Digital Commons Network^™

De Novo Drug Design Using Transformer-Based Machine Translation And Reinforcement Learning Of An Adaptive Monte Carlo Tree Search, Dony Ang, Cyril Rakovski, Hagop S. Atamian

Biology, Chemistry, and Environmental Sciences Faculty Articles and Research

The discovery of novel therapeutic compounds through de novo drug design represents a critical challenge in the field of pharmaceutical research. Traditional drug discovery approaches are often resource intensive and time consuming, leading researchers to explore innovative methods that harness the power of deep learning and reinforcement learning techniques. Here, we introduce a novel drug design approach called drugAI that leverages the Encoder–Decoder Transformer architecture in tandem with Reinforcement Learning via a Monte Carlo Tree Search (RL-MCTS) to expedite the process of drug discovery while ensuring the production of valid small molecules with drug-like characteristics and strong binding affinities towards …

Auto-Combustion Synthesis Of Lanthanum-Doped Tio2 Nanostructures For Efficient Photocatalytic Degradation Of Crystal Violet Dye, Gharieb Meselhy, Mostafa Yasine Nassar, Ibrahim Mohamed Nassar, Sabry Hamed Seda

Dentistry

Utilising the solution combustion technique, nanocrystalline photocatalysts that included both pristine TiO₂ and doped TiO₂ with various La (III) dopant percentages (1, 3, 5, and 7 mol%) were created. Different methods, including thermal analysis, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), were used to investigate the prepared nanostructures. The XRD results indicated the anatase form and the crystalline nature of the products (pristine and doped TiO2) in the size range of a crystallite (5–16.5) nm. The photocatalytic assessment of the prepared nano-photocatalysts was carried out by …

Surface Modification Of Poly(4,4'-Oxydiphenilene Pyromellitimide) With Low-Pressure Plasma Treatment, Cihan Aktas

USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations

This study explores the change of the wetting characteristics of commercially availablepolyimide (PI), Kapton® HN, films a type of poly(4,4′-oxydiphenylene-pyromellitimide), following treatment with low-pressure plasmas of carbon tetrafluoride (CF4), air, hydrogen (H2), carbon-dioxide (CO2) and oxygen (O2) gases as well as the surface texturing via laser-exposure procedure. The water contact angle (CA) and surface free energy (SFE) of untreated PI films were determined as 82.4°±0.8 and 45.0±0.3 mN/m, respectively. After CF4 plasma gas treatment, the CA value of PI films increased to 110.2°±1.0, while it decreased to 9.3°±2.3 after O2 plasma gas treatment. The surface free energy (SFE) of PI …

Quaternary Rare-Earth Oxyselenides Re4ga2se7o2 (Re = Pr, Nd) With Trigonal Bipyramidal Gase5 Units: Evaluation Of Optical, Thermoelectric, And Electrocatalytic Properties, Vidyanshu Mishra, Ibrahim Munkaila Abdullahi, Dundappa Mumbaraddi, Mohammed Jomaa, Louis Guérin, Manashi Nath, Arthur Mar

Chemistry Faculty Research & Creative Works

Phase-pure samples and single crystals of the rare-earth oxyselenides RE₄Ga₂Se₇O₂ (RE = Pr, Nd) were prepared by reactions at 950 °C. They adopt a new structure type (orthorhombic, space group Pnma, a = 11.721(2)-11.683(2) Å, b = 3.9882(7)-3.9667(7) Å, c = 29.644(5)-29.581(5) Å, Z = 4) consisting of RESe₆ trigonal prisms, GaSe₄ tetrahedra, and GaSe₅ trigonal bipyramids linked to form corrugated layers between which strips of edge-sharing RE₄O tetrahedra are inserted. The bonding character is mostly ionic within RE-O and RE-Se blocks but mostly covalent with Ga-Se blocks, …

Htra1 Prevents And Reverses Α-Synuclein Aggregation, Rendering It Non-Toxic And Seeding Incompetent, Sheng Chen

Arts & Sciences Graduate Student Theses and Dissertations

Protein misfolding and accumulation of misfolded species are associated with multiple neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson’s disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). α-Synuclein (α-Syn) misfolding and accumulation into Lewy bodies is closely linked to Parkinson’s disease. In ALS and FTD, TDP-43 and FUS are found to be aggregated in disease pathology. These proteins aggregate and associate with both a toxic gain of function of misfolded form and a loss of function due to misfolding. Therefore, it is critical to understand molecular mechanisms by which cells can prevent protein misfolding and how the cell can reverse the aggregation …

Synthesis And Characterization Of Bio Based Amphiphilic Molecules, Vandana Singh

Theses and Dissertations

Among various molecular self-assemblies, low molecular weight gelators (LMWGs), that can form gels in organic solvents/water/oils, have gained much research attention due to their huge potential applications. Generally, gels are soft nanomaterials formed by the self-assembly of amphiphilic molecules into a three-dimensional fibrous network entrapping the solvent.

As these gels are formed by self-assembly via non-covalent interactions they are reversible and differ from macromolecular gels. To synthesize LMWGs, biomolecules such as fats, oils, fatty acids, lignocelluloses, sugars, amino acids, and peptides are commonly used as their inherent property favors self-assembly. In the current scenario, interest in synthesizing bio-based gelators has …

Effect Of Zwitterionic Additives On Solvation And Transport Of Sodium And Potassium Cations In (Ethylene Oxide)10: A Molecular Dynamics Simulation Study, Manh Tien Nguyen, Yuhua Duan, Qing Shao

Markey Cancer Center Faculty Publications

Sodium- (Na+) and potassium- (K+) ion batteries are cost-effective alternatives to lithium- ion (Li+) batteries due to the abundant sodium and potassium resources. Solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) are essential for safer and more efficient Na+ and K+ batteries because they often exhibit low ionic conductivity at room temperature. While zwitterionic (ZW) materials enhance Li+ battery conductivity, their potential for Na+ and K+ transport in batteries remains unexplored. In this study, we investigated the effect of three ZW molecules (ChoPO4, i.e., 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphoryl- choline, ImSO3, i.e., sulfobetaine ethylimidazole, and ImCO2, i.e., carboxybetaine ethylimidazole) on the dissociation of Na+ and K+ coordination …

Seeing Eye To Eye? Comparing Faculty And Student Perceptions Of Biomolecular Visualization Assessments, Josh T. Beckham, Daniel R. Dries, Bonnie L. Hall, Rarchel M. Mitton-Fry, Shelly Engelman, Charmita Burch, Roderico Acevedo, Pamela S. Mertz, Didem Vardar-Ulu, Swati Agrawal, Kristin M. Fox, Shane Austin, Margaret A. Franzen, Henry V. Jakubowski, Walter R. P. Novak, Rebecca Roberts, Alberto I. Roca, Kristen Procko

Chemistry Faculty Publications

While visual literacy has been identified as a foundational skill in life science education, there are many challenges in teaching and assessing biomolecular visualization skills. Among these are the lack of consensus about what constitutes competence and limited understanding of student and instructor perceptions of visual literacy tasks. In this study, we administered a set of biomolecular visualization assessments, developed as part of the BioMolViz project, to both students and instructors at multiple institutions and compared their perceptions of task difficulty. We then analyzed our findings using a mixed-methods approach. Quantitative analysis was used to answer the following research questions: …

Treatment Of Oil Refinery Wastewater Polluted By Heavy Metal Ions Via Adsorption Technique Using Non-Valuable Media: Cadmium Ions And Buckthorn Leaves As A Study Case, Salem Jawad Alhamd, Mohammed Nsaif Abbas, Mehrdad Manteghian, Thekra Atta Ibrahim, Karar Dawood Salman Jarmondi

Karbala International Journal of Modern Science

This study focuses on the removal of cadmium ions generated by oil refinery wastewater, employing an agricultural by-product. Buckthorn leaves, sourced from Baghdad and Diyala provinces, underwent preparation, including washing, drying, crushing, and sieving before being utilized in experiments. Batch experiments were conducted using simulated solutions to assess the impact of six key adsorption design parameters: pH, cadmium concentration, agitation speed, contact time, adsorbent dosage, and temperature. The highest adsorption efficiency, reaching 94.4367%, was directly correlated with contact time, adsorbent dosage, pH value, and agitation speed, and inversely related to other variables. Morphological studies on the treated adsorbent, indicated structural …

Rotational Spectrum And Ring Structures Of Silacyclohex-2-Ene And 1,1-Difluorosilacyclohex-2-Ene, Nicole T. Moon, Amanda J. Duerden, Thomas M.C. Mcfadden, Nathan A. Seifert, Gamil A. Guirgis, Garry S. Grubbs

Chemistry Faculty Research & Creative Works

Silacyclohex-2-ene and 1,1-difluorosilacyclohex-2-ene have been synthesized, and the chirped-pulse, Fourier-transform microwave spectra of each have been observed and analyzed from 4.9 to 23.1 GHz. Quantum chemical calculations have been performed at the B3LYP-D3BJ/Def2TZVP level of theory and predict μ_a to be the largest dipole moment component with a significantly larger value in this component for 1,1-difluorosilacyclohex-2-ene. In accordance with this prediction, the spectra were predominantly a-type with the observation of a few b- and c-type transitions. The signal-to-noise ratio was adequate in both spectra to observe ²⁹Si, ³⁰Si, and all singly substituted ¹³C isotopologues in natural …

Enrichment Of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Metabolizing Microorganisms On The Oral Mucosa Of Tobacco Users, James V. Defrancesco, Lin Tao, M Paul Chiarelli, Sylvia Pavlova, Antonia Kolokythas, Joel Schwartz, Benjamin Salameh, Stefan J. Green, Guy Adami

Chemistry: Faculty Publications and Other Works

Certain soil microbes resist and metabolize polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The same is true for a subset of skin microbes. In the human mouth, oral microbes have the potential to oxidize tobacco PAHs, thereby increasing these chemicals' ability to cause cancer of adjacent epithelium. We hypothesized that we could identify, in smokers, the oral mucosal microbes that can metabolize PAH. We isolated bacteria and fungi that survived long-term in minimal media with PAHs as the sole carbon source, under aerobic conditions, from the oral mucosa in 17 of 26 smokers and two of 14 nonsmokers. Of bacteria genera that survived …

Enzymatic Degradation Of Plastic Waste: A Review Of Microbial Strategies And Future Perspectives, David Gonçalves

Seton Hall Biochemistry II Annals of Student Reviews

It is said that humans generate 2.01 billion tons of municipal waste every year and this number is projected to explode to a massive 3.40 billion tons annually by the year 2050 (Ellis, 2018). This increase in waste production perfectly underscores a growing reliance on materials that persist in ecosystems long-term. This contamination, generated from large-scale industrial practices to doing your laundry at home, is best exemplified by the proliferation of microplastics throughout the environment.

What are microplastics? The first documented use of the term microplastics can be traced to a 1990 publication in the South African Journal of Science …

Physical, Chemical, And Biological Methods Of Large-Scale Water Decontamination, Belmin Kolenovic

Seton Hall Biochemistry II Annals of Student Reviews

Considering water is the solvent of life, there is a lack of attention to what is added to it and how it impacts not only the environment but also society at large. In recent years, public scrutiny of the actions of individuals and industries concerning their negative actions on the environment has increased. General trends have seen a shift toward reusability and the reduction of pollutants. Examples include the use of reusable water bottles and the shift to biodegradable straws and paper cups. A plastic bottle casually floating atop a river is easily noticeable as a form of pollution but …

Research Trends And Impact Report On Aggregation-Induced Emission (Aie), 2001-2021, Elsevier Analytical Services

Public Reports

Since the concept of AIE was first proposed in China in 2001, it has gradually grown to a field of science that attracts dedicated researchers from around the world. Elsevier's data analytics team used AIE experts' interpretation of current theoretical, technological, and industrial development trends in the field for reference to collect AIE-related global scientific publications (from the Scopus database) to serve as a publication set in the field of AIE. This was undertaken to present, accurately and objectively, the development of AIE research over the past two decades and the latest scientific advancements in the field; to facilitate the …

Aggregation And Oligomerization Characterization Of Ss-Lactoglobulin Protein Using A Solid-State Nanopore Sensor, Mitu C. Acharjee, Brad Ledden, Brian Thomas, Xianglan He, Troy Messina, Jason Giurleo, David Talaga, Jiali Li

Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Faculty Scholarship and Creative Works

Protein aggregation is linked to many chronic and devastating neurodegenerative human diseases and is strongly associated with aging. This work demonstrates that protein aggregation and oligomerization can be evaluated by a solid-state nanopore method at the single molecule level. A silicon nitride nanopore sensor was used to characterize both the amyloidogenic and native-state oligomerization of a model protein ß-lactoglobulin variant A (βLGa). The findings from the nanopore measurements are validated against atomic force microscopy (AFM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) data, comparing βLGa aggregation from the same samples at various stages. By calibrating with linear and circular dsDNA, this study …

Evolution Of A Self-Renewing, Participant-Centered Workshop Series In Bmb Assessment, Ludmila Tyler, Peter J. Kennelly, Shelly Engelman, Kirsten F. Block, Jennifer C. Bobenko, Jaclyn Catalano, Jesica A. Jones, Margaret I. Kanipes-Spinks, Yang Mooi Lim, Jennifer Loertscher, Tejiri Olafimihan, Hailey Reiss, Territa L. Upchurch-Poole, Yufeng Wei, Kimberly J. Linenberger Cortes, Victoria Del Gaizo Moore

Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Faculty Scholarship and Creative Works

We present as a case study the evolution of a series of participant-centered workshops designed to meet a need in the life sciences education community—the incorporation of best practices in the assessment of student learning. Initially, the ICABL (Inclusive Community for the Assessment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology/BMB Learning) project arose from a grass-roots effort to develop material for a national exam in biochemistry and molecular biology. ICABL has since evolved into a community of practice in which participants themselves—through extensive peer review and reflection—become integral stakeholders in the workshops. To examine this evolution, this case study begins with a …

Development Of Microfluidic Thermal Gel Electrophoresis For Biological Analysis, Mario Ambrocio Cornejo

Wayne State University Dissertations

ABSTRACTDEVELOPMENT OF MICROFLUIDIC THERMAL GEL ELECTROPHORESIS FOR BIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS by MARIO AMBROCIO CORNEJO May 2024 Advisor: Dr. Thomas H. Linz Major: Chemistry (Analytical Chemistry) Degree: Doctor of Philosophy The molecular biology that takes place within cells is vital to the over function of an organism. Healthy cellular function is crucial to a wide web of interconnected processes that need to be balanced and regulated. When these processes become abnormal, disease states are developed. The mapping of biological networks has led to the development of gene therapy and more accurate diagnostic tests. However, there are still vital biomolecules that due to …

Visible Light Photocatalysis With Quantum Dot Gel For Organic Synthesis, Daohua Liu

Wayne State University Dissertations

This dissertation presents metal chalcogenide quantum dots (QDs), a group of emerging visible light photocatalysts, for unique organic chemical transformations that are impossible using conventional molecular photocatalysts. The first part of this dissertation focuses on the comparison between ligand-capped CdS QD and CdS gel. CdS QD gel is a three-dimensional network of interconnected QD. CdS gels were found to show more facile charge transfer with substrates than QDs, due to the partial removal of ligands from its surface during gelation. Our study showed that the photocatalytic activity of CdS gels was indeed superior to trioctylphosphine (TOP)- and thioglycolic acid (TGA)-capped …

Nanoscale Studies Of Magnesium Carbonate Precipitation At Ambient Conditions, Ian Shortt

Material Science and Engineering Dissertations - Archive

Currently approximately 8% of global greenhouse gas emissions can be attributed to the construction industry; of these emissions, a little over half of these emissions are due to the production of traditional calcium-based cements. Magnesium carbonate cements present a promising alternative to traditional calcium-based cements, both in terms of emission reductions and in terms of strength. The primary drawback to magnesium carbonate cements is that ambient curing is not yet viable. The objective of this dissertation is to therefore develop greater understanding of the precipitation pathways undertaken by hydrated magnesium carbonates under near-ambient conditions. In the first section of this …

Quantum Interference Enhancement Of The Spin-Dependent Thermoelectric Response, Runa X. Bennett, Joshua R. Hendrickson, Justin P. Bergfield

Faculty publications – Physics

We investigate the influence of quantum interference (QI) and broken spin-symmetry on the thermoelectric response of node-possessing junctions, finding a dramatic enhancement of the spin-thermopower (Ss), figure-of-merit (ZsT), and maximum thermodynamic efficiency (ηsmax) caused by destructive QI. Using many-body and single-particle methods, we calculate the response of 1,3-benzenedithiol and cross-conjugated molecule-based junctions subject to an applied magnetic field, finding nearly universal behavior over a range of junction parameters with Ss, ZsT, and reaching peak values of 2𝜋/ √3(𝑘/𝑒)2𝜋/3(𝑘/𝑒), 1.51, and 28% of Carnot efficiency, respectively. We also find that the …

Sequential Infiltration Synthesis Of Silicon Dioxide In Polymers With Ester Groups─Insight From In Situ Infrared Spectroscopy, Mahua Biswas, Vepa Rozyyev, Anil U. Mane, Amelia Korveziroska, Uttam Manna, Jeffrey W. Elam

Faculty publications – Physics

New strategies to synthesize nanometer-scale silicon dioxide (SiO2) patterns have drawn much attention in applications such as microelectronic and optoelectronic devices, membranes, and sensors, as we are approaching device dimensions shrinking below 10 nm. In this regard, sequential infiltration synthesis (SIS), a two-step gas-phase molecular assembly process that enables localized inorganic material growth in the targeted reactive domains of polymers, is an attractive process. In this work, we performed in situ Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) measurements during SiO2 SIS to investigate the reaction mechanism of trimethylaluminum (TMA) and tri(tert-pentoxy) silanol (TPS) precursors with polymers having ester functional groups (poly(methyl …

Thermosensitive Phosphors As Optical Temperature Sensors In Extreme Environments, Marcos Ramon Imer Rocha Pita

Wayne State University Dissertations

Luminescent temperature sensors offer unique advantages over thermocouples and pyrometers for applications in extreme environments such as operando wall temperature mapping of combustion engines. A refractory oxide host doped with an optically active ion has the potential to afford a thermosensitive phosphor with a well-defined temperature response in such extreme environments. However, the design of thermosensitive phosphors with targeted temperature sensitivity and spatial resolution in the operational temperature range of interest has been hindered by the inability to rationally select host–activator pairs. A major scientific question is what crystal-chemistry features a low thermal conductivity oxide must possess to afford a …

Density Functional Studies Of Molecular Separation And Charge Transport, Timothy Quainoo

Wayne State University Dissertations

This thesis presents a series of studies which can be grouped majorly into two sections both focusing on the utilization of density functional theory techniques; Molecular electronics and Molecular separation. Molecular electronics has been anticipated to hold a great future as it seeks to apply molecular building blocks in the creation of electronic components. On the other hand, the utilization of mild conditions in chemical processes is geared toward the major goals of green chemistry as it produces less waste and is cost-effective. Thus, this dissertation tackles and answers some of the unanswered questions in literature by using theoretical methods …

Sustainable Additive Manufacturing Of Polysulfone Membranes For Liquid Separations, Brian Leonard, Harrison Loh, David Lu, Ebuka A. Ogbuoji, Isabel Escobar, Konstantinos Sierros, Oishi Sanyal

UK CARES Faculty Publications

Membranes serve as important components for modern manufacturing and purification processes but are conventionally associated with excessive solvent usage. Here, for the first time, a procedure for fabricating large area polysulfone membranes is demonstrated via the combination of direct ink writing (DIW) with non-solvent induced phase inversion (NIPS). The superior control and precision of this process allows for complete utilization of the polymer dope solution during membrane fabrication, thus enabling a significant reduction in material usage. Compared to doctor blade fabrication, a 63% reduction in dope solution volume was achieved using the DIW technique for fabricating similarly sized membranes. Cross …

Solution Combustion Synthesis And Characterization Of Fumarolic Mineral Dolerophanite, Copper (Ii) Oxide Sulfate, Eric J. Cyganowski

Chemistry & Biochemistry Theses - Archive

Dolerophanite Cu₂OSO₄ is a rare mineral found almost exclusively in the fumaroles of volcano systems and is sensitive to temperature and humidity conditions. It has a monoclinic C2/m crystal structure characterized by two-dimensional layers composed of sulfate anions dispersed amongst copper (II) oxide backbones. There has been recent interest in dolerophanite due to the magnetic properties of its Kagome-like lattice as well as its potential use as a photocatalyst or Li-ion battery electrode. Literature on the material however has been limited by the available synthesis strategies. As such, this thesis work presents a novel strategy …

Gas Evolution Of A Nickel-Zinc Cell, Niklas Landgraf

Graduate Theses/Dissertations

Batteries are a foundational technology in some of the industries most essential to humanity. Often, their advancement to achieve better performance impacts human lives positively. There are a wide variety of battery chemistries that have been utilized, and the differences in their properties have caused them to be used in many distinct niche applications. Nickel-Zinc (NiZn) batteries are desirable because of their recyclable materials, high cell voltage, and high cycle-life. However, it experiences undesirable shape-change of its electrode materials and gas production due to the electrolysis of the aqueous electrolyte. These can lead to a decrease in capacity over many …

Activation Of Molecular Oxygen For The Selective Oxidation Of Alkenes Catalyzed By Hollow Mn3o4 Nanoparticles, Pranab Kumar Nandy

Dissertations and Theses

This dissertation describes two distinct projects: 1) hollow Mn3O4 nanoparticles for selective oxidation of alkenes with O2, and 2) investigation of chloro[2-(mesityl(quinoline-8-yl-κN)boryl]-3,5-dimethyl-phenyl}methyl-κC)palladium(II) for activation of C-F bonds in aryl fluorides. Hollow Mn3O4 nanoparticles were synthesized from the galvanic reaction between Cu2+ and MnO nanocrystals. The hollow Mn3O4 particles were characterized with transmission electron microscopy and powder X-ray diffraction. The particles have diameter of 31 nm and a hollow cavity of 16 nm. We investigated the role of the hollow Mn3O4 nanoparticles in the selective oxidation of organic substrates with molecular oxygen. The results indicate that the hollow Mn3O4 nanoparticles catalyze …

Advancing Anti-Counterfeiting Approach Via The Development Of Functional Optical Materials, Zishen Yang

Dissertations and Theses

Counterfeiting poses a significant threat to public health and safety, necessitating robust measures to combat it. Addressing this challenge requires the development of advanced materials and techniques, coupled with a comprehensive understanding of the obstacles inherent in anti-counterfeiting endeavors. Our study delved into two approaches for crafting anti-counterfeiting technologies: plasmonic and luminescence materials. We thoroughly examined the challenges associated with each method and proposed viable solutions. Notably, we devised a streamlined process for producing inkjet printable Surface-enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) ink, enabling the creation of low-cost covert quick response (QR) codes with a high storage capacity. Access to the encoded …

Advanced Optical Biosensing Using Ratiometric Fluorescent Polymer Dots And Nanozyme, Shuyi He

Dissertations and Theses

Biosensors have been deeply valued and widely used in fermentation technology, environmental monitoring, food engineering, clinical medicine, and the military. However, current biosensors still face many technical challenges, such as miniaturization, convenience, high precision, and low power consumption which restrict the popularization and development of biosensors. Meeting these challenges require the development of advanced materials and technologies. Optical biosensors offer distinct advantages such as high sensitivity, rapid response time, and the potential for miniaturization, making them ideal for overcoming the existing limitations. My research in this dissertation explores the development and application of advanced functional nanomaterials in optical biosensing, focusing …

Functionalization Of Pristine And Defective Monolayer Graphene To Control Biofilm Growth, Md Tusar Uddin

Dissertations and Theses

Biofilms are surface-attached microorganism communities that are embedded in extracellular matrix. They play a significant role in different infections which cause many life-threatening diseases in the world population. Many strategies have been developed to control biofilm formation and microbial adhesion on the surface such as coating by an antimicrobial agent, chemical modification of surfaces, and physical destruction of biofilm areas. However, these techniques are not sufficient to limit the widespread biofilm formation. Therefore, new antimicrobial strategies need to be developed to control these often antibiotics-resistant microorganisms. The aim of our work is to develop novel materials to maximize the capability …