that all bridges in the Federal Aid System crossing over water be evaluated for scour susceptibility. The United States Geological Survey and the Texas Department of Transportation (TXDOT) have initiated a multi-year, multi-phase program to develop scour evaluation and analysis procedures that will allow TXDOT to quickly and efficiently evaluate some 11,000 bridges crossing over water in the state.

Usgs Urban Stonnwater Investigations In The Dallas-Fort Worth, Texas Metroplex, R. Brad Jennings, Tim H. Raines, Lucia G. Colangione

United States Geological Survey: Staff Publications

Stormwater runoff in urban and industrialized areas carries a considerable amount of pollutants to nearby lakes and streams. In an effort to control this source of pollution, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has issued stormwater regulations to control these discharges. Municipalities with a population of 100,000 or more must undertake a process to obtain permits to control the quality of their storm runoff. The Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex includes seven cities that must meet these regulations and obtain permits. The U.S. Geological Survey is assisting the North Texas Council of Governments and its associated cities in meeting the water science requirements …

Flux Of Metals Between Sediment And The Water Column, N. S. Simon, K. O. Dennen

United States Geological Survey: Staff Publications

The role of nitrogen-containing compounds in the flux of metals between sediment and the overlying water column is discussed.

Stress-Strain Relation In Debris Flow Analysis, Chi-Hai Ling, Cheng-Lung Chen, Chyan-Deng Jan

United States Geological Survey: Staff Publications

In debris flow analysis, the generalized viscop1astic fluid (GVF) model can be used as the constitutive equations. When the yield stress is negligible, the shear expression in the GVF model for simple shear flow reduces to r = µ₁ (du/dz)ⁿ, where r is the shear stress, µ₁ is the consistency index, du/dz is the shear rate, and n is the flow behavior index. In this paper the r versus du/dz relation is studied by running experiments with 14 mm dry glass spheres in a conveyor-belt flume. A comparison of the estimated r with the measured du/dz …

Introduction To Special Section On The Cajon Pass Scientific Drilling Project, Mark D. Zoback, Arthur H. Lachenbruch

United States Geological Survey: Staff Publications

Over the past few decades a generally accepted conceptual model for the thermomechanics of the San Andreas fault was based on three factors believed to have been supported by observation: (1) maximum horizontal shear stress increases with depth in the crust at the rate of 7-8 MPa/km (as indicated by measurements in relatively shallow boreholes), roughly the same rate of shear stress increase as in other regions [e.g., McGarr et al., 1982], (2) the maximum horizontal stress direction in the vicinity of the fault was oriented at about 300-45 ° to its strike (as indicated by the predominance of right-lateral …

A Brief Literature Review Of Open-Channel Current Meter Testing, Kirk G. Thibodeaux

United States Geological Survey: Staff Publications

The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has undertaken the task of conducting an evaluation of the USGS's standard water-flow current meter, the Price type-AA current meter. The first part of the USGS's task was to conduct a comprehensive literature review to determine the extent and types of testing that has been conducted to evaluate the performance of various types of current meters used for open-channel flow measurements. The meter types included in the review were the vertical-axis mechanical type, the horizontal-axis mechanical type, the electromagnetic type, and the point-velocity acoustic (ultrasonic) type current meters. The review revealed that current meters have …

Topographic Effects On Stormflow Acidity, David Wolock

United States Geological Survey: Staff Publications

This paper describes the theoretical and observed effects of topography on stormflow acidity in upland, forested watersheds. The theoretical effects were determined by a sensitivity analysis using the hydrologic model TOPMODEL. The observed effects were determined by an analysis of topographic and stormflow acidity data collected from eight watersheds in Wales, Great Britain. Results of the analyses indicated that the observed effects of topography were consistent with the theoretical expectations; that is, topography has an important effect on flow path, and that flow path, in turn, has an effect on stormflow acidity.

Incorporating Hydraulic Structures In An Open-Channel Model, Eric D. Swain

United States Geological Survey: Staff Publications

The open-channel flow model, BRANCH, is a routinely used numerical tool for modeling rivers, canals, and waterway networks. Although a simplified hydraulic structure representation is included in the model, no universal subroutine that can represent hydraulic structures by their rating curve equations has been included in the BRANCH model.

Accordingly, a subroutine has been developed that specifies flow through a structure by a stage-discharge relation. The structure flow equation is used to generate coefficients in the solution matrix that represent the structure in the same computational format as the open-channel flow equations. Field applications have shown that this new subroutine …

Network Applications Of The Usgs Branch Model, Raymond W. Schaffranek

United States Geological Survey: Staff Publications

Applications of a numerical model for simulating unsteady flow in dendritic or interconnected open-channel networks are presented to demonstrate the model's potential for addressing environmental problems and formulating engineering decisions in water-resources investigations. The model is computationally robust and readily adaptable to a broad spectrum of hydraulic conditions and open-channel configurations. The four-point, implicit, finite difference model has been implemented on numerous open-channel reaches and networks in support of various water-resources investigations conducted within the U.S. Geological Survey. In this paper, network applications of the model to a residential canal system in Cape Coral, Florida; to a distributary system of …

Effect Of Sinkholes On Soil Moisture And Ground Water Recharge At An Abandoned Underground Coal Mine Near Wilton, North Dakota, Michael M. Sonderman

Theses and Dissertations

Subsidence at abandoned underground mines in south-central and southwest North Dakota has produced numerous sinkholes. Previous studies in the Northern Great Plains have suggested depression-focused recharge may be a significant ground water recharge mechanism in this region. Thus, sinkholes may increase soil moisture and ground water recharge. Current reclamation practices include filling sinkholes with non-topsoil fill material. However, the benefits of increases in soil moisture and ground water supplies may outweigh the benefits of expensive reclamation. The purpose of this study was to determine whether soil moisture and, hence, the potential for ground water recharge, was greater in sinkholes than …

Remote Estimation Of The Diffuse Attenuation Coefficient In A Moderately Turbid Estuary, Richard P. Stumpf, Jonathan Pennock

School of Marine Science and Ocean Engineering

Abstract

Structural, Depositional, And Diagenetic Controls On Reservoir Development: St. Peter Sandstone, Newaygo County, Michigan, Mark S. Caldwell

Masters Theses

Enhanced reservoir quality in the Middle Ordovician St. Peter Sandstone is observed in gas bearing zones in wells located on domal structures. Geometry and degree of this enhanced porosity development is the result of the interplay of structural, depositional, and diagenetic controls. An integrated subsurface study of the Woodville/Goodwell field area was performed in order to document controls on hydrocarbon accumulation.

Recurrent structural growth of domal features throughout the Paleozoic is well documented by isopach mapping. Burial and thermal history studies indicate that hydrocarbons were generated in Ordovician aged source rocks during late Devonian to early Mississippian time, and accumulated …

A Review Of Plant Introductions To The Kimberley 1955 To 1987, R Mccartney

Grain and other field crops published reports

This report summarizes the work done by the Department of Agriculture, Western Australia, in the west and north Kimberley in introducing plant species during 1955-1987.

For the purposes of this repor1the following areas are defined thus:

• West Kimberley- lies between latitude 17°5 and 19°5 and longitude 121°E and 127°E, with an extension to the north of 1° between 121°E and I 24°20'E. The area is 118,000 km".

• North Kimberley - lies north of latitude 17°5 and between longitude 124°20'E and 127°30'E. The area is 85,000 km'.

• East Kimberley-lies north of latitude 19°5 and between longitude 127°30'E and …

Earth News, Fall 1991, Department Of Earth Science, University Of Northern Iowa.

Earth News

Inside this issue:

--- Year in Review
--- Staff News
--- Graduations, Awards, and Recognitions, 1991
--- Department of Earth Science Seminars Spring 1991
--- Department of Earth Science Seminars Fall 1992
--- News from Alumni
--- Seasons Greetings from the Department of Earth Science