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Conserved Forage (Silage And Hay): Progress And Priorities, R. E. Muck, K. J. Shinners

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Forage conservation permits a better supply of quality feed when forage production is low. While haymaking and ensiling have been practiced for generations, research is still needed to 1) understand the processes affecting quality during harvesting and storage and 2) develop practical means to minimize losses and enhance quality.

Several trends in harvesting forages for silage are notable. Kernel processing of maize, once confined to Europe, has become popular in North America. Self-propelled forage harvesters have a larger share of the market due to more contract harvesting and larger farms. Larger harvesters, rakes and mergers help improve productivity and forage …

Comparison Of Quality And Production By Different Silage Making Methods Of Barley Cultivated In The Paddy After Rice Harvest, J. S. Shin, E. B. Yoon, M. S. Park

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The objective of this study was to compare whether the productivity and production cost of whole crop barley was affected by silage making methods at early bloom stage in the rice field. In nutritive value, quality and palatability of silage, baled silage making method was a little higher than that of crushed silage making. On the other hand, in terms of dry matter and total digestible nutrient (TDN) production cost, proper work capacity at about 15 ha or more was desirable when making baled silage. In this case, the estimated dry matter production cost and TDN cost per ha was …

Serapan Nitrogen Dan Fosfor Serta Hasil Jagung Yang Dipengaruhi Oleh Aplikasi Pupuk Hayati Dengan Berbagai Teknik Dan Dosis Pada Tanah Inceptisols, Betty Natalie Fitriatin, Muhammad Iqbal Maulana Yusuf, Anne Nurbaity, Nadia Nuraniya Kamaluddin, Meddy Rachmady, Emma Trinurani Sofyan

Jurnal Kultivasi

Upaya meningkatkan unsur hara nitrogen (N) dan fosfor (P) tanah secara berkelanjutan adalah dengan memanfaatkan agen hayati bakteri penambat nitrogen dan bakteri pelarut fosfat. Percobaan pot dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk menentukan teknik aplikasi pupuk hayati dalam meningkatkan kandungan dan serapan hara N dan P serta hasil tanaman jagung pada Inceptisols Jatinangor. Percobaan dilaksanakan di Lahan Percobaan milik Laboratorium Kesuburan Tanah dan Nutrisi Tanaman, Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Padjadjaran. Pupuk hayati yang digunakan merupakan konsorsium bakteri penambat N (Azotobacter chroococcum dan Azospirillum sp.) dan bakteri pelarut P (Pseudomonas malei dan Bacillus subtillis). Percobaan menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) dengan sembilan perlakuan dan …

Possibilities To Avoid Growth Of Clostridia And/Or Fungi In Wilted Silage By Use Of Organic And Inorganic Salts, Martin Knický, P. Lingvall

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The hygienic quality of silage will be of great importance in the future as poor quality not only influences the animal production but also the animal health and the food quality. This study examined the impact of mixtures of sodium benzoate (NaB), sodium nitrite (NaN), hexamine (HMTA), sodium propionate (NaP), sodium bisulphite, and propionic acid on low and high wilted clover/grass. The silage (crop wilted to 300 or 600 g DM kg^-1 of fresh weight) consisted of about 50% red clover (Trifolium pratense) and 50% timothy (Phleum pratense) and the study covered 7 additive treatments. …

Improving The Feeding Value Of Cotton Stalk, Wheat Straw And Rice Straw With Ozonation, Meiji Okamoto, Masaaki Hanada, R. Aoyama, R. Kim, N. Kaiga

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The experiment was conducted to study the effect of ozone treatment on the feed value of cotton stalk, wheat straw and rice straw. These feeds were cut into 2 cm and 4 cm lengths, and rolled before ozonizing. The ozonizing periods were 30 min. 60min and. 120 min. The Acid Detergent Lignin (ADL) concentration of the feeds decreased with ozone treatment. Except for rice straw, the short cutting treatment (2cm) decreased the concentration of ADL and Cellulose of the ozonized cotton stalk and wheat straw. Rolling and ozone treatment were effective in decreasing the ADL concentration of cotton stalk. IVDMD …

Fermentation Quality Of Phasey Bean And Guineagrass Silages, Y. Imura, T. Namihira, Yasuhiro Kawamoto

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Silages were made from guineagrass (Panicum maximum Jacq. var. maximum) and phasey bean (Macroptilium lathyroides (L.) Urb.) at three-growth stages. The silages were investigated in relation fermentation quality. Phasey bean silage showed a better fermentation quality than guineagrass silage. The latic acid to total acid ratio of phasey bean silage was higher than 500g/kg DM, and the volatile basic nitrogen to total nitrogen ratio was lower than 100g/kg. It is concluded that phasey bean is an unique legume suitable for good silage fermentation.

The Effects Of Cover Crops In An Integrated Livestock/Continuous Corn Cropping System In East-Central Mississippi, Ken Randolph Waddell

Theses and Dissertations

There is growing interest within the agricultural industry on how cover crop systems affect soil health and economic productivity in integrated crop-livestock systems. This study investigated the combined effects of cover crop species; no-till and conventional till; and grazed (G) and un-grazed (UG) in a continuous corn (Zea mays) production system in east-central Mississippi. Cover crops were established in the fall of 2019 and 2020 in two separate field studies. Corn yield was not affected by grazing or tillage but was affected by cover crop species. We then compared the difference in cover crop species treatments with their respective corn …

Burning And Management Alternatives On Forage Accumulation And Floristic Composition Of A Native Pasture, I. Heringer, A. V. A. Jacques

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The forage accumulation and floristic composition of native pasture, submitted to burning and alternative management practices, was evaluated during one year. The experimental design was a completely randomized, with five treatments and three replications. The forage accumulation was evaluated in a grazing exclusion cage, and the floristic composition was estimated with Botanal method. The systems without burning were more productive and, among these, the forage accumulation was similar between the one without burning and without mowing and the improve treatments, and the annual accumulation was greater than 9,000 Kg/ha of green forage dry matter. The species Paspalum notatum, P. …

Pengaruh Bahan Organik Terhadap Kesuburan Tanah Serta Pertumbuhan Dan Fisiologi Tanaman Kakao Muda Hasil Transplanting Di Tanah Inceptisol, Santi Rosniawaty, Rija Sudirja, Mira Ariyanti, Syariful Mubarok, Agus Wahyudin

Jurnal Kultivasi

Penanaman bibit kakao pada tanah inceptisol memiliki beberapa kendala, salah satunya adalah bahan organik rendah. Peningkatan pertumbuhan tanaman kakao pada awal tanam dapat dilakukan dengan pemberian bahan organik. Saat ini terdapat bahan organik berbentuk cair, namun pengaruhnya terhadap kakao belum menghasilkan belum diketahui, karena pada umumnya bahan organik yang digunakan pada tanaman kakao berbentuk padat. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk melihat pengaruh bahan organik berbeda (asam humat dan pupuk kotoran sapi) terhadap kesuburan tanah, pertumbuhan, dan fisiologi tanaman kakao belum menghasilkan. Percobaan dilakukan pada bulan Januari sampai Desember 2017 di kebun percobaan Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor. Rancangan percobaan yang digunakan …

Intake Estimation Of Rams Under Grazing Condition In A Deferred Pastures Of Panicum Coloratum By Two Techniques, C. M. Ferri, M. A. Brizuela, N. P. Stritzler, H. J. Petruzzi

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The goal of this study was to quantify the organic matter intake (OMI) of Pampinta rams grazing in a Panicum coloratum cv Verde differed pasture. The OMI was compared by two methods: a) the difference between the forage measured in pre and post-grazing condition, and b) the faecal production:digestibility ratio of the diet, estimated by total faecal gathering, and from the quantity of total faecal N in g per 100 g^-1 of OMI and the concentration of total faecal N, respectively. The OMI estimated by difference between the forage measured in pre and post-grazing was 9 % higher (P …

Estimation Of Organic Matter Digestibility And Intake From Faecal Organic Matter And Daily N Excretion And Concentration, C. M. Ferri, N. P. Stritzler, M. A. Brizuela

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

This study was performed with grazing sheep, to establish: a) if the amount of total faecal N (C; in g 100g^-1 of organic matter intake (OMI)) remains constant at three feeding levels, in four utilisation periods of deferred Panicum coloratum cv. Verde; b) the relationship between C and faecal N fractions, and c) the relationship between faecal daily excretion of OM and N, and OMI. Intake increased (P< 0.01) with utilisation period, and was related (r = - 0.82; P< 0.01) to the protein content of food, the insoluble N fraction (r = -0.49; P< 0.01) and the soluble:insoluble N ratio (r = 0.41; P< 0.01) in faeces. No relation with total N concentration (r = -0.22; P> 0.05) or soluble N fraction (r = -0.02; P> 0.05) in faeces could be found. Daily excretion of OM and N were positively related (R² = 0.93 and 0.96, respectively; …

Effects Of Fertilization And Legume Introduction On The Forage Production Of Brachiaria Decumbens Pastures, M. R. Correa, Tsutomu Kanno, Manuel C. M. Macedo, J. D. G. Santos Junior, L. G. Beretta

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

A grazing experiment was conducted to examine the effects of P and K fertilization and legume introduction on the forage production of Brachiaria decumbens (BD) pastures. Amount of biomass, dry matter production and forage quality were evaluated on BD pastures where three treatments were applied: without maintenance fertilizer (BD-N), with maintenance fertilizer (BD-F), and BD and Stylosanthes guianensis cv. Mineirao (SG) mixture with maintenance fertilizer (BD-FL). The fertilizer application increased an annual average of biomass and the contents of P and K in the leaves. On the other hand, the legume introduction had a positive influence on crude protein and …

Horses Grazing Management To Promote Distribution Of Lotus Tenuis (Waldst. Et Kit) In A Temperate Grassland, O. E. Ansín

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

In a temperate grassland of the Argentine Pampa, the birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus tenuis Waldst. et Kit) distribution was analyzed as a consequence of the grazing method used. In a plot of 40 ha occupied by native grassland an area of 16 ha was implanted with reed canary grass (Phalaris aquatica L.) and L. tenuis. This area was divided into two parts that contained the same pasture and native grassland surfaces, being grazed by horses. One, under continuous grazing and another one, under a controlled grazing. In the continuous grazing the whole year the animals had permanently access …

Potential Of Crop Rotation Using Forages In The Tropics, P. L. Mafongoya

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Soil fertility is a fundamental biophysical root cause of food insecurity sub-Saharan Africa. Low quality crop residues and grasses during the dry season also limit animal productivity. Forage legumes (herbaceous and tree legumes) have great potential to increase crop animal productivity. Technologies have been developed over the past 3 decades to fully integrate forage legumes into farming. Most of these technologies are still on shelves with low adoption by farmers. Rhe role of forage legumes in nutrient cycling is reviewed in this paper. The factor limiting adoption will also be discussed. Innovative dissemination pathways to increase adoption will be suggested.

The Role Of Forages In Sustainable Cropping Systems Of Southern Australia, William D. Bellotti

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The historical context, recent trends, and possible future role of forages in cropping systems are reviewed. Three recent themes will be developed: 1) The successful exploitation of genetic diversity resulting in commercial development of new legume species as pasture cultivars with specific traits better suited to the needs of current farming systems. 2) Improved understanding of key soil processes under grazed pastures, particularly soil water and soil nitrogen, and how these processes impact on indicators of sustainability like deep drainage and nitrate leaching. 3) An emerging capacity for predicting the effect of pasture-crop sequences on soil processes, crop growth and …

Forage Yield And Nutritive Value Of Spring Oats For Various Cultivars And Planting Dates At The Middle Mountain Area, S. Seo, W. H. Kim, D. E. Shin, G. J. Choi, G. J. Park

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The experiment was carried out to determine the optimum cultivars and effects of planting date on growth, forage yield and nutritive value of spring sown oats (Avena sativa L.) at the middle mountainous area, Namwon, NLRI, Korea, 1998. The cultivars used in this study was Cayuse, Swan, Foothill, Cashel, Martlock and Winjardie, and the planting dates were 9, 14, 19, 24 and 29 March, and all the forages were harvested on 9 June. Swan among spring oats was the earliest heading type (21 May), and then Martlock (25 May), Winjardie (27 May), and Foothill was the latest (14 June). …

Effects Of Preservation With Pre-Fermented Green Juice (Fgj) On Fermentation Quality And Energy And Nitrogen Utilization Of Round-Baled Alfalfa Silage By Dairy Cattle, Li-Man Cao, Yoshitaka Deguchi, M. Mizutani, M. Goto, Y. Yamamoto, S. Urakawa, Y. Yamada, M. Matsui, T. Masuko, Yasuhiro Kawamoto

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

This study was conducted to examine the effects of pre-fermented green juice (FGJ) of epiphytic lactic acid bacteria (LAB) on the fermentation quality and animal performance of round-baled alfalfa silage (Medicago stativa L.,cv. Dupuits). Ensiling treatments of wilting and FGJ additives (WFGJ) and direct-cut and FGJ additives (DFGJ) improved the fermentation quality of alfalfa silage more than that of wilting (W). Enhanced fermentation in the WFGJ and DFGJ silage was also associated with the increases of energy and nitrogen utilization of the silage by dry Holstein dairy cattle, as fed on diets formulated with alfalfa silage, oat …

Effect Of Application Of Farmyard Manure To Ley On Forage Yield And Quality Of Grass Silage, T. M. Pauly, L. Rodhe

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

A two-year field trial was performed on ley near Uppsala, Sweden, with the following treatments (3 plots/treatment): A, no manure or fertiliser; B, manure applied in Oct.; C, manure applied in Oct. followed by rolling plots in May; D, manure applied in May; E, mineral fertiliser only. Apart from cattle manure, plots allocated to treatments B, C and D received the same amount of mineral nutrients as treatment E. The objective of this experiment was to get an indication of how different times of manure application (before or after the growth period) affected forage yields and the quality of the …

Quality Of Ammoniated Brachiaria Decumbens Hay, L. O. Fernandes, Ricardo A. Reis, L. R. A. Rodrigues

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The experiment was conducted at UNESP-Jaboticabal to evaluate the quality of Brachiaria decumbens hays harvested after seed ripening. The hays were submitted to the following treatments: control, anhydrous ammonia (3.0% NH₃ in the DM), and urea (5.0% in the DM). The chemical composition, digestibility and the performance of steers were evaluated using a complete randomized block design with three treatments and six replications. The ammoniation either with NH3 or urea increased (P< 0.05) the CP content, and the IVDMD. The NH₃ treatment reduced (P < 0.05) the contents of NDF and ADF, and the urea application reduced (P < 0.05) the contents of hemicellulose and lignin. The ammoniation did not affect (P > 0.05) the neutral detergent insoluble nitrogen, and acid detergent insoluble nitrogen values. Steers receiving Brachiaria hay plus soybean meal (1.08 kg DM.day), hay …

Ensiling Of Different Legumes Compared To Grass, S. Slottner, C. Rammer

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The objective of this study was to examine the ensiling characteristics of four different forage legumes: galega (Galega orientalis), lucerne (Medicago sativa), white clover (Trifolium repens) and red clover (Trifolium pratense), and compare these with perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne), using different additives. The crops were mowed using a sickle bar mower and chopped using a precision chop harvester. The crops were ensiled either direct cut or wilted to 35-45% DM. Wilting took place on a barn drier. Forages were ensiled either untreated or with addition of formic acid, Promyr or …

Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated From Forage Crops And Silage Fermentation, Yimin Cai, Ryuichi Uegaki, Y. Fujita

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Six strains, Lactobacillus plantarum CM 1, Lactobacillus rhamnosus CM 2, Pediococcus acidilactici CM 4 Enterococcus faecalis CM 5, Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides CM 7 and Weissella paramesenteroides CM 8 isolated from forage crops were used as additives at 1.0x10⁵ cfu g^-1 of fresh matter to Italian ryegrass and alfalfa, and their effect on silage fermentation was studied. The two silage’s treated with strains CM 1, CM 2 and CM 4 were well preserved; had significantly lower pH values, butyric acid and ammonia N concentrations; and had significantly higher lactic acid content than did the respective control, strains CM 5, CM …

Evaluation Of Forage Sorghum Silages With The Addition Of Sorghum Grain, M. De León, E. Ustarroz, M. A. Brunetti, C. Boetto, M. Bulaschevich

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of additional sorghum grain and stage of maturity of forage sorghum silage on the animal performance. Two feeding trials were conducted with forage sorghum silage made at different stage of plant maturity. In trial 1, early silage was made with the crop harvested in early bloom stage. Four diets based on different ratios of silage: sorghum grain were evaluated: 100% silage (ES); 80% silage: 20% dry grain (ES20D); 60% silage: 40% dry grain (ES40D) and 60% silage: 40% wet grain silage (ES40W). In trial 2, late silage was made with …

Influence Of Additive Aiv-2000 And Pre-Wilted Big Bale On Silage Quality, Animal Performance And Rumen Metabolism, Jonas Jatkauskas, V. Vrotniakienė

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Silage treatment with AIV-2000 or making of silage big bales resulted in a higher level of lactic acid and organic matter digestibilities and reduced concentrations of butyric acid and ammonia-N. Feeding AIV-2000 treated and big bale silages increased weight gains of young fattening bulls by, respectively, 5.44 and 6.77% in comparison with the ordinary made silage. AIV-2000 treated and big bale silages affected microflora activity in the rumen. Infusoria count was higher by 13.5 and 30.34% (P < 0.05), VFA concentration increased by 0.39 and 8.45%, the pH value decreased by 0.05 and 0.1 unit, the content of total nitrogen was by 14.67 and 18.73 mg/100 ml, protein nitrogen by 14.12 and 16.63 mg/100 ml and non-protein nitrogen by 0.53 and 1.39 mg/100 ml higher, respectively for AIV-2000 and big bale groups in comparison with the control group.

Quality And Nutritive Value Of Mott Dwarf Elephantgrass Silage With Biological Additives, T. Clavero

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

This experiment was conducted to study the effects of cellulase enzymes and lactic acid bacteria on the fermentation characteristics, chemical composition and nutritive value of Pennisetum purpureum cv Mott silage. Five kinds of preparation were tested: sugar molasses (control); sugar molasses and cellulase enzymes; cellulase enzymes; concentrate of lactic acid bacteria and sugar molasses and concentrate of lactic acid bacteria. Significant differences (P< 0.05) were found in fermentation quality and chemical composition of control silage as compared to the biological additives treated silage. Addition of cellulase enzymes and lactic acid bacteria resulted in decrease of pH value, cell wall content and increased lactic acid concentration. The biological additives increased silage intake and daily live weight by growing steers.

Effects Of Different Additives On Silage Quality Of Napiergrass, Y. K. Cheng, C. S. Chen, P. W. Peng

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Objectives of this experiment were to determine the effects of different additives on silage quality of napiergrass (Pennisetum purpureum). The cultivar of TLG2 with high water soluble carbohydrates was used to making silages added with or without 5 and 10% corn meal or wheat bran, and then treated with or without enzyme. Crude protein, acid detergent fiber, neutral detergent fiber, water soluble carbohydrates and volatile fatty acid contents of silage were determined to evaluate silage quality. From the results, it showed that var.TLG2 could be making good silages without any additives but the dry matter was low. Adding …

Prenatal Exposure To Per- And Polyfluoroalkyl Substances And Child Neurodevelopment, Jiwon Oh

Earth & Environmental Sciences Dissertations - Archive

Pregnant women are exposed to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) primarily via ingestion of contaminated food, water, and house dust. PFAS in pregnant women can be transferred to their child through the placenta during pregnancy. Many long-chain PFAS have been frequently detected in blood of pregnant women, amniotic fluid, and umbilical cord blood for the last few decades. Prenatal exposure to PFAS has shown potential to adversely affect offspring’s neurodevelopment in laboratory animals. However, epidemiological evidence on associations between prenatal PFAS exposure and child neurodevelopment remains inconsistent. My dissertation research consists of four sub-studies whose objectives are (1) to examine …

Longleaf Pine Restoration In The South Carolina Sandhills Wiregrass Gap, Jacob W. Murray

All Theses

Longleaf pine restoration has been a topic of great concern and intrigue in the southeast and has taken on new fervor in recent decades as restoration methods continue to develop. Many landowners and forest managers are now pursuing ecological forestry and restoration ecology in great numbers as a new form of land management. However, niche regions can often be overlooked, as is the case with the Carolina Sandhills Wiregrass Gap, an area devoid of wiregrass and one that is on the outskirt regions of the historical longleaf pine range. Field studies were conducted pre- and post-harvest during two growing seasons …

Nutrient Uptake And Management Strategies In Recirculating Hydroponic Systems, Lauren Leigh Houston

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Nutrient management in recirculating hydroponic systems requires the periodic replenishment of water and nutrients to the nutrient solution reservoir. Common nutrient management strategies, such as replenishing the reservoir with fresh solution and maintaining a constant solution electrical conductivity (EC), can lead to ion accumulation and nutrient imbalances since nutrients are taken up by roots and depleted from solution at different rates. To avoid nutritional disorders, commercial growers typically dump and replace the hydroponic solution periodically, which is wasteful and has an economic cost. A potential alternative is to specially formulate the nutrient replenishment solution to balance the supply of nutrients …

Economic Potash Fertilizer Rate Recommendations, Kimberly B. Oliver

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

This thesis is comprised of two studies that estimate profit-maximizing potassium (K) fertilizer application rates for various crops across different time periods. Estimation of profit-maximizing fertilizer-K rate (K*) for both studies considered the initial soil test level of K (STK) and yield response information, as traditional recommendations do, and added crop price and the cost of fertilizer. Profit maximum occurs where the marginal revenue from additional yield is equal to the marginal cost of applying an additional unit of fertilizer-K. The first study calculated K* for corn (Zea mays) and cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) and compared results to previous studies on …

Forage Production From Perennial Vs. Annual Crop R~ On In Sandy Soils In Egypt, Z. Abdelhalim, O. Niemeläinen, I. A. Hanna, A. M. Rammah

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Forage production was studied on newly reclaimed sandy soil in Egypt trom perennial lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) and two annual crop rotations. The cropping systems were: A) lucerne, B) berseem clover (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) in the winter followed by pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum R. Br. Emend. Stantz.) in the summer and C) triticale (XX Triticosecale Wittm.) (forage cut + grain harvest) in the winter followed by maize (Zea mays L.) (grain + stover) in the summer. Mean annual dry matter yields (t ha^-1 ) were 20.65, 26.59 and 27.48 from A, B and C, respectively. However, …