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Articles 1021 - 1050 of 9404
Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network
The Effect Of Long-Term Grazing Treatments On The Establishment Of Woody Plants In A Southern African Savanna, G N. Smit, N.F G. Rethman
The Effect Of Long-Term Grazing Treatments On The Establishment Of Woody Plants In A Southern African Savanna, G N. Smit, N.F G. Rethman
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Eight paddocks which were debushed to an open savanna during 1935/36 and subsequently grazed annually during different seasons by steers were surveyed after a period of 54 years. Though woody plants have increased in all the paddocks, regardless of the grazing treatment, the rate of woody plant establishment was notably higher in those paddocks that received a more intense annual grazing treatment. This effect was most noticeable in those paddocks of which the mean Animal Unit-grazing days ha-1 exceeded 100 days annually. These results confirm the existence of a positive linear relationship between the severity of the grazing treatment and …
Evaluation Of The Chemical Composition Of Some Locally Available Acacia Seeds As Animal Feed In Botswana, A A. Aganga, C M. Tsopito
Evaluation Of The Chemical Composition Of Some Locally Available Acacia Seeds As Animal Feed In Botswana, A A. Aganga, C M. Tsopito
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Two separate studies were conducted using indigenous browse seeds. In the first study, seeds from nine locally available Acacia trees were analysed for proximate composition, fatty acid composition and in vitro dry matter digestibility. Nutrient composition of the seeds varied in crude protein from 12.52% for Acacia robusta to 21.82% for Acacia erubescens. Ash content ranged from 3.20% to 4.75%. The in vitro dry matter digestibility ranged from 46.00% for Acacia rehmanniana to 62.00% for Acacia erubescens. Fatty acids present in the seeds included palmitic, linoleic and oleic acids. The second study was to evaluate the influence of processing on …
Salt Tolerance In Herbage And Its Application To Greening The Desert, Y Maeda, T Otani, K Ogiwara, S Murai, H Takenaga
Salt Tolerance In Herbage And Its Application To Greening The Desert, Y Maeda, T Otani, K Ogiwara, S Murai, H Takenaga
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Canadian peat moss was used as water holding material and the efficacy of mixing the peat with the sand on water holding capacity of the sand, and the adaptability of alfalfa (AL), burmudagrass (BG), bahiagrass(BH), weeping lovegrass (WL) and Japanese lawngrass(JL) to dry and saline conditions were investigated. Without mixing peat, pF value of the sand did not change for 6 days after watering, but rose markedly up to 2.9 after 18 days. With mixing peat at the rate of 2% by the sand weight, the value did not change for 20 days, and rose gradually up to 2.5 on …
Some Improvable Points For Better Utilization Of Reed Canarygrass Cultivars In Japan, T Otani, M Ito, Y Maeda, Y Kurihara
Some Improvable Points For Better Utilization Of Reed Canarygrass Cultivars In Japan, T Otani, M Ito, Y Maeda, Y Kurihara
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Relationships among growth stage, herbage quality, and dry matter accumulation of reed canarygrass cultivars were investigated in a rainy mountainous district of Japan. Fiber content accumulated during the primary growth correlated with some growth characters of this grass, especially with preferential culm expansion, so that total amount of cell wall constituents reached a remarkably high level about the time when culm/foliage (C/F) ratio in dry matter was elevated above 1.5. In aftermaths, whose early regrowth went on rather quickly, dry matter accumulation began to decline at the stage that C/F ratio of standing crop became ca. 1.0 and fiber content …
Forage Yields Of Simple Mixtures Of Selected Genotypes Of Grasses And Adapted Herbaceous Legumes In Southwest Nigeria, I Ezenwa, M E. Aken'ova
Forage Yields Of Simple Mixtures Of Selected Genotypes Of Grasses And Adapted Herbaceous Legumes In Southwest Nigeria, I Ezenwa, M E. Aken'ova
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Three tropical grasses viz. Guinea grass (Panicum maximum Jacq), elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum) and star grass (Cynodon nlemfuensis Vanderyst) and three herbaceous legumes viz. Verano stylo (Stylosanthes hamata (L) Taub), centro (Centrosema pubescens Benth) and tropical kudzu (Pueraria phaseoloides (Roxb) Benth) were evaluated for their dry matter (DM) yield potential in mixtures and sole stands. Annual DM yields of Verano stylo in mixtures with star grass, Guinea grass and elephant grass as well as tropical kudzu mixtures with Guinea grass and elephant grass varied between 13.2 and 14.2 t/ha. These yields were similar to …
Multiple Land Use Management: Case Studies On Building Partnerships, Greg Riemer, Tom Harrison
Multiple Land Use Management: Case Studies On Building Partnerships, Greg Riemer, Tom Harrison
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
As part of the Saskatchewan commitment to the North American Waterfowl Management Plan the Saskatchewan Wetland Conservation Corporation (SWCC) is acquiring over 30,000 acres of native vegetation in a contiguous block around the Big Quill Lake in east central Saskatchewan. Some of this range land was in extremely poor condition. This lake is of internationally significant importance to waterfowl, nesting and migrating shorebirds. SWCC goals for this area are to improve the condition and vigour of the range for livestock and to provide and protect habitat for wildlife such as Baird's sparrow and piping plovers. Big Quill Lake is a …
Some Ecological Aspects Of Semi-Natural And Temporary Grasslands, N Gaborcik, L Ondrasek, J Cunderlik, J Tomaskin, T Kizek
Some Ecological Aspects Of Semi-Natural And Temporary Grasslands, N Gaborcik, L Ondrasek, J Cunderlik, J Tomaskin, T Kizek
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Some ecological aspects were studied in semi-natural and temporary grasslands at different levels of fertilizer application. The research was carried out in the upland region of central Slovakia at the altitude of 460 m in Banská Bystrica. At zero fertilizer application, soil CO2 production and Cox content were higher in the temporary grassland. Atmospheric N fixation was also higher in the temporary grassland. However, root accumulation, microbial biomass content and R : S ratio were lower in the temporary grassland. By comparison with the semi-natural grassland, leaf area index (LAI), net assimilation rate (NAR) and crop growth rate (CGR) were …
Galega Orientalus Lam. Var "Gale" New Legume, Protein And Perennial Fodder Crop In Fr Yugoslavia, B Radenovic
Galega Orientalus Lam. Var "Gale" New Legume, Protein And Perennial Fodder Crop In Fr Yugoslavia, B Radenovic
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
In our four-year research, (Galega orientalis Lam.) Var. “GALE” grown in the region of North Backa, FR Yugoslavia, gave a considerably higher yield in green mass, hay, crude protein content, crude fat content, ash and dry matter contents, compared to control plant (average of the 1991/96 trials). During hay stacking, leaves did not fall off, which is a very favorable property.
Parental Dominance Or Tolerance In Lucerne, M C. Campbell, P S. Cocks
Parental Dominance Or Tolerance In Lucerne, M C. Campbell, P S. Cocks
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Lucerne (Medicago sativa) was sown at increasing distances from isolated adult plants along 4 radials 0.5 m long, to evaluate possible influences of the parent plant on seed germination and seedling survival. Time of sowing was also considered with radials 3 & 4 being sown in May and radials 1 & 2 being sown four weeks later. Two cultivars were used in the 1995 experiment; Hunterfield, a winter active cultivar and P545, a winter dormant cultivar. The results indicate that seeds as close as 2.5 cm to established plants could germinate, survive and become established. Observations suggested that …
Effects Of Grazing Frequency And Soil Water Supply On Basal Cover Of Four Perennial Grasses, A J. Bowcher, J M. Virgona
Effects Of Grazing Frequency And Soil Water Supply On Basal Cover Of Four Perennial Grasses, A J. Bowcher, J M. Virgona
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Changes in basal area and soil water extraction were examined in four perennial grasses, Phalaris aquatica cv. Sirosa, Dactylis glomerata cv. Porto, Festuca arundinacea cv. Demeter and Danthonia richardsonii cv. Tarana. Treatments were factorially arranged with four species, three different grazing intervals (2-, 5- and 8- weeks) and two watering regimes (rainfed and supplementary water)and were imposed from early spring to mid-autumn in 1994/5 and 1995/6. In 1994/5, the basal area of all species declined except for the native, D. richardsonii under rainfed and watered conditions. The grazing treatments had no effect on changes in basal area in this …
Productivity Of Renovated Naturalized Pastures In Atlantic Canada, Y A. Papadopoulos, E Charmley, R C. Martin, A H. Fredeen, K B. Mcrae, D Mason, S.A E. Fillmore
Productivity Of Renovated Naturalized Pastures In Atlantic Canada, Y A. Papadopoulos, E Charmley, R C. Martin, A H. Fredeen, K B. Mcrae, D Mason, S.A E. Fillmore
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness and improved productivity of reduced tillage pasture renovation methods in the establishment of triple species pasture mixtures into an existing naturalized stand. Experimental treatments, 2 (low and high stocking rates) by 2 (frost- and sod-seeding methods) factorial with an additional non-renovated pasture control treatment, were arranged in a randomized complete block design with two replications. Despite the fact that high stocking rates resulted in reduced herbage yield, animal production per hectare was substantially improved in the establishment and the first postestablishment year. Sod-seeding was the most effective establishment method …
Dryland Grazing Evaluation Of Grasslands Gala Grazing Brome, B L. Sutherland
Dryland Grazing Evaluation Of Grasslands Gala Grazing Brome, B L. Sutherland
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Grasslands Gala grazing brome (Bromus stamineus), was evaluated for seasonal production and persistence under dryland conditions. Gala was compared with cultivars from three different Bromus species and a high endophyte ryegrass, under three sheep grazing managements which varied in duration and intensity. Seasonal herbage yields indicated that Gala persisted under all managements, but was more productive under short and medium rotation grazing than long rotation lax grazing. Results of this five year evaluation indicate that Gala compares favourably with existing cultivars, with its broad range of tolerances making it a desirable option as a perennial in temperate dryland pastoral …
Lamb Performance On Russian Wildrye And Russian Wildrye-Legume Mixtures, David W. Koch, Limei Yun
Lamb Performance On Russian Wildrye And Russian Wildrye-Legume Mixtures, David W. Koch, Limei Yun
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Alfalfa, sainfoin and cicer milkvetch provided relatively little increase in forage production, however, they improved forage palatability and quality, increasing total forage consumption. Over years 3 through 5 of the stand, lamb production per hectare was more than doubled with alfalfa and sainfoin, compared with Russian wildrye (RWR) alone. Cicer milkvetch was relatively slow to establish and did not contribute significantly to mixture quality until Year 5. Alfalfa was more competitive to RWR than sainfoin.
Effect Of Frequency And Intensity Of Defoliation On Oat- Vetch Mixture, M J. Arzadun, M H. Vallejos, M M. Piersanti
Effect Of Frequency And Intensity Of Defoliation On Oat- Vetch Mixture, M J. Arzadun, M H. Vallejos, M M. Piersanti
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of different cutting regimes on productivity and complementarity between oat and vetch in a mixture. The treatments were allocated in a factorial design on a split-split-plot disposition: they were 3 cutting frequencies (each 35, 70 and 105 days), 3 cutting heights (2, 8 and 14 cm above ground) and 3 crops (oat, vetch and the 1:1 mixture). Forage production (dry matter per hectare) and complementarity between species Relative Yield Total (RYT) were evaluated. The highest forage production (p- 0.05) was obtained with a cutting height of 2 cm and a frequency of …
Grazing Sheep On Revegetated Saline Pastures: Effects Of Season And Grazing On Morphology And Nutritive Value Of Saltbush, Atiq Ur Rehman, J B. Mackintosh, B E. Warren, D R. Lindsay
Grazing Sheep On Revegetated Saline Pastures: Effects Of Season And Grazing On Morphology And Nutritive Value Of Saltbush, Atiq Ur Rehman, J B. Mackintosh, B E. Warren, D R. Lindsay
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
This experiment was designed to determine the thickness of saltbush (Atriplex amnicola) stem grazed by sheep, grazing pressure on saltbush in the presence of understorey and the effect of season on the nutritive value of saltbush. Four 0.9 ha plots of Atriplex amnicola were grazed by a group of 10 Merino wethers each. The results indicated that the maximum diameter of stem selected by sheep under extreme conditions was only 1.5 mm. The number of stems chewed per 0.1m2 quadrat were 0.8, 9.6, 20.1 and 18.0 (P<0.05) after 2, 4, 6 and 8 wk. From January to June the nitrogen content (14 to 30 gkg-1) and DMD (0.65 to 0.72) of saltbush leaves remained high. These results suggest that in the presence of understorey the grazing pressure on saltbush was least and increases when the feed from understorey was exhausted. The nutritional value of saltbush did not deteriorate severely during the summer and autumn period.
Productivity Of Grasses In A Pasture In The Cerrado Area Of The "Triangulo Mineiro", I F. Andrade, M A. Oliveira
Productivity Of Grasses In A Pasture In The Cerrado Area Of The "Triangulo Mineiro", I F. Andrade, M A. Oliveira
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
A grazing trial using guinea and coloniao (Panicum maximum), setaria (Setaria sphacelata), andropogon (Andropogon gayanus), and signalgrass (Brachiaria decumbens) was conducted during three grazing cycles: 1st cycle - Apr. 5, 1984 to Jul. 23, 1984; 2nd - Dec. 4, 1984 to Oct. 30, 1985 and 3rd - Jan. 16, 1986 to Jan. 15, 1987. It was also used with four stocking rates- T1= 0.8, T2= 1.0, T3= 1.2, and T4= 1.4 animal units/ha (AU/ha). In the 2nd period signalgrass was discarded because of poor condition of the pastures, and in the last grazing cycle …
Establishment Vigor Of Endophyte Free And Endophyte Infected Tall Fescue Cultivars In Southern Ohio, C D. Penrose, H M. Bartholomew, R M. Sulc, E M. Volborn
Establishment Vigor Of Endophyte Free And Endophyte Infected Tall Fescue Cultivars In Southern Ohio, C D. Penrose, H M. Bartholomew, R M. Sulc, E M. Volborn
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Eleven cultivars of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea, Schreb.) and two cultivars of orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) are part of a study to evaluate yield, establishment vigor, persistence and palatability under autumn stockpiling conditions. Included in the study are two endophyte infected-cultivars of tall fescue to compare interactions with endophyte free and infected cultivars. The results demonstrate that the newer endophyte-free and low-endophyte tall fescue cultivars evaluated are similar to other orchardgrass and endophyte-infected tall fescue cultivars in establishment vigor and early growth the year following establishment.
Effect Of Irrigation And Nitrogen Fertilization On Ryegrass And Ryegrass/ White Clover Swards, C J. Escuder, C A. Cangiano
Effect Of Irrigation And Nitrogen Fertilization On Ryegrass And Ryegrass/ White Clover Swards, C J. Escuder, C A. Cangiano
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
An experiment to determine nitrogen and water effect on dry matter yield of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L) in mixtures with white clover (Trifolium repens L) and pure ryegrass pastures was carried out during two years at Balcarce, the Buenos Aires province, Argentina. Two levels of irrigation, natural rainfall and 20 mm irrigation when needed, and four levels of nitrogen fertilization 0; 150; 300; and 450 kg N.ha-1.yr were applied. During the first year it was necessary to apply 250 mm of supplementary water to the irrigated plots, while 530 mm were needed the second year. Nitrogen responses …
Pasture Life Lengthening And Beef Production Increase Through Interseeding, J A. Josifovich, J O. Scheneiter
Pasture Life Lengthening And Beef Production Increase Through Interseeding, J A. Josifovich, J O. Scheneiter
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
The objective of the trial was to evaluate the influence of pasture interseeding with grasses and legumes on the forage production and liveweight gains by steers. Four year pastures were interseeded with alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), brome (Bromus unioloides HBK.), red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) and orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.). There were two treatments with two replications: interseeding and control, grazed by steers. For four periods forage availability did not show differences. Legume percentage was higher in interseeding. The animal daily gains were higher in the interseeded treatment in the first two periods, but decreased with …
Legume-Legume Complementary For Sustainable Pasture Development In The Tropics, M Peters, S A. Tarawali, R Schultze-Kraft, A Musa
Legume-Legume Complementary For Sustainable Pasture Development In The Tropics, M Peters, S A. Tarawali, R Schultze-Kraft, A Musa
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
The use of legume-legume mixtures to alleviate limitations of individual species in legume based technologies was investigated in subhumid Nigeria. The results indicate the potential of legume mixtures, through processes of complementation and compensation, to reduce the risk of legume establishment and survival and thus ensure sustainable legume yields and percentages. The implications for on-farm adoption of forage legumes are discussed.
Grass-Legume Mixtures Under Grazing, R D. Amendola Massiotti, C Garcia Alvarez, J Juarez Ramirez
Grass-Legume Mixtures Under Grazing, R D. Amendola Massiotti, C Garcia Alvarez, J Juarez Ramirez
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Nine grass-legume mixtures were evaluated during their first year. A factorial experiment was carried out using a complete block design. Herbage on offer and residual herbage were estimated allowing calculation of net herbage production, herbage accumulation rate and grazing efficiency. The mixture of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata L.) with a net herbage production of 22 407 kg dry matter (DM) per ha outyielded white clover (Trifolium repens L.) mixtures. Substitution of alfalfa by white clover in the mixtures resulted in reduction of herbage accumulation rate by 19 kg DM ha-1 day-1 . …
Competition Between Oats And Annual Ryegrass Under Grazing, R D. Amendola Massiotti, B Morales Mendez
Competition Between Oats And Annual Ryegrass Under Grazing, R D. Amendola Massiotti, B Morales Mendez
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
A replacement series experiment was carried out at Chapingo, México aimed to study the seasonal evolution of growth rates of oats (Avena sativa L.) and annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L.) in monocultures and mixtures. Three grazing cycles took place in a period of 181 days. Herbage mass on offer and residual herbage mass were measured, allowing the calculation of herbage accumulation rates. Aggressiveness of oats was higher during the first 105 days growth period, later in the season annual ryegrass was more aggressive than oats. The advantage of the mixture compared to monocultures, depends on a more efficient …
Growth Of Heifers And Changes In Vegetation In A Natural Grassland Oversown With Caribbean Stylo, Vinod Shankar, J N. Gupta, V S. Upadhyay
Growth Of Heifers And Changes In Vegetation In A Natural Grassland Oversown With Caribbean Stylo, Vinod Shankar, J N. Gupta, V S. Upadhyay
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
The paper reports a three year study on the growth of heifers and vegetational changes in a natural grassland oversown with caribbean stylo and grazed in a deferred- rotational grazing system. There were two feeding treatments. One set of grazing heifers was given common salt only. The other set of heifers were given supplemental feeding of leucaena green @4 per cent or Leucaena hay @ 1 per cent body weight. The supplemental feeding of leucaena was beneficial in terms of body weight gain particularly during the dry summer months. Population of the caribbean stylo oversown in natural Sehima- Heteropogon …
Grazing Strategies To Increase Persistence Of Phalaris Aquatica L. In Summer Rainfall Areas Of Temperate Australia, G M. Lodge
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
A grazing strategy of resting Phalaris aquatica L. pastures in springearly summer (to increase the presence of flowering tillers over summer) and autumn (to allow bud and tiller development) markedly increased its persistence, compared with continuously grazed plots in a summer rainfall environment.
The Potential Of Winter Rye Cultivars In The Gauteng Province Of South Africa, C C. Botha, N.F. G. Rethman
The Potential Of Winter Rye Cultivars In The Gauteng Province Of South Africa, C C. Botha, N.F. G. Rethman
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Trials were conducted at the Hatfield Experimental Farm to evaluate eight rye cultivars (Secale cereale) in terms of production and development during different seasons. These consisted of a pot experiment, comparing two water regimes, and a field trial, comprising different planting dates, in order to observe phenological development. SSR 729, a South African winter rye, and imported cultivars compared favourably with the traditional cultivars. The winter rye cultivars are good substitutes for the “old” cultivars for the production of green forage in the autumn/winter period.
Productivity Of Silphium Perfoliatum L. In Low Input Agricultural Systems, G Pichard, R Cussen, F Moore
Productivity Of Silphium Perfoliatum L. In Low Input Agricultural Systems, G Pichard, R Cussen, F Moore
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
There is a large area in the coastal region of southern Chile affected by low productivity of soils and severe climatic limitations, which is owned mainly by small farmers. This research was conducted with dairy farmers producing an average of 20,000 liters/year whose main problem is cattle underfeeding because of severe seasonal cycles in pasture growth and extended overgrazing of natural grasslands of low production potential. Silphium perfoliatum L. is a perennial forage species that grows well during the summer period when grasslands have stopped their growth due to moisture stress and high temperatures. Based on the agronomic results and …
Separate Harvest Of Leaves From The Stems Of Lucerne Stands, L Schmidt
Separate Harvest Of Leaves From The Stems Of Lucerne Stands, L Schmidt
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Lucerne leaves have significantly higher crude protein and lower crude fibre contents than the stems. The present methods for separating the leaves from the stems have serious deficiencies. Early harvesting, for example, weakens the lucerne stand, and sifting after artificial drying impairs quality. Above that, preparation of leaf protein concentrates is rather expensive. Field trials with a pronged cylinder which strips the leaves from the stems produced leaf yields of ž 80 % with a stem portion of £ 15 % (containing ž 26 % crude protein and £ 18 % crude fibre in the dry matter). Lucerne leaves can …
Evaluation Of Grassland Advance Tall Fescue Under Grazing, R.J M. Hay, T B. Lyons, H S. Easton
Evaluation Of Grassland Advance Tall Fescue Under Grazing, R.J M. Hay, T B. Lyons, H S. Easton
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Four cultivars of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) were evaluated under sheep grazing at Palmerston North, New Zealand to assess the productivity and persistence of the newly released cultivar Grasslands Advance. Results from four years under grazing showed Grasslands Advance to be a considerable improvement over the older cultivar Grasslands Roa in both total sward yield and in dry matter contribution of tall fescue. It outperformed the other three cultivars in years 2 and 3 and was not significantly different to Grasslands Roa and AU Triumph in year 1 or AU Triumph in year 4. Seasonal production was excellent …
Defoliation Frequency And Intensity Of Arrhenathherum Elatius, G H. D'Angelo, E B. Postulka, L Ferrari
Defoliation Frequency And Intensity Of Arrhenathherum Elatius, G H. D'Angelo, E B. Postulka, L Ferrari
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
This experiment was conducted with the aim of studying whether the frequency and intensity of defoliation of the temperate grass fromental (Arrhenatherum elatius (L.) Presl.) affected its total dry matter (DM)/ha yield as well as the seasonal distribution of forage. Plots were seeded in 1988 and data collected from 1989 to 1991. Two frequencies and two intensities of defoliation were combined in a two factor randomized complete block design with six replications. Treatment plots were cut each year from early autumn to late spring. ANVA, Tukey and Dunnett tests were applied to find out differences between treatments and between …
Extending Utilization Of Georgia 5 Tall Fescue In The Lower Southeastern United States, R D. Lee, R N. Gates, J H. Bouton
Extending Utilization Of Georgia 5 Tall Fescue In The Lower Southeastern United States, R D. Lee, R N. Gates, J H. Bouton
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
In the southeastern United States, warm season perennial grasses such as bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon [L.]Pers.) and bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flugge) predominate permanent pastures. During dormancy, winter annuals are either over-seeded on permanent pastures or grown on prepared seedbeds for winter pasturing of animals. In addition, cattlemen feed hay cut from warm-season grass production. Cattleman and hay producers have lacked a dependable perennial cool season grass that could be utilized in addition to or in place of winter annuals or hay. High temperatures, pests, droughty conditions and competition from warm season species undermine the persistence of cool season grasses. …