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Articles 511 - 540 of 29849
Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network
Ex-04-142 Modeling Distress And Evaluating Chatbot Safety For Suicide-Related Social Media Texts, Rehma Razzak
Ex-04-142 Modeling Distress And Evaluating Chatbot Safety For Suicide-Related Social Media Texts, Rehma Razzak
C-Day Computing Showcase
This project addresses the urgent need for transparent chatbot safety evaluations amid rising concerns about AI-facilitated self-harm. Using public social media datasets, we simulate two tasks: (1) detecting suicidal ideation via emotion-based risk scoring, and (2) stress-testing a support-style chatbot against 888 high-risk prompts, including euphemisms and “for a story” framing. A multi-label classifier trained on GoEmotions feeds emotion profiles into a logistic regression model to generate suicidality risk scores. These scores guide a local chatbot built with Ollama’s llama3, which analyzes user messages and steers responses toward safe, empathetic behavior. Evaluation shows ~90% of replies were safe or supportive. …
Gc-178-191 Communication App: Ai-Assisted Aac Platform, Alex Wills, Maryam Koya
Gc-178-191 Communication App: Ai-Assisted Aac Platform, Alex Wills, Maryam Koya
C-Day Computing Showcase
The Communication App is an accessibility-focused mobile application designed to support individuals with speech impairments, strong or unrecognized accents, and neurodivergent communication needs. The system leverages AI assisted speech-to-text (STT) and text-to-speech (TTS) technologies to enable real-time and seamless communication between users.This project aims to bridge communication gaps by providing a customizable, adaptive platform that learns user speech patterns over time. The application integrates cloud-based services, secure communication protocols, and an intuitive user interface to ensure usability, performance, and accessibility.
Grm-174-228 Mitigating Prompt-Induced Variability In Llm Outputs, Crystal Tubbs
Grm-174-228 Mitigating Prompt-Induced Variability In Llm Outputs, Crystal Tubbs
C-Day Computing Showcase
Large language models in enterprise settings often produce structurally invalid outputs when users communicate informally, creating silent failure modes that pass unnoticed in downstream systems. This study investigates how prompt variation alone impacts schema compliance and output reliability. We evaluate three architectures across two tasks and four prompt styles, isolating the effect of interaction style on model behavior. Results show that baseline systems achieve 100% compliance under structured prompts but fail completely under ambiguous and casual inputs. A minimal reliability pipeline consisting of generation, self critique, and schema validation restores 100% compliance across all conditions at a predictable computational cost.
Grp-03-141 Stress-Testing Parkinson’S Disease Screening: A Cross-Modal Analysis Of Drawing And Speech Models, Rehma Razzak
Grp-03-141 Stress-Testing Parkinson’S Disease Screening: A Cross-Modal Analysis Of Drawing And Speech Models, Rehma Razzak
C-Day Computing Showcase
Medical AI systems are increasingly deployed in clinical settings, yet most published models report only clean accuracy, dataset details, and training procedures—while omitting security‑critical evaluations such as robustness to perturbations, adversarial vulnerability, and failure modes under realistic noise. This project addresses that gap by building a cross‑modal robustness assessment for Parkinson’s disease (PD) screening models across handwriting trajectories, speech‑derived acoustic features, and an LLM‑based preprocessing layer. Despite strong clean performance (visual subject‑level ROC AUC ≈ 0.99; audio ≈ 1.0), the visual pipeline proved highly brittle to realistic acquisition distortions. Downsampling and point‑dropout caused near‑chance collapse, while pressure noise and XY …
Grp-08-168 Diagnosing Faults In Electrical Power Systems Of Satellites, Jared Lasley, Nguyen Thi Binh Nguyen
Grp-08-168 Diagnosing Faults In Electrical Power Systems Of Satellites, Jared Lasley, Nguyen Thi Binh Nguyen
C-Day Computing Showcase
Satellite systems cost hundreds of millions of dollars or more to launch. To be resistant to catastrophic failures (and total loss of investment), satellite systems are designed with redundant sub-systems and are further equipped with numerous sensors and other health-monitoring sub-systems. In this poster, we consider an approach to fault diagnosis based on probabilistic logic programming. In particular, we propose to use ProbLog to model and reason with the electrical power system (EPS) of a satellite. Once we model a system using (probabilistic) first-order logic, we can take the system state and any (unexpected) sensor readings, and through automated reasoning, …
Grp-180-147 Quantum Augmented Microgrids (Quam) Simulator, Nitin Jha, Prateek Paudel
Grp-180-147 Quantum Augmented Microgrids (Quam) Simulator, Nitin Jha, Prateek Paudel
C-Day Computing Showcase
Small modular nuclear reactors (SMRs) are redefining the energy generation landscape by enabling the deployment of modular, scalable, and pre-built power units that can be used to build distributed autonomous microgrids for critical infrastructure and burgeoning AI factories. Often, these microgrids are linked together to provide a resilient, decentralized power generation infrastructure. Consequently, the cybersecurity of microgrids is of critical importance. In this work, we propose a quantum augmented network framework for resilient microgrids. We integrate the ideas of secure quantum networking, quantum anonymous notification, and quantum random number generation to strengthen the integrity, confidentiality, and privacy of microgrid networks. …
Uc-135-129 Fishgame: Mobile Hyper-Casual Fishing Game, Lauren Rousell, Lisbeth Martinez, Jacob Portillo, Jacob Miller
Uc-135-129 Fishgame: Mobile Hyper-Casual Fishing Game, Lauren Rousell, Lisbeth Martinez, Jacob Portillo, Jacob Miller
C-Day Computing Showcase
fishGame is a strategy-driven hyper-casual mobile game that combines the accessibility of traditional mobile gameplay with the progression depth of a roguelike. The project was developed over a three-month period using Unity 6.3 and related production tools. Following the completion of an alpha build, testing was conducted through gameplay sessions and a detailed follow-up survey to gather feedback on player experience, clarity, and engagement. Results indicated that fishGame was well received, with players reporting low levels of confusion and strong replayability. These findings suggest a clear interest in mobile games that offer greater depth while preserving the immediacy and simplicity …
Uc-142-177 Multiplayer Spsu Tub Racing Video Game, William Pitts, William Urvan, Thomas Powell, Joshua Young
Uc-142-177 Multiplayer Spsu Tub Racing Video Game, William Pitts, William Urvan, Thomas Powell, Joshua Young
C-Day Computing Showcase
Multiplayer Bathtub Racing revives a well-known Southern Polytechnic State University tradition through a digital multiplayer experience built in Unity. The project extends a prior single-player tub racing game by adding online multiplayer
Uc-158-205 Scrappyfin — Ind, Simulated Digital Wallet & Fraud Detection Platform, Logan Davis, Dante Galvan, Zahaira Jordan, Avery Bracey, Chris Pham
Uc-158-205 Scrappyfin — Ind, Simulated Digital Wallet & Fraud Detection Platform, Logan Davis, Dante Galvan, Zahaira Jordan, Avery Bracey, Chris Pham
C-Day Computing Showcase
ScrappyFin is an educational FinTech platform developed in partnership with The Home Depot to simulate a digital wallet system and demonstrate fraud detection techniques. Users can create virtual wallets and perform synthetic transactions in a controlled environment, enabling analysis of financial behavior without real risk. The platform combines rule-based logic with machine learning models to identify suspicious activity, such as unusual transaction amounts or patterns. An admin dashboard provides clear explanations for flagged transactions. ScrappyFin showcases how modern financial systems detect risk while serving as a practical learning tool for software engineering and data-driven applications.
Grp-125-144 Mapping The Affordances Of Human-Ai Interaction: A Large-Scale Text Mining And Statistical Analysis Of Llm Usage Patterns, Anil Vallepu
C-Day Computing Showcase
People increasingly communicate with AI for schoolwork, office tasks, and daily needs. This study investigates the affordances of human-AI interaction using modern text mining and statistical analysis on the WildChat-1M dataset of over 1.1 million real-world ChatGPT user conversation logs. We apply BERTopic to extract latent interaction topics, compute a probabilistic topic-document matrix P(T|D), and perform rigorous statistical testing including Welch’s T-test and ANOVA to compare affordance patterns between GPT-3.5 and GPT-4.0 Results reveal that creative writing, Coding, message drafting and many interesting topics are the dominant affordances, while a spatio-temporal trend analysis maps how interaction patterns evolve globally over …
Grm-134-128 Neurovision: Mapping Brain Signals To Language And Visual Meaning, Siri Yellu
Grm-134-128 Neurovision: Mapping Brain Signals To Language And Visual Meaning, Siri Yellu
C-Day Computing Showcase
NeuroVision presents a unified framework for mapping electroencephalography (EEG) signals to language and visual meaning. Extracting semantic information from EEG remains a fundamental challenge due to its low signal-to-noise ratio, high dimensionality, and inter-subject variability. To address these challenges, we propose a multimodal representation learning framework that aligns EEG signals with both textual and visual embeddings through temporal modeling, spatial brain-region decomposition, and contrastive learning. The framework integrates self-supervised pretraining with supervised multimodal alignment to learn robust and transferable representations. Experimental results demonstrate BLEU-1 of 0.1106 and ROUGE-1 of 0.1493 for EEG-to-text generation, alongside a 52% improvement in retrieval performance …
Gc-172-139 Detection Of Sms Spam Using Transformer Bert Model, Nathan Bonner, Zachary Kandell, Michael Hayes, David Quintanilla, Leon Greenberg
Gc-172-139 Detection Of Sms Spam Using Transformer Bert Model, Nathan Bonner, Zachary Kandell, Michael Hayes, David Quintanilla, Leon Greenberg
C-Day Computing Showcase
This project evaluates automated SMS spam classification by comparing traditional machine learning against modern transformer architectures. We built a Bidirectional LSTM (BiLSTM) baseline using TF-IDF feature extraction and NearMiss-1 undersampling to handle severe class imbalances. We then compared this against a fine-tuned Hugging Face Sentence-BERT model. Preliminary results show Sentence-BERT significantly outperformed the BiLSTM baseline (99.01% vs. 95.65% accuracy). These findings demonstrate that transformer-based embeddings offer a highly accurate, scalable solution for spam mitigation without relying on aggressive data undersampling.
Gc-154-201 Evaluation Of Generative Ai Responses To Pharmacy Prompts, Abrar Syed
Gc-154-201 Evaluation Of Generative Ai Responses To Pharmacy Prompts, Abrar Syed
C-Day Computing Showcase
Generative AI (GenAI) is increasingly used in pharmacy for drug information and decision support, yet accuracy remains variable. We systematically reviewed studies that reported full prompts and model responses to evaluate correctness across pharmacy‑relevant tasks. GenAI performed well on basic drug facts but was inconsistent for patient-specific recommendations and interaction checking, with occasional hallucinations. Findings support cautious, supplementary use in pharmacy practice and education.
Grp-0100-193 Are Tgnn-Based Intrusion Detection Results Trustworthy? A Dataset Audit And Evaluation Framework, Faysal Chowdhoury, Sait Suer, Yinning Zhang
Grp-0100-193 Are Tgnn-Based Intrusion Detection Results Trustworthy? A Dataset Audit And Evaluation Framework, Faysal Chowdhoury, Sait Suer, Yinning Zhang
C-Day Computing Showcase
Temporal Graph Neural Networks (TGNNs) have reported near-perfect accuracy in Network Intrusion Detection (NID). However, this research reveals these results are often artifacts of dataset flaws rather than genuine model capability. Through a systematic audit of five benchmark datasets, we identify critical issues: node identity leakage, feature extraction artifacts, train/test contamination, and temporal sparsity. We demonstrate that models often learn to recognize specific attacker IP addresses instead of generalizing attack behavior. We propose a standardized evaluation framework featuring leakage-aware relabeling and attack-aware chronological splitting to provide a more reliable basis for future TGNN-NID research.
Uc-164-215 Hootnest: Ai-Powered Ksu Student Assistant, Tabitha Washington, Aspen Steele
Uc-164-215 Hootnest: Ai-Powered Ksu Student Assistant, Tabitha Washington, Aspen Steele
C-Day Computing Showcase
HootNest helps prospective Kennesaw State students get clear, reliable answers about college life. It is designed for students who may not have easy access to counselors, mentors, or campus visits. The chatbot allows students to ask the chatbot anything they need to know.
Ur-171-118 Aidflow: A Predictive Financial Aid Transparency System For Students, Chaathurya Nakkana
Ur-171-118 Aidflow: A Predictive Financial Aid Transparency System For Students, Chaathurya Nakkana
C-Day Computing Showcase
Students frequently experience delays and confusion regarding financial aid refunds due to unclear system statuses and lack of communication. This project introduces AidFlow, a predictive financial aid transparency system that translates complex financial data into clear explanations, predicts refund timelines, and provides actionable guidance. A rule-based model and system pipeline were developed to simulate real-world scenarios and improve student understanding and decision-making.
Gc-126-148 Allies Connect- Georgia's Nonprofit And Volunteer Coordination Platform, Molly Calhoun, Takeshia Banks, David Castro, Ryan Hanrahan, Tarik Davis
Gc-126-148 Allies Connect- Georgia's Nonprofit And Volunteer Coordination Platform, Molly Calhoun, Takeshia Banks, David Castro, Ryan Hanrahan, Tarik Davis
C-Day Computing Showcase
Georgia's nonprofit services face an issue of discoverability. While many nonprofits have the resources to help their community members succeed, they have trouble actually connecting to members of the community that need their support. Connecting with these resources is challenging for community members because their avenues of communication are spread across the internet. Some have their own websites, some have a Facebook page where they post events, some rely on word of mouth and fliers, and others rely on phone chains to keep their community members informed. This means that community members seeking support need to be able to access …
Designing, Integrating, And Evaluating Blockchain Assignments In The Undergraduate Computer Science Program, Karol Lejmbach
Designing, Integrating, And Evaluating Blockchain Assignments In The Undergraduate Computer Science Program, Karol Lejmbach
Dissertations (1934 -)
Blockchains as a technology rely heavily on a wide range of computer science topics. These topics include: algorithms, data structures, network communication, cryptography and many more. These topics align nicely with topics often covered in undergraduate computer science course. Blockchain technology offers an interesting opportunity for computer science educa- tors. Blockchains rely heavily on a wide range of computer science topics. These topics include: cryptography, networking, data structures, and algorithms. Many of these top- ics are explored in undergraduate computer science programs either in core or elective classes. This offers an opportunity for teaching students about emerging technologies, such as …
Intelligent Competition Platform And Mode Driven By Cloud-Native Simulation, Long Qin, Hesong Huang, Lujia Yin, Chuan Ai, Qi Zhang, Xinmeng Li
Intelligent Competition Platform And Mode Driven By Cloud-Native Simulation, Long Qin, Hesong Huang, Lujia Yin, Chuan Ai, Qi Zhang, Xinmeng Li
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: To solve the problems faced by the adversarial competition mode of agents, including difficult development and deployment, low resource utilization, poor reusability, and difficulty in accessing reinforcement learning algorithms, a new agent simulation training platform was designed. The software components of the competition platform were decoupled based on cloud-native technology; a high-performance simulation engine for the competition environment was proposed; a new method of an embedded reinforcement learning model for an intelligent control terminal was designed, with multiple online and offline policy-based reinforcement learning algorithms set. The experiment demonstrates that the development and deployment of the system is efficient, …
Northern Rainstorm Belt And Response Strategies, Jianping Huang, Xiaodan Guan, Xiaohuang Liu, Xiaohan Shen, Xiaojie Liu
Northern Rainstorm Belt And Response Strategies, Jianping Huang, Xiaodan Guan, Xiaohuang Liu, Xiaohan Shen, Xiaojie Liu
Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)
In the summer of 2025, the Northern Rainstorm Belt stretching from eastern Northwest China to the Northeast region exhibited a significant increase in summer precipitation and rainfall frequency over northern China. Cities in the north were frequently struck by extreme rainstorms, resulting in prominent disasters such as “floods in drylands and urban waterlogging”. Northern China spans a vast territory, serving not only as a major grain-producing area and a densely populated region but also as an ecological security barrier that connects the farming-pastoral ecotone and the Loess Plateau. Its stability has nationwide implications. Therefore, comprehensively enhancing flood control capacity, strengthening …
Design And Application Of Collaborative Simulation System For Satellite Constellation Flight Missions, Dong Yan, Hanzhe Yang, Fangfang Jiang, Chengbao Liu, Peng Zhang
Design And Application Of Collaborative Simulation System For Satellite Constellation Flight Missions, Dong Yan, Hanzhe Yang, Fangfang Jiang, Chengbao Liu, Peng Zhang
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: To meet the requirements of the collaborative drill for the ground operation and control system of the satellite constellation, as well as the verification and evaluation of in-orbit complex missions, the design ideas and implementation methods of the collaborative simulation system for satellite constellation flight missions were proposed. By adopting the time correction mechanism of the time-scale distributor, the time synchronization problem among the simulation nodes and the operation and control simulation system was solved. By adopting the communication technology based on improved PDXP + UDP, the problem of cross-node data interface and inter-satellite communication simulation was resolved. A …
Overall Design Method Of Low Earth Orbit Communication Satellite Based On Mbse, Jiace Shang, Rui Zhang, Ya Dai, Hua Zhu, Siqi Hu, Linqiang Ge, Chenguang Shi
Overall Design Method Of Low Earth Orbit Communication Satellite Based On Mbse, Jiace Shang, Rui Zhang, Ya Dai, Hua Zhu, Siqi Hu, Linqiang Ge, Chenguang Shi
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Drawing on the model-centric design philosophy of model-based systems engineering (MBSE), this study constructs a model architecture suitable for the design and analysis of low Earth orbit communication satellites. This architecture adopts a multi-dimensional matrix approach. Vertically, it traverses the mission layer, system layer, satellite general design layer, and subsystem layer, achieving top-down hierarchical decoupling. Horizontally, it establishes a comprehensive view mapping mechanism covering the domains of requirements, functions, structure, and performance. Integrating the characteristics of product development, a modeling process covering the entire lifecycle—from mission demonstration and overall design to subsystem design and integration verification—has been established. The …
Reading The Room: A Structural Account Of Constraint-Based Processing And Its Limits In Artificial Systems, Griselda Poe
Reading The Room: A Structural Account Of Constraint-Based Processing And Its Limits In Artificial Systems, Griselda Poe
Publications and Research
This paper does not introduce a new structure.
It makes explicit a structural relation implied but not directly stated in prior work.
Human interpersonal processing is grounded in the co-presence of internal constraint and dependency.
These do not exist as separable components.
They form a single structural condition.
This paper shows that what is commonly described as “reading the room” is not a unitary function.
It differs across configurations in how this condition is processed.
In EF configurations, the effect of this condition is expressed through translation into self-return: outputs are evaluated in terms of how they return to the …
Extreme Cf: A Structural Account Of Processing Absence And Category Absence In Cf-Foregrounded Configurations, Griselda Poe
Extreme Cf: A Structural Account Of Processing Absence And Category Absence In Cf-Foregrounded Configurations, Griselda Poe
Publications and Research
Existing frameworks of cognition and intervention assume that processing occurs, meaning is available, and evaluation can be applied.
This paper describes a configuration in which this assumption does not hold.
In CF-foregrounded processing where modulation is absent, processing occurs only when coherence is satisfied. When coherence is not satisfied, processing does not occur. Under this condition, no representation is generated, no evaluation applies, and no action selection is produced.
Within single-layer cognitive models, EF and CF are not distinguished. Within such models, CF does not exist as a condition.
This configuration has not been represented as a category within existing …
The Digital Neuron: Neural Cellular Automata For Neural–Symbolic Translation, Nicole Assenza
The Digital Neuron: Neural Cellular Automata For Neural–Symbolic Translation, Nicole Assenza
SMU Data Science Review
A neural cellular automata (NCA) architecture, referred to as Pluto’s NCA, was developed to characterize bilateral communication and semantic reciprocity between symbolic representations and a spatially distributed update field. The architecture employs an encoder–automata–decoder pipeline that maps symbolic inputs into a multichannel state field and reconstructs them through agreement-driven attractor convergence within a stable semantic attractor landscape. System behavior was evaluated under controlled perturbations, including rhythmic desynchronization, graded ablations, correlated and independent noise, and percolation-based structural degradation. Quantities such as Agreement(t), internal coherence Aᵢ(t), the recovery time constant τ, and the critical percolation threshold pc were measured to assess stability, …
Phishing Restraint: University Simulated Phishing Campaigns, Alexander M. Abou Khir
Phishing Restraint: University Simulated Phishing Campaigns, Alexander M. Abou Khir
Cybersecurity Undergraduate Research Showcase
Universities face heightened vulnerability to phishing attacks due to their open information-sharing culture and diverse user populations. This study examines how phishing exploits human factors within campus environments and evaluates three major training strategies: embedded phishing, microlearning, and role-based instruction to understand their individual and combined effectiveness. I explored studies that implement these strategies in pairs and use the strategies alone, identified trends in susceptibility reduction, behavioral reinforcement, and contextual relevance. I suggest that, while each method independently improves user awareness, multiple approaches offer stronger, more adaptable protection by addressing both psychological triggers and role-specific risks. The paper contributes a …
The Texture Of A Threat: Adversarial Training, Cnns, And Obfuscated Malware Detection, Kaelyn Haynie
The Texture Of A Threat: Adversarial Training, Cnns, And Obfuscated Malware Detection, Kaelyn Haynie
Senior Honors Theses
Accurately detecting malicious programs is an expanding field of research for machine learning (ML), with a novel approach incorporating a bytecode-to-image pipeline that produces images representative of software. These images are provided to convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to be examined for malicious pattern indicators. However, CNNs struggle to generalize these patterns effectively while still being robust against adversarial data, an issue which this research addresses with adversarial training. In this paper, three unique CNN architectures (a DBFS-MC-inspired baseline, MIRACLE, and PSP-CNN) are trained for binary classification with 15,000 benign and malicious software samples encoded into images for Android, Windows, and …
Leveraging Convolutional Neural Networks For Through-The-Wall Radar Imaging: Challenges, Impacts, And Future Directions, Tumaini Edgar, Abdulla F. Ally, Abdi T. Abdalla
Leveraging Convolutional Neural Networks For Through-The-Wall Radar Imaging: Challenges, Impacts, And Future Directions, Tumaini Edgar, Abdulla F. Ally, Abdi T. Abdalla
Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)
Through-the-wall radar imaging (TWRI) is an essential technology for military and rescue applications; however, its performance in detecting and visualizing high-quality images of targets behind walls is significantly degraded by multipath reflections and signal attenuation. This paper reviews the current state of TWRI and its challenges, and explores the transformative potential of deep learning, particularly convolutional neural networks (CNNs), in addressing these challenges. Peer-reviewed articles published from 2018 to 2024 were analysed to examine CNN applications in addressing TWRI challenges. The analysis reveals that using CNNs, TWRI systems can be more effective by filtering wall distortions, reducing noise, lowering computational …
A Backend Database Architecture For Persistent Epilepsy Classification Records, Attiksh A. Panda, Deep Desai, Artem Zabarov, Katrina D. Prantzalos, Satya S. Sahoo, Shuai Xu
A Backend Database Architecture For Persistent Epilepsy Classification Records, Attiksh A. Panda, Deep Desai, Artem Zabarov, Katrina D. Prantzalos, Satya S. Sahoo, Shuai Xu
Student Scholarship
Epilepsy affects over five million people globally each year, yet consistent clinical diagnosis remains a persistent challenge due to the lack of standardized classification workflows across medical institutions. The Four-Dimensional Epilepsy Classification (4D-EC) framework, developed by Lüders et al., provides a comprehensive structure for characterizing paroxysmal events across four dimensions: seizure semiology, epileptogenic zone, etiology, and comorbidities. Despite its clinical and educational value, no dedicated informatics platform existed to support its routine use until recently, limiting widespread adoption among clinicians and trainees. This project addresses that gap by implementing a full-stack web application that operationalizes the 4D-EC framework for clinical …
Cybersecurity Integration In Research Stage Connected Devices Within Healthcare Environments, Klemens Koszarek
Cybersecurity Integration In Research Stage Connected Devices Within Healthcare Environments, Klemens Koszarek
Master's Theses (2009 -)
The rapid growth of connected devices in healthcare environments has significantly expanded the cybersecurity threat landscape, extending the potential risks beyond traditional hospital networks. Regulatory guidance from the FDA and risk management frameworks such as the NIST Cybersecurity Framework (NIST CSF) provide an approach for managing cybersecurity risk in connected systems. However, these principles are not always applied during early stages of device development. As a result, security consideration may be deferred until later stages of development, allowing for vulnerabilities to persist in systems as they move toward clinical or commercial deployment. This study presents a structured method for integrating …