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Investigating The User Experience With A 3d Virtual Anatomy Application, Winnyanne Kunkle Jan 2021

Investigating The User Experience With A 3d Virtual Anatomy Application, Winnyanne Kunkle

CCAC Theses and Dissertations

Decreasing hours dedicated to teaching anatomy courses and declining use of human cadavers have spurred the need for innovative solutions in teaching anatomy in medical schools. Advancements in virtual reality (VR), 3D visualizations, computer graphics, and medical graphic images have enabled the development of highly interactive 3D virtual applications. Over recent years, variations of interactive systems on computer-mediated environments have been used as supplementary resource for learners. However, despite the growing sophistication of these resources for learning anatomy, studies show that students predominantly prefer traditional methods of learning and hands-on cadaver-based learning over computer-mediated platforms.

There is limited research on …


Removing The Mask Of Comedy To Reveal The Person Beneath: A Rhetorical Analysis Of How Three Comedians Engage In, And Go Beyond, The Post-Comedy Turn, Steve Ingham Jan 2021

Removing The Mask Of Comedy To Reveal The Person Beneath: A Rhetorical Analysis Of How Three Comedians Engage In, And Go Beyond, The Post-Comedy Turn, Steve Ingham

Wayne State University Dissertations

From court jesters to lounge performers, the ‘Chitlin’ Circuit’ to vaudeville, radio to Netflix, the goal of comedy has been the same: use a comic frame to make the audience laugh. However, some modern comedians have altered that paradigm, including purposefully non-comedic material in their stand-up specials. While other comedians have done this before, they did so as an addendum to the narrative of their special, not as an integral part of that narrative. In this project, I engaged in a rhetorical analysis of three modern comedians, through the lens of humor theory, as they included purposefully non-comedic material, engaging …


Individual Journalistic Bias Leads To Public Propaganda: The Integration Of Social Intuitionist Model (Sim) And Hierarchy Of Influences Model (Him), Young Joon Lim, Jennifer Lemanski Jan 2021

Individual Journalistic Bias Leads To Public Propaganda: The Integration Of Social Intuitionist Model (Sim) And Hierarchy Of Influences Model (Him), Young Joon Lim, Jennifer Lemanski

Communication Faculty Publications

The social intuitionist model (SIM) highlights the superiority of intuitive emotions over reasoning process in the link of moral judgment and reasoning, addressing the issues of private or individual intuitions of moral judgments on an interpersonal communication level. While the SIM can be applied to explain why journalists are biased and prone to producing intuitive news stories, the hierarchy of influences model (HIM) offers a theoretical framework that affects media content, which journalists and media organizations create in a social and cultural approach to propaganda. This chapter explores how the integration of SIM and HIM demonstrates the path to propagandistic …


The Mmm Initiative, Erika Byrne, Brianna Bal, Mckenna Jones, Noelle Annonen, Christian Pfeifer, Amanda Cunningham, Jaime Breisch, Rachel Brosten Jan 2021

The Mmm Initiative, Erika Byrne, Brianna Bal, Mckenna Jones, Noelle Annonen, Christian Pfeifer, Amanda Cunningham, Jaime Breisch, Rachel Brosten

Undergraduate Theses, Professional Papers, and Capstone Artifacts

We’ve determined that information collected and distributed by and on news and social media outlets has manifested in political biases of its users. It is clear that this issue has subsequently led to political polarization and ethnic prejudice. To combat this problem, we have devised an online informational package and an interactive experience to teach people how to use it. Our website provides the resources to check personal biases and recognize ethnic prejudices. The seminar encourages people to apply and spread their newfound knowledge. We conducted interviews with experts, surveys, and an extensive literature review. Through our research and feedback …


A Qualitative Examination Of The Agency Of Women In Their 30s And 40s Who Use Dating Applications, Tera Buerkle Jan 2021

A Qualitative Examination Of The Agency Of Women In Their 30s And 40s Who Use Dating Applications, Tera Buerkle

Theses and Dissertations--Family Sciences

The use of dating applications (apps) to find romantic and sexual partners is widespread across age groups, however, there is a paucity of research on dating apps with those in middle adulthood. Sexual script theory suggests that women’s agency (i.e. the ability to act in one’s own best interest) may be impacted by expectations from an inherently sexualized context, such as dating apps. Feminist theory contends that women’s agency is complicated by gender socialization due to the imbalance of power in society that greatly favors men. In this study seventeen women aged 30 to 49 completed in-depth semi-structured interviews, and …


Sexual Assault In The News, Sydney Blair Jan 2021

Sexual Assault In The News, Sydney Blair

All Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Other Capstone Projects

Previous research has evaluated the presence of blame, myths, and stigma that sexual assault survivors experience online and within interactions with others. In the era of the #MeToo movement, has that changed? With perpetrators recently being held legally accountable for their crimes, my research addresses the current representation(s) of sexual assault through a content analysis of existing news media. I found a variety of rhetoric that supports survivors, #MeToo and perpetrators accountability, with additional evidence that negatively counters those positive changes. My research is important because these findings contribute to social science literature by examining the current representation of sexual …


Veracious Verdicts: An Expansion Of Cognitive-Experiential Self-Theory In Jury Decision-Making Using Attribution Theory, Jade E. Larson Jan 2021

Veracious Verdicts: An Expansion Of Cognitive-Experiential Self-Theory In Jury Decision-Making Using Attribution Theory, Jade E. Larson

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

As a pillar in our judicial system, the courts utilize almost ten million citizens each year for jury service. As a result, the courts are faced with issues of inconsistency and unpredictability. This study aims to examine some factors that significantly influence jury decision-making by investigating cognitive experiential self-theory (CEST) as a jury decision-making model, unified with attribution theory to better predict verdict outcomes. An online survey was distributed to 121 participants. The respondents were asked to read a civil trial case presentation; they were then randomly divided into two conditions (high and low unrelated detail eyewitness testimony). The testimonies …


Scientific Literacy At A Tragic Low: A Call For More Public Engagement In Science, Leah G. Jones Jan 2021

Scientific Literacy At A Tragic Low: A Call For More Public Engagement In Science, Leah G. Jones

Selected Full-Text Master Theses 2021-

Science is the catalyst for humanity’s progress. Without it, we would not understand our world, our universe, even our own bodies to the extent we do now. We would not have the ability to travel, connect, and innovate at the heights we currently enjoy. In fact, many people are alive today only because of scientific discoveries and advancements. Life-saving surgeries, medications, and implants impossible a mere hundred years ago are now routine, thanks to science. It follows that science should be revered, trusted, and understood. Unfortunately, in the information age, communication gets complicated. As with any other topic, there are …


Lights, Camera, Activity! A Systematic Review Of Research On Learner-Generated Videos, Bridgette Shade Epps, Tian Luo, Pauline S. Muljana Jan 2021

Lights, Camera, Activity! A Systematic Review Of Research On Learner-Generated Videos, Bridgette Shade Epps, Tian Luo, Pauline S. Muljana

STEMPS Faculty Publications

Aim/Purpose

The current literature discusses the use and benefits of learner-generated videos (LGVs). However, it rarely addresses any correlation between the types of subjects that are best suited for using these videos or what techniques should accompany the use of LGVs.

Background

This systematic review synthesizes current literature to identify patterns and implications that develop from the use of LGVs so that their future use can be both consistent and effective. This paper also reviews the studies to establish the most consistent educational benefits that emerge from this activity.

Methodology

Employing the Preferred-Reporting of Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses …


Internet Memes: Leaflet Propaganda Of The Digital Age, Joshua Troy Nieubuurt Jan 2021

Internet Memes: Leaflet Propaganda Of The Digital Age, Joshua Troy Nieubuurt

English Faculty Publications

Internet memes are one of the latest evolutions of “leaflet” propaganda and an effective tool in the arsenal of digital persuasion. In the past such items were dropped from planes, now they find their way into social media across multiple platforms and their territory is global. Internet memes can be used to target specific groups to help build and solidify tribal bonds. Due to the ease of creation, and their ability to constantly reaffirm axiomatic tribal ideas, they have become an adroit tool allowing for mass influence across international borders. This text explores the link between internet memes and their …


Sharing Science Through Shared Values, Goals, And Stories: An Evidence-Based Approach To Making Science Matter, Bethann Garramon Merkle, Evelyn Valdez-Ward, Priya Shukla, Skylar R. Bayer Jan 2021

Sharing Science Through Shared Values, Goals, And Stories: An Evidence-Based Approach To Making Science Matter, Bethann Garramon Merkle, Evelyn Valdez-Ward, Priya Shukla, Skylar R. Bayer

Human–Wildlife Interactions

Scientists in and beyond academia face considerable challenges to effectively sharing science, including lack of time and training, systemic disincentives, and the complexity of the modern media/attention landscape. Considering these constraints, 3 achievable shifts in mindset and practice can substantively enhance science communication efforts. Here, we provide evidence-based and experientially informed advice on how to center shared values, articulate science communication goals, and leverage the power of stories to advance our communication goals in connection with the values we share with our stakeholders. In addition to a discussion of relevant, foundational principles in science communication, we provide actionable recommendations and …


Colonialism And Sexuality, In Tayeb Salih’S Season Of Migration To The North And Peter Kimani’S Dance Of The Jakaranda., Tomi Adeaga, Peter Kimani Jan 2021

Colonialism And Sexuality, In Tayeb Salih’S Season Of Migration To The North And Peter Kimani’S Dance Of The Jakaranda., Tomi Adeaga, Peter Kimani

Graduate School of Media and Communications

AbstractThe Sudanese author, Tayeb Salih’s Season of Migration to the North and the Kenyan author, Peter Kimani’s Dance of the Jakaranda both interrogate the connection between colonialism and sexuality in an African setting. While the protagonist in Salih’s novel, Mustafa Sa’eed is the epitome of the sexualized, colonized Sudanese subject, Kimani’s novel examines several sexual relationships, including those of Sally McDonald, the British wife of a colonial administrator in Kenya, Ian McDonald. In Kimani’s novel, Sally McDonald represents a counter image to the white woman in need of protection from the sexual appetites of colonized males. Though Salih’s narration exemplifies …


A Silent Struggle: Eating Disorders In College, Grace P. Olechowski Jan 2021

A Silent Struggle: Eating Disorders In College, Grace P. Olechowski

Undergraduate Theses, Professional Papers, and Capstone Artifacts

No abstract provided.


Fundamentals Of Interpersonal Communication, Teresa Fisher Jan 2021

Fundamentals Of Interpersonal Communication, Teresa Fisher

Open Educational Resources

This textbook introduces students to fundamentals of interpersonal communication. It begins with a foundational chapter about communication including models of, definitions for, basic principles of, a focus on interpersonal communication, and the impact of social media on communication. It continues with chapters exploring various facets of interpersonal communication: intercultural communication, the self and communication, perception, verbal, nonverbal, and listening. The final two chapters look at interpersonal relationships and communication as well as conflict in interpersonal communication.


Living Together In Precarious Times: Covid-19 In The Philippines, Gideon Lasco Jan 2021

Living Together In Precarious Times: Covid-19 In The Philippines, Gideon Lasco

Development Studies Faculty Publications

The coronavirus pandemic has laid bare the necessity—for social scientists and the rest of the public alike—of an ecological; non-anthropocentric view of the world as humans grapple with microbes; surround themselves with plants; and engage with non-human animals in ways that range from abuse to affection. This chapter uses this multispecies perspective to reflect on the Philippine experience of COVID-19; offering illustrative examples; sketching tentative insights; and concluding with a research agenda for future work.


How Digital Leadership Competences And It Capabilities Affect An Organization's Ability To Digitally Transform And Adopt New Technologies, Melissa Brunner, Gabriel Gonzalez-Castañé, Pascal Ravesteijn Jan 2021

How Digital Leadership Competences And It Capabilities Affect An Organization's Ability To Digitally Transform And Adopt New Technologies, Melissa Brunner, Gabriel Gonzalez-Castañé, Pascal Ravesteijn

Journal of International Technology and Information Management

Although much research has been done into the importance of IT Capabilities (ITC), Digital Leadership (DL) and Digital Transformation (DT) with regard to organizations’ firm performance and ability to thrive in the current digital market, there is little research on qualifying which specific ITC and DL competences affect the success of an organization's DT and ultimately impact their ability to adopt newly emerging technologies. This research aims to address the influence of DL and ITC on DT as well as which specific DL competences and ITC might ultimately affect an organization’s ability to successfully adopt newly emerging digital technologies. Quantitative …


Social Media Self-Regulation And The Rise Of Vaccine Misinformation, Ana Santos Rutschman Jan 2021

Social Media Self-Regulation And The Rise Of Vaccine Misinformation, Ana Santos Rutschman

All Faculty Scholarship

This essay examines the main characteristics and shortcomings of mainstream social media responses to vaccine misinformation and disinformation. Parts I and II contextualize the recent expansion of vaccine information and disinformation in the online environment. Part III provides a survey and taxonomy of ongoing responses to vaccine misinformation adopted by mainstream social media. It further notes the limitations of current self-regulatory modes and illustrates these limitations by presenting a short case study on Facebook—the largest social media vehicle for vaccine-specific misinformation, currently estimated to harbor approximately half of the social media accounts linked to vaccine misinformation. Part IV examines potential …


การเปิดรับข่าวสาร และรูปแบบการดำเนินชีวิตของผู้บริโภคกลุ่ม "ยังก์โอลด์" (Young Old), วรารัตน์ วัฒนเลิศพงศ์ Jan 2021

การเปิดรับข่าวสาร และรูปแบบการดำเนินชีวิตของผู้บริโภคกลุ่ม "ยังก์โอลด์" (Young Old), วรารัตน์ วัฒนเลิศพงศ์

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

การศึกษาครั้งนี้มีวัตถุประสงค์เพื่อสำรวจการเปิดรับข่าวสาร และเพื่ออธิบายรูปแบบการดำเนินชีวิตของผู้บริโภคกลุ่ม “ยังก์โอลด์” (Young Old) ซึ่งเป็นผู้ที่มีสัญชาติไทย เกิดในช่วงปี พ.ศ. 2496 - 2505 ยังใช้ชีวิตด้วยความคล่องแคล่ว กระฉับกระเฉง เข้าร่วมกิจกรรมทางสังคม รู้สึกว่าตนเองไม่แก่ อยากเรียนรู้สิ่งใหม่ ๆ เพื่อพัฒนาตนเองอยู่เสมอ ใช้รูปแบบการวิจัยเชิงปริมาณ เก็บข้อมูลด้วยแบบสอบถามออนไลน์จากกลุ่มตัวอย่างอายุ 60 - 69 ปี จำนวน 450 คน วิเคราะห์ข้อมูลทางสถิติด้วยวิธีการวิเคราะห์สถิติเชิงพรรณนา (Descriptive analysis) และการวิเคราะห์องค์ประกอบ (Factor analysis) ผลการวิจัยพบว่า ผู้บริโภคกลุ่ม “ยังก์โอลด์” (Young Old) มีการเปิดรับข่าวสารผ่านสื่อบุคคลอยู่ในระดับมาก ได้แก่ ลูกหลาน ญาติ และเพื่อน ขณะที่มีการเปิดรับข่าวสารผ่านสื่อใหม่ในระดับปานกลาง โดย 3 อันดับแรก ได้แก่ ไลน์ เฟซบุ๊ก และยูทูบ และมีการเปิดรับข่าวสารผ่านสื่อดั้งเดิมในระดับปานกลาง โดย 3 อันดับแรก ได้แก่ โทรทัศน์ วิทยุ และหนังสือพิมพ์ รูปแบบการดำเนินชีวิตของผู้บริโภคกลุ่ม “ยังก์โอลด์” (Young Old) สามารถแบ่งได้เป็น 5 กลุ่ม ดังนี้ 1. กลุ่มหัวสมัยใหม่ ใส่ใจคุณภาพชีวิตที่ดี 2. กลุ่มไม่สนใจใคร ใส่ใจเพียงตนเอง 3. กลุ่มตามกระแสและแคร์ภาพลักษณ์ 4. กลุ่มใช้ชีวิตให้สุด ไม่หยุดอยู่ที่บ้าน 5. กลุ่มสังคมมิตรภาพและธรรมชาติกลมเกลียว


Strategic Misrepresentation Or Something More Sinister? Deception In George W. Bush's War Rhetoric On Iraq, Cassandra D. Hightower Jan 2021

Strategic Misrepresentation Or Something More Sinister? Deception In George W. Bush's War Rhetoric On Iraq, Cassandra D. Hightower

Graduate Research Theses & Dissertations

Presidential war rhetoric is an incredibly complex and far-reaching genre of political rhetoric, and the consequences of such rhetoric can often lead to mass destruction and death. Based on the continuously changing rules of warfare and the increased use of deception in political communication, this study aimed to analyze this usage of deception more closely in presidential war rhetoric. This project examined the case study of George W. Bush’s war rhetoric on the Iraq War f 2003 to determine if the deception he used fits the “strategic misrepresentation” characteristic that Campbell and Jamieson identified in their landmark 2008 book, Presidents …


Comics For Pediatric Oncology Patients And Families: Education And Empowerment, Natalie Johns Jan 2021

Comics For Pediatric Oncology Patients And Families: Education And Empowerment, Natalie Johns

Calvert Undergraduate Research Awards

The major objective is to develop the first book of a boxed set series of comic vignettes that will serve as a clinical educational tool for pediatric patients with a recent cancer diagnosis and their caregivers. These comics are hypothesized to improve patient and family understanding of the disease, its treatment, side effects, and outcomes in an engaging and aesthetically pleasing way. The overall goals of this project are to reduce anxiety and increase health literacy in patients and their families while assisting the oncology team in providing optimal medical care, thus improving the overall quality of treatment. Comics aimed …


A Short Film That Addresses Substance Use Disorders In Rural Communities And Strategies In Prevention And Treatment Of Addiction, Sarah R. Poteracki Jan 2021

A Short Film That Addresses Substance Use Disorders In Rural Communities And Strategies In Prevention And Treatment Of Addiction, Sarah R. Poteracki

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This research paper and accompanying video (link to the short film is here: https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1etDnUmEvkOds8J0EKnq1gnFO79-GggjY) offer insight into the current state of research collaboration surrounding substance use disorders in West Virginia. This professional project explores the importance of collaboration both in a research and clinical setting and in the social realm. The film was shown at the 2nd annual meeting for the Appalachian Node of the National Institute on Drug Abuse Clinical Trials Network on February 25, 2021. I interviewed 14 researchers and experts from a diverse range of disciplines who shared insights and strategies in the prevention and treatment of …


Assessing Interpersonal Communication In Dental Hygiene Students Providing Geriatric Care, Lasandra Wilson Jan 2021

Assessing Interpersonal Communication In Dental Hygiene Students Providing Geriatric Care, Lasandra Wilson

EWU Masters Thesis Collection

Purpose: This study examined the implementation of an educational module regarding development of communication skills between dental hygiene students and the geriatric population. The educational module assessed students’ perceived abilities and confidence in communicating with the geriatric population. Subsequently, a standardized rubric determined if there is a difference between how faculty assess students, patients assess students, and students assess themselves.

Methods: Dental hygiene students from the University of South Dakota participated in the educational module and completed pre and post tests. Voice recordings from student-patient interactions in the clinic setting were evaluated by faculty, patients, and students using a rubric …


Connections During Times Of Change: The Interplay Between Gratitude Communication, Well-Being And Resilience, Aubrey Carlene Moore Jan 2021

Connections During Times Of Change: The Interplay Between Gratitude Communication, Well-Being And Resilience, Aubrey Carlene Moore

EWU Masters Thesis Collection

This pilot study investigates the relationships between gratitude communication, well-being, and resilience in times of change. The 2019 coronavirus, COVID-19, brought on a global pandemic that continues to impact people’s lives daily. However, due to continuous changes, lockdowns, social distancing, mask mandates and more, people have found other ways to stay connected in lieu of face to face communication. This study aims to understand better how people are moving forward during these challenging, ever-changing times. Using an online survey and previously established measures including the Gratitude Questionnaire (GQ-6), the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), and the 14-item Resilience Scale (RS-14), …


Harmonious Disturbance: Pushing The Boundaries Of Communicology In The Classroom And Beyond, Olivia Dugenet Jan 2021

Harmonious Disturbance: Pushing The Boundaries Of Communicology In The Classroom And Beyond, Olivia Dugenet

EWU Masters Thesis Collection

No abstract provided.


Minero Magazine, Volume Xxxiii, Fall 2021, Utep Student Publications Jan 2021

Minero Magazine, Volume Xxxiii, Fall 2021, Utep Student Publications

The Prospector

Cover Story: El Paso Entrepreneurship Blasts Off on the Border


Overcoming Loneliness: First-Generation Slavic Immigrants' Experience With Loneliness In The Inland Northwest, Charles C. Crook Jan 2021

Overcoming Loneliness: First-Generation Slavic Immigrants' Experience With Loneliness In The Inland Northwest, Charles C. Crook

EWU Masters Thesis Collection

The plight of loneliness has caused devastation to many social and cultural groups’ well-being. Scholars have analyzed and documented its adverse health such as suicide (Stravynski and Boyer 2001), Alzheimer’s disease (Wilson et al. 2007), depression (Erzen and Çikrikci 2018), immune system complications (Hawkley and Cacioppo 2003), and cardiovascular complications (Hawley and Cacioppo 2003). Some compare its health impacts to smoking 15 cigarettes a day (Health Resources and Services Administration 2019), while others emphasize how loneliness compels people to internet addiction (Ayas and Horzum 2013) and alcohol abuse (Åkerlind and Hörnquist 1992). Among the most susceptible populations to loneliness are …


Indicators And Perspectives Of Bibliodiversity In The Spanish Publishing Sector, Jesús I. Rivas-García, Marta Magadán-Díaz Jan 2021

Indicators And Perspectives Of Bibliodiversity In The Spanish Publishing Sector, Jesús I. Rivas-García, Marta Magadán-Díaz

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

In the absence of research aimed to measure the bibliodiversity of the Spanish publishing sector through indicators, the general objective of this work is to determine quantitatively whether the Spanish publishing sector is bibliodiverse. The specific goals are the following: a) analyze those necessary conditions to promote bibliodiversity, b) identify the main variables that conform bibliodiversity, and c) measure the degree of bibliodiversity. From the study of the contributions of the academic literature, this research forms an analysis model with the main necessary conditions of the bibliodiversity of the Spanish publishing sector: deconcentration, digital transformation, and glocalization. After reflecting on …


The Role Of Leadership Communication Patterns On Organizational Effectiveness, Nidal Pascoe Jan 2021

The Role Of Leadership Communication Patterns On Organizational Effectiveness, Nidal Pascoe

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Abstract The communication patterns of leaders in the workplace are vital to ensuring productivity and meeting organizational mission and goals. The quality of workplace communication from the leaders impacts the perceptions of employees about the workplace and their ability to fulfill organizational missions and goals. Communication can be delivered through multiple technological means, in person, and in writing. Message delivery also can convey the tone of the sender. The purpose of this case study was to identify the communication patterns between the executive leaders and six of eight site leaders of a nonprofit counseling center focused on serving children and …


Black Outside: A Film Exploring Black People’S Relationships With Outdoor Spaces, Zoie Bills Jan 2021

Black Outside: A Film Exploring Black People’S Relationships With Outdoor Spaces, Zoie Bills

Senior Independent Study Theses

Spending time in nature is regarded as a great way to have fun and improve one’s mental or physical health. Black people are largely underrepresented in public parks and other outdoor spaces. My film explores the lack of Black presence in outdoor spaces in an effort to promote Black people’s usage of these places. I used interviews with students, environmental activists, and my own family in order to explore the scholarly, structural, cultural, and personal factors that impact Black folks’ engagement with the outdoors. The interviews revealed several major takeaways including that Black people have historical roots in outdoor spaces …


“Sisters Are Doin’ It For Themselves”: Creating A Financial Literacy Workshop For College-Aged Women On The Relationship Among Spending, Saving, And Investing, Lesley Chinery Jan 2021

“Sisters Are Doin’ It For Themselves”: Creating A Financial Literacy Workshop For College-Aged Women On The Relationship Among Spending, Saving, And Investing, Lesley Chinery

Senior Independent Study Theses

The purpose of this study is to create a financial literacy workshop for college-aged women to increase understanding of the relationship among spending, saving, and investing. Utilizing relevant scholarship on gender and economics, the Elaboration Likelihood Model, and interviews with experts in economics and with facilitators of financial literacy workshops, I created a virtual workshop for college-aged women. This research found that successfully enabling both central and peripheral processing routes plays a significant role in attracting potential participants to workshops and in turn, cognitively engages them during workshops. Moreover, planners of workshops need to ensure consistent appealing messaging in communication …