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The Effects Of Alfalfa Silage Harvesting Systems On Dry Matter Intake Of Friesland Dairy Ewes In Late Pregnancy, H. F. Elizalde

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

With the recent introduction of alfalfa in Chilean Patagonia (Aisén), its utilisation as silage has to be reviewed relative to animal performance. The effect of silage chop length on the voluntary intake has been evaluated in different species, with sheep being more sensitive to chop length than cattle (Dulphy et al., 1984). The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of different alfalfa silage chop lengths on dry matter (DM) intake and eating behaviour of Friesland dairy ewes in late pregnancy.

Feeding Mixed Grass-Clover Silages With Elevated Sugar Contents To Dairy Cows, J. Bertilsson

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Grasses with high sugar content (WSC) have been claimed to increase feed intake and milk production and at the same time give more efficient N utilisation and thus reduce pollution (e.g. Miller et al., 2001). In an ongoing EU-supported project (“Sweetgrass”), we have grown the new varieties of perennial ryegrasses and fed them to dairy cows. Results from the first year’s experiment when pure ryegrass silages made from standard or high-sugar varieties were fed, showed small differences in feed intake, milk production and N partitioning. In order to test the principle, it was therefore decided to increase the difference …

Feeding With Badly Preserved Silages And Occurrence Of Subclinical Ketosis In Dairy Cows, F. Vicente, B. De La Roza, A. Argamentería, M. L. Rodríguez, M. Peláez

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Ketosis in dairy cows is due to high levels of circulating ketone bodies in blood (Duffiel, 2000). In early lactation, the capacity of voluntary dry matter intake does not allow dairy cows to cover the total energy requirements for maintenance and production, and then the body reserves are mobilised. However, the amounts of fatty acids that can be metabolised in the liver are limited, later they are converted to ketone bodies (Tveit et al., 1992). During forage ensiling, acetic and lactic fermentations only are desirable, but frequently butyric and alcoholic fermentations appear. When the animals ingest these silages, the …

Conjugated Linoleic Acid Content Of Milk From Cows Fed Different Diets, E. Staszak, J. Mikołajczak

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a mixture of positional and geometric isomers of linoleic acid (c-9, c-12 C_18:2). Conjugated linoleic acid occurs naturally in foods, however the main dietary sources are dairy products and other foods derived from ruminants. Continuous interest in CLA is attributed to its potential health benefits such as anticarcinogenic, antiatherogenic, antidiabetic and antiadipogenic effects (Dhiman et al., 1999, Staszak et al., 2001). Typical consumption of CLA by humans is far lower than the dose that has been shown to be effective in reducing tumours in animal models (Dhiman et al., 1999), …

Effects Of Access Time To Feed And Sodium Bicarbonate In Cows Given Different Silages, T. Heikkilä, V. Toivonen

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Animal performance is closely related to silage intake, which might be affected by access time to feed, silage fermentation quality or using neutralising agents. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of access time to silage or addition of sodium bicarbonate on silage intake, milk yield and milk composition in diets based on restrictively fermented acid-treated or extensively fermented enzyme-treated grass silage.

Pea-Barley Bi-Crop Silage In Milk Production, M. Tuori, P. Pursiainen, A. -R. Leinonen, V. Karp

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Whole crop silage (WCS) from barley or wheat has many advantages as roughage feed. The possibility to use the same harvest machinery as in harvesting grass reduces investment costs. The farms which are specialised in grass production may have shortage of open field area for manure spreading, in which case WCS can be the answer. However, digestibility and protein content of WCS is usually lower than in grass silage, which is limiting the feed intake and performance of the dairy cows. Cultivation of grains with grain legumes increases digestibility and protein content of the stand (Lunnan, 1988). Feeding of bi-crop …

Responses To Grass Or Red Clover Silages Cut At Two Stages Of Growth In Dairy Cows, A. Vanhatalo, K. Kuoppala, S. Ahvenjärvi, M. Rinne

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Red clover has an important role in organic farming, and also potential to reduce dependence on N fertilisers in conventional farming. This experiment compared dairy cow responses to grass and red clover silages cut at two stages of growth.

Whole Crop Silage From Barley Fed In Combination With Red Clover Silage To Dairy Cows, J. Bertilsson, M. Knicky

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Grass silage is the basic feed in Swedish dairy cow rations. The nitrogen utilisation in this type of diet is, however, low. A combination of forage legume protein and whole crop silage carbohydrates might be a solution to this problem. From other countries in Northern Europe the experience from feeding barley whole crop silage in combination with legumes is that it is possible to maintain a reasonably high milk production and at the same time have a good protein utilisation (Kristensen, 1992).

Silage Production From Tropical Forages, Luiz Gustavo Nussio

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Key Points

1. The determination of overall DM recovery is important in tropical grass silage systems
2. Silage fermentation profile and aerobic stability: trends and additional effects
3. Combinations of chemical and microbial additives might be useful for control of losses
4. Fermentation products should be considered in order to better predict animal performance
5. A critical points database would be a helpful management tool for the development of a set of HACCP principles for the production and utilisation of tropical grass silages

Update On Technologies For Producing And Feeding Silage, P. D. Forristal, P. O'Keily

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Key Points

1. Mechanisation and engineering inputs are key factors which contribute to silage costs.
2. Sensing technologies will improve management precision in many areas of ensilage.
3. While current harvesting machines have high output capacity reflecting mature design, there is a need to revisit the area of energy efficiency.
4. Baled silage technology, particularly in the areas of covering film and wrapping technology, needs further research.
5. Feeding systems are well researched but there is a need for systems research to underpin farmers’ decisions concerning housing design and feeding system.

Effect Of Perennial Ryegrass Cultivars On The Fatty Acid Composition In Milk Of Stall-Fed Cows, A. Elgersma, H. J. Smit, G. Ellen, S. Tamminga

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Herbage provides bulk feed for ruminants and plant lipids, especially C18:3, are a major source of benefical fatty acids (FA) in milk. There are very few direct comparisons allowing a precise evaluation of the effects of the basal forage diet on milk FA composition. Grass quality differences can affect rumen metabolism and there could be opportunities to change the composition of ruminant products through choice of grass cultivar. To test this hypothesis, six cultivars were fed to dairy cows in a stall-feeding trial with fresh grass to evaluate the effect of grass cultivar on rumen VFA and milk FA composition …

Farming For Fun & Profit, M. Murphy

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

We live in a competitive capitalist economy. Farming is rapidly moving from a highly subsidised sheltered existence into a more competitive future. Milk is a commodity. In commodity production the low cost producer survives and prospers. High cost farmers go out of business. So farmers, researchers and advisors need to maintain a relentless focus on low cost. We need durable, simple systems that exploit low feed cost based on grazed grass where temperate climate allows e.g. Ireland and New Zealand.

Grassland Research: Goals For The Future, J. R. Roche

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Our goal as scientists must be to provide sufficient food for the world’s population, while returning sufficient income for effort to the food producer. It has been established elsewhere in the conference that pasture-based systems can return high milk production per hectare at low input cost, but are limited to highly fertile, temperate regions with evenly dispersed rainfall patterns and moderate maximum and minimum temperatures. There should be two goals of grazing research in the future; to sustain or improve the profitability of current grazing production systems, and to develop plant and animal varieties that allow grazing in currently less …

Research Into The Types Of Cows And Systems Required To Utilise Grazed Pastures Sustainably In 100 Years From Now, C. Holmes

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Dairy farming has undergone rapid intensification in many countries over the past 60 years, as the result of technological developments, trade policies, and financial incentives. For example, the use of soluble fertilisers, irrigation and concentrated feeds have increased enormously, and antibiotics and hormone treatments did not even exist in 1940. However, the dramatic increases in milk yields per cow (e.g. in North America) and per hectare (e.g. in New Zealand) and in cows per person (in most countries) have been associated with growing concerns about the health and fertility of cows, and their metabolic stress and welfare and about the …

Ensiled Maize And Whole Crop Wheat Forages For Beef And Dairy Cattle: Effects On Animal Performance, T. W. J. Keady

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Key points

1. Maize silage can be produced and fed to beef and dairy cattle at a similar price to grazed grass.
2. Including maize silage in the diet increases feed intake and performance of beef and dairy cattle.
3. The optimum stage of maturity at harvest for increased performance is at a dry matter concentration of approximately 300 g/kg.
4. Including maize silage in grass silage-based diets has a concentrate sparing effect of up to 5 kg/cow/d.
5. There is a negative relationship between stage of maturity at harvest and milk fat concentration.
6. Whole crop wheat can be produced and fed at a similar …

Recent Developments In Feeding Beef Cattle On Grass Silage-Based Diets, M. Mcgee

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Key points:

1. High digestibility grass silage with moderate concentrate supplementation can sustain a large proportion of the cattle performance achieved on high concentrate diets.
2. Increasing concentrate supplementation reduces the importance of grass silage nutritional value.
3. Subsequent compensatory growth diminishes the advantage of concentrate supplementation of young cattle.
4. Meat quality and fatty acid composition can be influenced by grass silage-based diets.

Utilisation Of Whole-Crop Pea Silages Differing In Condensed Tannin Content As A Replacement For Soya Bean Meal In The Diet Of Dairy Cows, K. J. Hart, R. G. Wilkinson, L. A. Sinclair, J. A. Huntington

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Adesogan et al. (2004), has demonstrated that ensiled pea wheat intercrops can reduce the amount of concentrate fed to dairy cows by 50% without affecting milk yield or composition. A limitation of forage peas for high yielding dairy cows is the low by-pass protein content, but it has been suggested by Broderick (1995), that feeding forages that contain low levels of condensed tannin can improve nitrogen utilisation. The objective of the current experiments was to evaluate the potential of whole-crop pea silage differing in condensed tannin content to replace soya bean meal in the diet of late lactation, pregnant …

Ensiled High Moisture Barley Or Dry Barley In The Grass Silage-Based Diet Of Dairy Cows, S. Jaakkola, E. Saarisalo, R. Kangasniemi

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Ensiling high moisture grain is based on a procedure similar to ensiling grass. Soluble carbohydrates of grain are partly fermented into acids and some protein is degraded. Thus the nutritional quality is modified by the preservation method. Two trials were conducted to compare the effects of dry barley (DB) and ensiled barley (EB) in a total mixed ration (TMR) on feed intake and milk production of dairy cows.

Effects Of Species, Maturity And Additive On The Feed Quality Of Whole Crop Cereal Silage, E. Nadeau

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Chemical composition of whole crop cereals differ among species and maturity stages. These chemical differences create variations in silage quality (Bergen et al., 1991). There is only limited information available on the effects of plant species and maturity on the use of additives for whole crop cereal silage. The objective of this experiment was to determine the effects of species, maturity, additive and their interactions on nutrient composition and fermentation characteristics of whole crop cereal silage.

Forage Preferences Of Horses, C. E. Müller

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

In the northern climates the forage fed to horses has by tradition been hay. However, hay is subjected to moulding unless it is stored dry. Mould spores together with actinomycetes are responsible for the condition Recurrent Airway Obstruction (RAO), which is the second largest reason for culling of warm-blood horses in Sweden (Wallin, 2001). Therefore, the possibility of replacing hay with haylage and silage in the feed rations of horses is interesting. The objective of this study was to investigate the preferences among horses for different types of conserved grass, to gain more knowledge about the suitability of haylage and …

Harvesting Silage With Two Types Of Silage Trailer (Feed Rotor With Knives And Precision Chop), H. Arvidsson, P. Lingvall

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Harvesting silage with a silage trailer that combines both a precision chopper and a trailer in the same machine is common in Sweden. A silage trailer with a feed rotor and knives has recently been put on the market. The objective of this study was to compare the two systems

The Effect Of Neutralising Formic Acid On Fermentation Of Fresh And Wilted Grass Silage, E. Saarisalo, S. Jaakkola

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Rapid drop in pH is essential for minimising proteolysis and successful ensiling. Use of acid additives typically reduces protein degradation and restricts fermentation. The effects of acid additive depend on application rate and type of herbage. Corrosiveness and risks in handling formic acid (FA) can be reduced by using salts of FA like ammonium formate (AF). Increasing proportions of AF replacing FA were applied into grass at two dry matter (DM) contents to evaluate the effects of neutralised FA on silage pH and fermentation.

Effect Of Biological Additives In Red Clover – Timothy Conservation, A. Olt, H. Kaldmäe, E. Songisepp, O. Kärt

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Red clover at early flower bud formation is difficult to ensile. For efficient improvement of the quality of leguminous silages, chemical additives are used. The present research focuses on the effectiveness of biological additives with different composition on the fermentation and quality of clover silage.

Application Of A New Inoculant “Chikuso-1” For Silage Preparation Of Forage Paddy Rice, Y. Cai, C. Xu, S. Ennahar, N. Hino, N. Yoshida, M. Ogawa

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Forage paddy rice is currently one of the most important silage crops in Japan. In fact, the use of paddy rice culture for silage production has been steadily increasing in recent years, not only because this represents a new way towards achieving self-sufficiency in animal feed, but also because of the interest of combining crop cultivation and livestock farming as a more effective use of idle paddy fields that often remain unused. However, the preparation of quality silage from paddy rice and its long-term storage are often challenging (Cai et al., 1999, 2003). In this study, a new bacterial …

The Influence Of The Application Of A Biological Additive On The Fermentation Process Of Red Clover Silage, Ľ. Rajčáková, R. Mlynár, M. Gallo

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

In Slovakia, mainly in the submontane and mountainous regions, growing of red clover is an important source of proteinous feeds. It is grown on 3.0% of arable land. It was the aim of this work to verify the possibilities of using a biological additive in red clover silage conservation.

Synergism Of Chemical And Microbial Additives On Sugarcane (Saccharum Officinaruml.) Silage Fermentation, T. F. Bernardes, G. R. Siqueira, R. P. Schocken-Inturrino, A. P. T. P. Roth, R. A. Reis

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Sugarcane has a high productive potential (30 t DM/year) and it is commonly used in its fresh form. The ensiling of sugarcane is increasing but little research has been carried out to reduce nutrient losses during fermentation.

Inoculant Effects On Ensiling And In Vitro Gas Production In Lucerne Silage, R. E. Muck, I. Filya, F. E. Contreras-Govea

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Inoculants are the most common additives used in making silage. While inoculant effects on fermentation and dry matter (DM) recovery are understood, animal performance effects are often greater than expected. In vitro analyses may help uncover how inoculants affect rumen fermentation and ultimately dairy cattle performance. Our objective was to study how inoculation of lucerne silage affected in vitro gas production.

In Vitro Gas Production And Bacterial Biomass Estimation For Lucerne Silage Inoculated With One Of Three Lactic Acid Bacterial Inoculants, F. E. Contreras-Govea, R. E. Muck, I. Filya, D. R. Mertens, P. J. Weimer

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Silages inoculated with microbial inoculants frequently have a lower pH than non-inoculated crops. Less often inoculated crops have a positive effect on milk production (Weinberg & Muck, 1996). One hypothesis is that bacterial inoculants produce a probiotic effect that could enhance animal performance (Weinberg & Muck, 1996). Our objective was to use the method of Blümmel et al. (1997) to study differences in in vitro fermentation among lucerne silages inoculated with three microbial inoculants.

Paying For Our Keep: Grasslands Decision Support In More-Developed Countries, Andrew D. Moore

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Key points

1. A survey of decision support (DS) tools in grassland agriculture illustrates the diversity of decisions supported and of delivery technologies that are used. Larger, whole-enterprise planning tools are undergoing a period where their user interfaces are being adapted to better reflect the requirements and practice of advisory users.

2. The history of use of GrassGro, a ‘versatile simulator’, is used to illustrate how versatile tools attract a diverse range of users and uses. Lessons learnt by the GrassGro team are discussed.

3. Uptake rates of DS tools in grasslands are generally lower than was expected a decade …

Survey Of Tetraploid And Diploid Perennial Pastures In The Waikato For Number Of Spores Produced By The Fungus Pithomyces Chartarum, J. P. J. Eerens, W. W. Nichol, J. Waller, J. M. Mellsop, M. R. Trolove, M. G. Norriss

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Facial eczema (FE) is a disease of livestock, caused by a toxin released into the bloodstream after digestion of spores of Pithomyces chartarum, a fungus residing in necrotic plant material in the base of pastures (di Menna & Bailey, 1973). Spore numbers tend to be highest in warm, humid conditions, where high post grazing residuals have lead to a build up of necrotic plant material. Tetraploid perennial ryegrass pastures tend to be more palatable, and with lower post gazing residuals, than equivalent diploid pastures; thus we hypothesised that spore numbers would be lower in tetraploid pastures. A survey of …