Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
- Institution
-
- San Jose State University (1028)
- Lindenwood University (598)
- Western Kentucky University (462)
- Wright State University (299)
- University of Central Florida (253)
-
- University of Massachusetts Boston (209)
- Purdue University (140)
- SIT Graduate Institute/SIT Study Abroad (116)
- California Institute of Integral Studies (88)
- Parkland College (88)
- Providence College (86)
- University of Nebraska - Lincoln (81)
- City University of New York (CUNY) (74)
- Old Dominion University (73)
- University of Nebraska at Omaha (64)
- Hollins University (60)
- University of Texas at El Paso (58)
- University of South Florida (50)
- Cleveland State University (49)
- Universitas Indonesia (46)
- Louisiana State University (45)
- University of Nevada, Las Vegas (44)
- University of Rhode Island (43)
- Columbia College Chicago (42)
- Liberty University (39)
- Portland State University (39)
- California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo (36)
- Syracuse University (34)
- University of Denver (33)
- Gonzaga University (29)
- Keyword
-
- Spartan Daily (1000)
- Newspaper (981)
- Western Kentucky University (425)
- Wright State University (262)
- Student newspapers (261)
-
- Student newspaper (242)
- Future (180)
- Central Florida Future (177)
- Communication (175)
- Student life (170)
- College newsletter (136)
- University newsletter (136)
- Fraternities & Sororities (127)
- University publications (110)
- Community college (91)
- Research (87)
- News (81)
- Newsletters (79)
- African Americans (77)
- Blacks (76)
- Educational programs (72)
- Funding (72)
- Grants (72)
- WSU Research News (72)
- College newsletters (68)
- University newsletters (68)
- Culture (62)
- Alumni (61)
- Student Newspaper (60)
- Entertainment (55)
- Publication Year
- Publication
-
- Spartan Daily (School of Journalism and Mass Communications) (936)
- Journal of International and Global Studies (497)
- WKU Administration Documents (311)
- Central Florida Future (177)
- The Guardian Student Newspaper (163)
-
- CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture (127)
- Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection (94)
- Journal of Conscious Evolution (88)
- Student Organizations (87)
- The Cowl (84)
- 1971-1977, UMass Boston Bulletin (74)
- Electronic Theses and Dissertations (74)
- WSU Research News (72)
- Hollins Student Newspapers (60)
- Theses and Dissertations (52)
- Masters Theses (50)
- 1996-2009, University Reporter (47)
- The Prospector (44)
- USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations (43)
- International Dialogue (41)
- Publications and Research (38)
- Cultural Encounters, Conflicts, and Resolutions (36)
- Columbia Chronicle (31)
- 1983-1991, News & Views (30)
- Faculty Publications (29)
- Communication & Leadership Dissertations and Theses (28)
- Human-Machine Communication (27)
- LSU Doctoral Dissertations (26)
- WKU Archives Collection Inventories (26)
- Dissertations and Theses (25)
- Publication Type
Articles 241 - 270 of 5574
Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network
Call And Response : Experiments In Storytelling, Deanne Fernandes
Call And Response : Experiments In Storytelling, Deanne Fernandes
Masters Theses
Being part of RISD's inaugural Masters of Illustration cohort has been an immense honor. This journey has been nothing short of transformative and healing, as it has allowed me to unearth layers of self-discovery through my creative practice.
In my thesis, I introduce a fresh research methodology rooted in the principles of call and response, with adaptability, creativity, and storytelling as its foundational pillars. Through the lenses of visual storytelling, experimental animation, graphic journalism, and fictional world-building, I demonstrate how these techniques can effectively bridge the gap between theory and practice. This dynamic approach fosters meaningful connections among diverse perspectives …
Atelier Interloper, Isabel Jane Marvel
Atelier Interloper, Isabel Jane Marvel
Masters Theses
Architects frequently specify toxic materials, like fiberglass insulation, for construction projects, materials they would never touch with bare hands, let alone wear as garments. So why incorporate such harmful substances into our buildings? Atelier Interloper, a nimble fabrication studio, intervenes in job sites and manufacturer waste streams, reclaiming industrial materials that are no longer usable at building scale but are suitable for clothing. The premier collection of garments draws inspiration from workwear and is crafted from industrial materials such as Tyvek and 100% recycled denim insulation. In outfitting the body with these materials, this thesis work brings visibility to substances …
The Little Black Book: When Recipes Tell Stories, Cordula C. Peters
The Little Black Book: When Recipes Tell Stories, Cordula C. Peters
Dublin Gastronomy Symposium
In post-war Germany in the 1950s my grandmother used to collect recipes from magazines, newspapers, and the backs of food packaging that she neatly cut out and saved. Other recipes were carefully copied with pen and ink. At some point, when my mother was still a child and my grandmother still alive, she and her sister compiled all these recipes and tidily pasted them into a black notebook for safekeeping. Growing up many of the recipes from this book became much-loved dishes prepared by my mother and expected by my siblings and I almost religiously for important holidays such as …
The Carbonara Case: Italian Food And The Race To Conquer Consumers’ Memories, Marco Ginanneschi
The Carbonara Case: Italian Food And The Race To Conquer Consumers’ Memories, Marco Ginanneschi
Dublin Gastronomy Symposium
Can a recipe divide historians, gastronomes, and chefs? The answer is yes if we are dealing with carbonara, an iconic Italian dish, famous throughout the world. However, so much animosity could have deeper roots than the recently renewed controversy over its authorship suggests. This article aims to study the case of carbonara as an example of the race to conquer consumers’ memories. Following a transdisciplinary methodology, the author identifies three main approaches to the making of carbonara: glocal, regional, and creative. These approaches reflect distinct schools of thought regarding food within the diverse spectrum of Italian society. Their supporters - …
Forbidden Fruit: Mary Cassatt’S Mural Of “Modern Woman” At The World’S Columbian Exposition, Chicago 1893, Tricia Cusack
Forbidden Fruit: Mary Cassatt’S Mural Of “Modern Woman” At The World’S Columbian Exposition, Chicago 1893, Tricia Cusack
Dublin Gastronomy Symposium
This paper considers a large mural of “The Modern Woman” painted in France by the American artist Mary Cassatt for the Woman’s Building at the World’s Columbian Exposition in Chicago in 1893. It focuses in particular on the large central panel of the mural titled Young Women Plucking the Fruits of Knowledge or Science that depicts women and girls apple-picking. Cassatt’s mural drew on various traditions and myths. Apple harvesting was a common sight in America. Cassatt’s title though points to the story of Eve and forbidden fruit, in which Eve seeks knowledge, but is severely punished for it. Cassatt …
Black Consonance And Dissonance Theory: As Explored Through The Social Media Use Of Black Women In Late-Adolescence, Iris Goode-Middleton
Black Consonance And Dissonance Theory: As Explored Through The Social Media Use Of Black Women In Late-Adolescence, Iris Goode-Middleton
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
Media messages play a crucial part in teaching people how to view themselves and others through the representations of things like gender roles, racial groups, and perceptions of what is deemed beautiful. There is an abundance of stereotypical images of Black women in the media. In addition, they are also inundated with unrealistic beauty standards reflective of Eurocentric ideals of attractiveness that do not include them. Social media allows for content containing stereotypes about Black women and beauty criteria that do not include them at unprecedented rates. This narrative qualitative study aimed to examine how social media content used by …
Indigenous Land Back In Malaysia: Capturing Orang Asal Resistance Through #Kembalikantanahadat, Tarchithaa Chandra Sekharan
Indigenous Land Back In Malaysia: Capturing Orang Asal Resistance Through #Kembalikantanahadat, Tarchithaa Chandra Sekharan
Senior Theses
The rise of a pan-indigenous network has been empowered by digital media in the 21st century. Universal concepts such as “landback” have traveled beyond the boundaries of language and borders. For indigenous peoples in Malaysia, the Orang Asal, online resistance is a reclamation of space long suppressed historically and physically. With actions like spreading local news on land rights court cases and development projects, indigenous reclamation from within the Orang Asal as well as indigenous allyship from citizens and diasporic Malaysians alike is possible. #KembalikanTanahAdat in Malay, #ReturnCustomaryLand is one of the many hashtags for a move towards increasing awareness …
Playing With International Students From Asia: An Exploration Of Cultural Commonalities And Differences In Developmental Transformations (Dvt), Hazuki Okamoto
Playing With International Students From Asia: An Exploration Of Cultural Commonalities And Differences In Developmental Transformations (Dvt), Hazuki Okamoto
Expressive Therapies Capstone Theses
Asian international students in the United States face a multitude of challenges such as language barriers, differences in cultural norms and behaviors, and identity confusion while navigating a foreign landscape. Developmental Transformations (DvT), a form of drama therapy, may apply to these challenges by enabling participants to explore different identities and express themselves creatively beyond the language barrier. This community engagement project was designed for Asian international students to be seen and heard by utilizing DvT. Within an in-person workshop, five participants played with their shared stories, and explored international and cultural roles in group DvT. Key takeaways from the …
Supporting South Korea’S Aging Population: How Ai And Iot Acceptance Connects The Young And Old, Bobby Im
Supporting South Korea’S Aging Population: How Ai And Iot Acceptance Connects The Young And Old, Bobby Im
Master's Projects and Capstones
In 2024, South Korea surpassed every other nation by becoming the country with the lowest fertility rate (below 0.7%). Population decline will hinder future ability to care for their aging population and although the government and private corporations are investing millions of dollars on developing Artificial Intelligence-Internet of Things (AI-IoT) devices to support the aging, the acceptance levels and the amount of family support required is undervalued. By examining AI-IoT’s current use and role in South Korea’s public health system this paper shows how intergenerational support helps optimize existing procedures and equipment, increases the level of acceptance and use, and …
“You Don’T Build Bridges To Safe And Familiar Territories”: Study Abroad Practice Based In Reconciliation As Falling Apart: Part 1, Kalyani Unkule
“You Don’T Build Bridges To Safe And Familiar Territories”: Study Abroad Practice Based In Reconciliation As Falling Apart: Part 1, Kalyani Unkule
Critical Internationalization Studies Review
No abstract provided.
Book Review: The Shaming State: How The U.S. Treats Citizens In Need, Steve Matthewman
Book Review: The Shaming State: How The U.S. Treats Citizens In Need, Steve Matthewman
Critical Disaster Studies
Salman’s book centers two different constituencies, in two different locations, in the 2010s, who have been impacted by two different disasters. The first group are Iraqi refugees who have been resettled in Wayne County, Michigan. Trying to start again over half a world away, they are trapped in the transit lounge of life, never able to move on, never able to properly belong. They found a state in recession, the automobile industry collapsing, the city of Detroit bankrupt. Their particular county had higher unemployment than the state’s average and a poor median income as well. Economically speaking, ‘Michigan fared worse …
Building A Cinematic World For Queer: Ways Of Winking Back At Barbie (2023), Diana Durk
Building A Cinematic World For Queer: Ways Of Winking Back At Barbie (2023), Diana Durk
Theses - ALL
This essay examines Reddit commentary of the new Barbie film that gave a space for some audience members to connect themselves to the film through queering its plot and characters. Through Reddit commentary, users explored the character design and how characters perform identity within this film and how it relates to their own experiences of gender and identity. This essay excavates how gender identity is communicated within popular culture and the need to queer a film to create one’s own representation. Through the importance of understanding the harm of a binary lens and how the binary gaze creates a stereotypical …
Beyond The Brush: How Women Artists Navigate Communication And Creativity Amidst The Rise Of Ai, Carrie Welch
Beyond The Brush: How Women Artists Navigate Communication And Creativity Amidst The Rise Of Ai, Carrie Welch
Theses - ALL
Women artists who use physical paints, canvases, charcoal, and pencils to create their work represent a marginalized group in the art world who may be perceived as distanced or removed from artificial intelligence (AI). While AI, art, feminist aesthetics, and media representation are each areas of rich research, they have not yet been brought together. As art itself is reconsidered alongside the rise of AI, this study conducted 20 in-depth, semi-structured qualitative interviews with women artists to understand the implications of choosing to incorporate AI into their work, changes to their artistic processes, adjustments to their communications about their work, …
Talking About Weight: Weight Stigma And Information Seeking, Alexandra N. Henrici, Lillian H. Mantel
Talking About Weight: Weight Stigma And Information Seeking, Alexandra N. Henrici, Lillian H. Mantel
Student Research Symposium
Guided by the Risk Information Seeking and Processing (RISP) model, this study explores the relationship between fear of discussing weight-related topics, or weight-related communication apprehension and weight bias internalization and tests the inconsistent RISP relationship between risk perception and information insufficiency. It investigates differences in weight-related communication apprehension in those who previously sought weight-related information from interpersonal or mediated sources. Using a survey of 64 undergraduate communication students, the study found that high levels of weight bias internalization correlated with high levels of weight-related communication apprehension. The study did not find a significant difference in weight-related communication apprehension based on …
In The Doha International Airport, A Forest, Paulina Bianca Ocampo
In The Doha International Airport, A Forest, Paulina Bianca Ocampo
Green Humanities: A Journal of Ecological Thought in Literature, Philosophy & the Arts
In the Doha International Airport, a forest calls is a poem about a culture of deep ecology in a context of coloniality, brain drain, and my own part in it. Despite over 300 years of colonization in the Philippines and the colonization of our own education system, a certain deep ecology continues to thrive in the belief of spirits in nature. Among Filipinos, even in the thick of the Anthropocene, a sense of respect and fear for nature continues to exist. It is common, for example, for Filipinos to ask these spirits for permission to pass through forested areas. However, …
Diverse Voices, Sticky Maps And Wicked Patterns. Using Creative Methods To Explore Environmental Justice, Clare Saunders, Daksha Patel
Diverse Voices, Sticky Maps And Wicked Patterns. Using Creative Methods To Explore Environmental Justice, Clare Saunders, Daksha Patel
Green Humanities: A Journal of Ecological Thought in Literature, Philosophy & the Arts
Environmental justice is multi-faceted. It is distributional, procedural and context inter-dependent. Achieving environmental justice therefore requires transdisciplinary thinking and collaborative practice with participants holding a variety of experiences and knowledges. This paper explores the different meanings of environmental justice in theory, and through artistic practices. It introduces and evaluates a series of creative workshops designed to enhance understanding of environmental justice. The workshops consisted of 1) image-informed co-created cross-national Zoom conversations; 2) using colours and shapes to tease out meanings of environmental justice; and 3) mapping local environmental injustices while centring more-than-humans. It proposes that these creative methods are useful …
Powering Justice: Sketches For A New Ethos In Energy Policy, Erin Rizzato Devlin
Powering Justice: Sketches For A New Ethos In Energy Policy, Erin Rizzato Devlin
Green Humanities: A Journal of Ecological Thought in Literature, Philosophy & the Arts
Energy politics lie at the heart of human activity. In a time of ecological and energy crisis, it is fundamental to realise that our reality systems are always open to change and that, in order to respond to the challenges of a changing energy landscape, we must explore the full possibilities of technology in a radical way. This research aims to consider the ethical implications of energy and technology, presenting an urgent case for cosmotechnical pluralism, that is the diversification of world-views, knowledges, technologies in the pursuit of energy justice in global politics. To reconstruct the world and its politics …
Putting Forward Sustainability As A Model For Journalism Education And Training, Nancy Booker, Bruce Mutsvairo, Dinesh Baliah, Theodora Dame Adjin-Tettey, Lars Tallert, Jean Mujati
Putting Forward Sustainability As A Model For Journalism Education And Training, Nancy Booker, Bruce Mutsvairo, Dinesh Baliah, Theodora Dame Adjin-Tettey, Lars Tallert, Jean Mujati
Graduate School of Media and Communications
African journalism practice presents unique opportunities and challenges that require journalists to be equipped with the necessary skills, knowledge, and values to engage in sustainable journalism. Training institutions play a critical role in ensuring that journalists are not only professionally-ready to execute their mandate but also that they can safeguard and promote ethical values in their everyday work. Some of these values include “truth telling, independence, objectivity, fairness, inclusivity and social justice” (Gade, Nduka, and Dastger 2017, 10). Africa, like other regions of the Global South, has several journalism training institutions that provide an opportunity to challenge “hegemonic epistemologies and …
Division-I Student-Athletes’ Socialization Out Of Sports: The Role Of Exit Circumstances And Interpersonal Support On Wellness, Hannah J. Gertz
Division-I Student-Athletes’ Socialization Out Of Sports: The Role Of Exit Circumstances And Interpersonal Support On Wellness, Hannah J. Gertz
All Theses
Student-athletes who compete at the Division-I level typically receive much public exposure and attention during their athletic careers, often leading them to form a high athletic identity. As such, they often need help transitioning away from the athletic competitor role following their retirement. This process, known as socialization out of sport (SOS), is characterized by a loss of purpose and identity for student-athletes and can harm their overall well-being and quality of life. Establishing the empirical associations between SOS's proposed characteristics/features (e.g., the impetus of SOS, educational status, athletic identity, and sense of closure) and former student-athletes’ subsequent life experiences …
Ai-Powered Information Retrieval In Meeting Records And Transcripts Enhancing Efficiency And User Experience, Srushti Nitin Ghadge
Ai-Powered Information Retrieval In Meeting Records And Transcripts Enhancing Efficiency And User Experience, Srushti Nitin Ghadge
Theses and Dissertations
This study compares the traditional search methods, which is to search from video recordings of the meetings by moving the slider back and forth or by keyword search in transcripts versus integrated AI video plus transcript search. Based on the previous test results, we introduced some human-centric design features to the AI and built a new enhanced AI search tool for information retrieval. For search technique efficiency testing, the method had two set of experiments. The first results of the experiment showed that AI-based search algorithms were more accurate and faster than conventional search approaches. Participants were also happier with …
Investigating The Potential Of Augmented Reality In Creating A Sense Of Place On College Campuses, Linda White
Investigating The Potential Of Augmented Reality In Creating A Sense Of Place On College Campuses, Linda White
Electronic Theses, Projects, and Dissertations
This project examines how designing an augmented reality (AR) campus navigation app can improve college students' sense of place and connection with California State University, San Bernardino (CSUSB). To guide the design of the app, I engaged in qualitative research using a curated campus walk protocol that invited students to walk to their favorite place on campus and record their walk while narrating it.
My analysis reveals the larger patterns that students use to select favorite places and favorite routes to those places, as well as how space navigation may lead to the formation of a sense of connection with …
Sowing The Gospel In The Southern "Vorstenlanden"; Wonogiri In The Protestant Evangelists’ Travelogues In The Early Twentieth Century, Adi Putra Surya Wardhana, Dennys Pradita
Sowing The Gospel In The Southern "Vorstenlanden"; Wonogiri In The Protestant Evangelists’ Travelogues In The Early Twentieth Century, Adi Putra Surya Wardhana, Dennys Pradita
Wacana, Journal of the Humanities of Indonesia
The goal of this study is to analyse the travelogues of Protestant evangelists in Wonogiri, a topic so far barely touched upon. Despite being a predominantly Muslim community, Wonogiri was one of the areas in the principalities of Surakarta targeted by the zending. Therefore, this study explores various aspects, including the purpose behind the visits of Protestant missionaries, the discourses presented in the travelogues, and the perspectives of these evangelists on the belief system prevalent in the community in the early twentieth century. Based on several travel accounts, this research utilizes a critical discourse analysis approach. The evangelists built …
Charge The Cockpit Or Die: An Anatomy Of Fear-Driven Political Rhetoric In American Conservatism, Daniel Hostetter
Charge The Cockpit Or Die: An Anatomy Of Fear-Driven Political Rhetoric In American Conservatism, Daniel Hostetter
Senior Honors Theses
Subthreshold negative emotions have superseded conscious reason as the initial and strongest motivators of political behavior. Political neuroscience uses the concepts of negativity bias and terror management theory to explore why fear-driven rhetoric plays such an outsized role in determining human political actions. These mechanisms of human anthropology are explored by competing explanations from biblical and evolutionary scholars who attempt to understand their contribution to human vulnerabilities to fear. When these mechanisms are observed in fear-driven political rhetoric, three common characteristics emerge: exaggerated threat, tribal combat, and religious apocalypse, which provide a new framework for explaining how modern populist leaders …
Claiming The Crown — The Agency And Fandom Of “The Woman King”, Cibonay R. Dames
Claiming The Crown — The Agency And Fandom Of “The Woman King”, Cibonay R. Dames
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
This content analysis study aimed to understand the culture-sharing pattern of The Woman King fans on X and the film’s impact on Black popular culture. The specific problem that was addressed is the need to explore Black popular culture artifacts, such as The Woman King, to understand how Black culture is produced and reproduced by Blacks and the social commentary it creates. This qualitative dissertation was guided by cultural studies and fandom theories and employed a Critical Technocultural Discourse Analysis (CTDA) to analyze 1,469 public posts on X during the film's opening weekend and a content analysis of the film. …
Small Moments: Anthropological Poetry, Lee Davis
Small Moments: Anthropological Poetry, Lee Davis
Undergraduate Theses
Have you ever perhaps overheard a conversation and thought it reminded you of your own life, or someone you knew? You most likely moved on, and you most likely completely forgot about who you overheard. This collection of poetry was written to urge thought on these secret moments of connection which most people experience every day. Every poem in the collection was written from something I overheard in public, as though I were reading prompts. The pieces are fictional in the sense that I really know so little of the full context, but real in the sense that when I …
Over-The-Top (Ott) Networks' Influence On Shared Cultural Memory, Michael Jelani Akil Brown
Over-The-Top (Ott) Networks' Influence On Shared Cultural Memory, Michael Jelani Akil Brown
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
The digital landscape underwent a profound transformation in the Over-The-Top (OTT) network era, significantly altering media consumption. This study delved into the intricate and multifaceted impact of OTT networks on society, communication theory, and socio-cultural traditions, specifically emphasizing their influence on shared cultural memory. The research was rooted in a robust methodology that combined a Qualtrics online survey disseminated across various social media platforms and in-depth interviews with 25 carefully selected participants. This rigorous approach aimed to shed light on the profound influence of OTT networks on shared cultural memory while investigating how these platforms shaped perceptions, beliefs, attitudes, and …
Human-Machine Communication: Complete Volume. Volume 7 Special Issue: Mediatization
Human-Machine Communication: Complete Volume. Volume 7 Special Issue: Mediatization
Human-Machine Communication
This is the complete volume of HMC Volume 7. Special Issue on Mediatization
Artificial Sociality, Simone Natale, Iliana Depounti
Artificial Sociality, Simone Natale, Iliana Depounti
Human-Machine Communication
This article proposes the notion of Artificial Sociality to describe communicative AI technologies that create the impression of social behavior. Existing tools that activate Artificial Sociality include, among others, Large Language Models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT, voice assistants, virtual influencers, socialbots and companion chatbots such as Replika. The article highlights three key issues that are likely to shape present and future debates about these technologies, as well as design practices and regulation efforts: the modelling of human sociality that foregrounds it, the problem of deception and the issue of control from the part of the users. Ethical, social and cultural …
Communicative Ai And Techno-Semiotic Mediatization: Understanding The Communicative Role Of The Machine, Göran Bolin
Communicative Ai And Techno-Semiotic Mediatization: Understanding The Communicative Role Of The Machine, Göran Bolin
Human-Machine Communication
Mediatization discourse has so far mainly been centered on media from institutional or social-constructionist approaches. The technological developments within communications industries coupled with the wider societal process of datafication might, however, beg for dusting off the smaller, although the long-time existing, technological approach to mediatization as a complement to the two other approaches, in order to understand aspects of automation and human-machine communication. This theoretical article explores how existing mediatization approaches can refocus to include lessons learned from human-machine communication. The first section accounts for the main mediatization approaches. The second section discusses debates on communication, artificiality, and meaning-making. The …
Mediatization And Human-Machine Communication: Trajectories, Discussions, Perspectives, Andreas Hepp, Göran Bolin, Andrea L. Guzman, Wiebke Loosen
Mediatization And Human-Machine Communication: Trajectories, Discussions, Perspectives, Andreas Hepp, Göran Bolin, Andrea L. Guzman, Wiebke Loosen
Human-Machine Communication
As research fields, mediatization and Human-Machine Communication (HMC) have distinct historical trajectories. While mediatization research is concerned with the fundamental interrelation between the transformation of media and communications and cultural and societal changes, the much younger field of HMC delves into human meaning-making in interactions with machines. However, the recent wave of “deep mediatization,” characterized by an increasing emphasis on general communicative automation and the rise of communicative AI, highlights a shared interest in technology’s role within human interaction. This introductory article examines the trajectories of both fields, demonstrating how mediatization research “zooms out” from overarching questions of societal and …