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Multidimensional Mass Spectrometry Of Chemonic™ Ccg-6 Nonionic Surfactant With Separation By Polarity And Shape, Charles Johnson

Williams Honors College, Honors Research Projects

Chemonic™ CCG-6 surfactant is a water-soluble poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) conjugated alkyl glyceride emollient. This surfactant exists as a complex mixture of a glycerol cores conjugated with poly(ethylene glycol) branches (PEGylation) that were partially esterified with caprylic (C8) and capric (C10) acids. These may be esterified on one, two, or all three arms of the glyceride. The architecture of the structures in this mixture was studied using multidimensional mass spectrometry (MS). Mass spectrometry was interfaced with ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) and ion mobility (IM) separation. The mixture was separated by reversed-phase LC, oligomers of the star-branched polymer were separated according to …

Silver Nanoparticles: An Effective Antibacterial Agent Against Gram-Negative Bacteria, Ashley M. Wilcox

Browse all Theses and Dissertations

A fourth of the world’s population lack access to safe water, thus the need for a more effective water treatment is imperative. Interest in silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) has grown in the last decade. Unlike chlorine, AgNPs do not form disinfection by products (DBPs), making them a prime candidate for drinking water treatment. The main aim of this study was to compare the antibacterial activity of electrochemical silver nanoparticles (eAgNPs-f) of ~5 nm in diameter against well-established pathogens: Escherichia coli (E. coli), Klebsiella variicola (K. variicola), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) to chlorine and Ag+ for drinking water. This was achieved …

Nanostructured Materials For Photocatalysis, Water Treatment And Solar Desalination, Hiran D. Kiriarachchi

Theses and Dissertations

Maintaining a constant supply of clean drinking water is among the most pressing global challenges in our time. About one-third of the population is affected by the water scarcity and it can only get worse with climate change, rapid industrialization, and the population growth. Even though nearly 70 percent of the planet is covered by water, the consumable freshwater content is only 2.5 percent of it. Unfortunately, the accessible portion of it is only 1 percent. Even so, most of the freshwater bodies are choked with pollution. Considering the vast availability of saline water on the planet and the increasing …

Experimental Studies Of Barite Growth Using Hydrothermal Atomic Force Microscopy In Alkali Metal Salt Solutions At 108 C, Sohan Ahmed

Browse all Theses and Dissertations

Barite (BaSO4) growth on the (001) surface was studied under solutions of alkali metal chloride salts (LiCl, NaCl, KCl, RbCl and CsCl) as a function of saturation index and ionic strength of the salts at 108 C. When LiCl was used as the background electrolyte, growth hillocks on the barite surface consisted of both [010] steps and <120> steps at ionic strengths of 0.05 and 0.1 M, but [010] steps were not observed at lower ionic strength. In NaCl solutions, hillocks displayed greater prominence of the [010] steps when compared with LiCl. From the saturation state dependent studies, it was found …

Synthesis Of Oligodeoxynucleotides Containing Sensitive Electrophiles, Shahien Shahsavari

Dissertations, Master's Theses and Master's Reports

Oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) containing electrophilic groups are useful in many studies including antisense drug development and DNA/protein interaction. Due to the use of strong nucleophiles for cleavage and deprotection, traditional ODN synthesis methods are not suitable for their preparation. To solve this problem, a new ODN synthesis technology using the 1,3- dithiane-2-yl-methoxycarbonyl (Dmoc) function as protecting groups and linker has been developed. Furthermore, Dmoc-derivatives were developed to demonstrate the feasibility of the technology. The Dmoc and Dmoc derivative functions are stable under all ODN synthesis conditions using the phosphoramidite chemistry. Upon oxidation of the sulfides in them, because of the drastically …

In Situ Monitoring Of Linear Rgd-Peptide Bioconjugation With Nanoscale Polymer Brushes, Evmorfia Psarra, Ulla Konig, Martin Muller, Eva Bittrich, Klaus-Jochen Eichhorn, Petra B. Welzel, Manfred Stamm, Petra Uhlmann

Department of Chemistry: Faculty Publications

Bioinspired materials mimicking the native extracellular matrix environment are promising for biotechnological applications. Particularly, modular biosurface engineering based on the functionalization of stimuli-responsive polymer brushes with peptide sequences can be used for the development of smart surfaces with biomimetic cues. The key aspect of this study is the in situ monitoring and analytical verification of the biofunctionalization process on the basis of three complementary analytical techniques. In situ spectroscopic ellipsometry was used to quantify the amount of chemisorbed GRGDS at both the homopolymer poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) brush and the binary poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm)− PAA brushes, which was finally confirmed …

Catalytic Mechanism Of Amyloid-Β Peptide Degradation By Insulin Degrading Enzyme: Insights From Qm/Mm Mp2 Calculation, Rui Lai, Wei-Jen Tang, Hui Li

Department of Chemistry: Faculty Publications

Insulin degrading enzyme (IDE), a metalloprotease that degrades amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides and insulin, is associated with Alzheimer’s disease and diabetes. The mechanism of IDE catalyzed degrading of Aβ peptides, which is of fundamental importance in the design of therapeutic methods for Alzheimer’s disease, has not been fully understood. In this work, combined quantum mechanics and molecular mechanics (QM/MM) style Møller-Plesset second order perturbation theory (MP2) geometry optimization calculations are performed to investigate the catalytic mechanism of the Aβ40 Phe19-Phe20 peptide bond cleavage by human IDE. The analyses using QM/MM MP2 optimization suggest that a …

Development Of A Microcolumn One-Site Immunometric Assay For A Protein Biomarker: Analysis Of Alpha1-Acid Glycoprotein In Serum, Chenhua Zhang, Shae Lott, William Clarke, David S. Hage

Department of Chemistry: Faculty Publications

A one-site immunometric assay based on affinity microcolumns was developed for the analysis of alpha₁-acid glycoprotein (AGP) as a model protein biomarker. In this assay, a sample containing AGP was incubated with an excess amount of a labeled binding agent, such as fluorescein-labeled anti-AGP antibodies or F_ab fragments. The excess binding agent was removed by passing this mixture through a microcolumn that contained an immobilized form of AGP, while the signal was measured for the binding agent-AGP complex in the non-retained fraction. Theoretical and practical factors were both considered in selecting the concentration of labeled binding agent, …

Nmr Metabolomics Protocols For Drug Discovery, Fatema Bhinderwala, Robert Powers

Department of Chemistry: Faculty Publications

Drug discovery is an extremely difficult and challenging endeavor with a very high failure rate. The task of identifying a drug that is safe, selective and effective is a daunting proposition because disease biology is complex and highly variable across patients. Metabolomics enables the discovery of disease biomarkers, which provides insights into the molecular and metabolic basis of disease and may be used to assess treatment prognosis and outcome. In this regard, metabolomics has evolved to become an important component of the drug discovery process to resolve efficacy and toxicity issues, and as a tool for precision medicine. A detailed …

Reversible Mechanical Deformations Of Soft Microchannel Networks For Sensing In Soft Robotic Systems, Abhiteja Konda, Donghee Lee, Taesun You, Xiaoyan Wang, Sangjin Ryu, Stephen Morin

Department of Chemistry: Faculty Publications

Microfluidics has enabled numerous applications in, for example, analytical chemistry, medical diagnostics, microelectronics, and soft robotics. In most of these applications, the geometries of the microchannels are of fixed dimensions that (ideally) remain invariant during operation. In soft robotics, however, the geometries of the microchannels contained in soft actuation systems are inherently dynamic, and the specific dimensions are expected to change during operation, and, by extension, the fluid transport properties of the system are variable. If this characteristic is not properly considered, or if methods are not developed to control it, the progress of soft robotic devices with distributed fluid …

Glycoform Analysis Of Alpha1-Acid Glycoprotein By Capillary Electrophoresis Using Electrophoretic Injection, Chenhua Zhang, William Clarke, David S. Hage

David Hage Publications

Human alpha₁-acid glycoprotein (AGP) is an acute phase glycoprotein that has a heterogeneous glycosylation pattern. This pattern can change in certain diseases, which has resulted in interest in using AGP glycoforms as potential biomarkers for these diseases. This report describes a method that uses capillary electrophoresis to characterize and analyze AGP glycoforms both in purified samples of AGP and in human serum. This method uses static and dynamic coatings of poly (ethylene oxide) that are applied to a silica capillary for separation of AGP glycoforms in the reversed-polarity mode of CE and in the presence of negligible electroosmotic …

Characterization Of The Microbial Phosphonate-Activating Pntc Enzymes, Kyle Rice

Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive)

New strategies are urgently needed to combat infectious diseases in an era of rising antibiotic resistance. Furthermore, an emerging appreciation for the human microbiome’s role in maintaining health motivates discovery of species-specific antibiotics that minimally disrupt our native bacterial communities. Small molecule modifications to bacterial cell surfaces represent a potentially rich source of new targets for next generation antibiotics, as these molecules mediate virulence and evasion of the host immune response. Phosphocholine (PCho) is a rare cell surface modification that contributes to virulence, and modifications with phosphonates like 2-aminoethylphosphonate (AEP) are even more unusual and therefore provide opportunities for species- …

Nanoscale Building Blocks: Bridging The Gap Between Potential And Realized Applications, Nicole Ritter

Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive)

The vast potential of nanoparticles and nanotechnology remains largely untapped; the crucial bottleneck being the knowledge gap between making and using nanoparticles (NPs). This PhD work bridges this gap by focusing on synthesizing nanoparticles with applications at the forefront. Four peer-reviewed publications are presented in Chapters 3-6, a safety and toxicological perspective is given in Chapter 7, and current work and future progress are summarized in Appendix 1. Bimorphic silver nanoparticles were prepared, presenting an innovative method to synthesize diverse nanostructures using polymeric surface blocking to break symmetry in seeded regrowth (Chapter 3).¹ Silver stars with D_5h symmetry …

Electrochemical Amperometric Biosensor Applications Of Nanostructured Metal Oxides: A Review, Bünyamin Sahin, Tolga Kaya

School of Computer Science & Engineering Faculty Publications

Biological sensors have been extensively investigated during the last few decades. Among the diverse facets of biosensing research, nanostructured metal oxides (NMOs) offer a plethora of potential benefits. In this article, we provide a thorough review on the sensor applications of NMOs such as glucose, cholesterol, urea, and uric acid. A detailed analysis of the literature is presented with organized tables elaborating the fundamental characteristics of sensors including the sensitivity, limit of detection, detection range, and stability parameters such as duration, relative standard deviation, and retention. Further analysis was provided through an innovative way of displaying the sensitivity and linear …

Nanomaterials For Double-Stranded Rna Delivery, Stuart Lichtenberg

Theses and Dissertations--Plant and Soil Sciences

RNA interference has enormous potential as a potent, specific, and environmentally friendly alternative to small molecule pesticides for crop protection. The use of exogenous double-stranded RNA offers flexibility in targeting and use in crops in which transgenic manipulation is not an option. The combination of RNAi with nanotechnology offers further advantages that are not available with dsRNA alone. In this work, I have evaluated several different combinations of nanomaterials and polymers for use in RNAi-based pest control systems. First, I have characterized the use of chitosan/dsRNA polyplex nanoparticles for gene knockdown using the model nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Though chitosan/dsRNA …

Water Dispersible Α-Mangostin By Self-Assembly Process, Jutamad Bumrung

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

α-Mangostin, major bioactive compounds in Garcinia mangostana Linn, displays various interesting biological activities. However, the poor water solubility of α-mangostin has limited its use in the cosmetics and pharmaceutics. Here, we solve α-mangostin's solubility by creating water dispersible α-mangostin particles through self-assembly process with no need of any auxiliary agents such as polymers or surfactants. The simple and upscalable process gives 100% pure α-mangostin spherical particles with nanometer sizes. FT-IR result suggests that intermolecular interaction among α-mangostin molecules in the nanoparticles is weaker than that of the original α-mangostin solid. The lower thermal stability of the particles as compared to …

Investigating Paraben 3,5-Substitution Effects On Estrogen Receptor Binding, Zachary Morgan

Longwood Senior Theses

Paraben, a compound formerly found in cosmetics, has been found to bind the Estrogen Receptor Alpha (ERα), a receptor found primarily in reproductive tissues. In paraben binding the ERα, the risk of breast cancer increases. In order to better understand how 3,5-substituted paraben derivatives bind the ER, Molecular Operating Environment was used to calculate the interaction energy associated with binding these substrates to the ER. It was found that substituted paraben molecules exhibit a weaker binding to the ER, whereas paraben molecules with varying alkyl chains bind stronger to the ER. Further, in comparing molecular and bimolecular docking data, it …

Copper-Mediated N1-Arylation Of Benzotriazoles, Magdalena R. Andrzejewska

Dissertations and Theses

Benzotriazoles are group of bicyclic heterocyclic compounds that contain three nitrogen atoms fused to a benzene ring. Along with their derivatives, they possess a wide range of properties. They are used in medical field, as they exhibit such properties as antibacterial,antiplasmoidal,antiprotozoal, antifungal and anti-inflammatory activities, among others. They are also used in various industries as herbicides, UV absorbers, deicing and antiicing agents and corrosion inhibitors, to list a few. Because of their wide range of applications, we designed a new two-step synthesis for the formation of N-1-aryl benzotriazoles. 1-Hydroxy-1H-benzotriazole N-oxides were synthesized using phenylboronic acid (PhB(OH) …

Tools For Understanding Static Structure Factors And Their Application To Simulations Of Liquids, Travis Mackoy

Graduate Research Theses & Dissertations

Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations can be used to compute static structure factors (��(��)) and provide an interpretation of the underlying periodic atomic ordering. MD simulations complement experimentally measured ��(��) by allowing qualitative assignment of peaks to various ordering, such as cation-anion ordering in ionic liquids, via decomposition of ��(��) into partial ��(��). Here we present a method for classifying interatomic distances that allows for quantitative peak assignment and visualization of atoms that contribute most to each peak in calculated ��(��) for soft materials. The method is illustrated by investigating ��(��) for the ionic liquid 1-butyl-1-methyl-pyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (C4C1pyrrTFSI), which shows two …

Assessment Of Imagining And Material Characteristics Of A Radiopaque, Thermoresponsive Hydrogel For Intratumoral Administration To Solid Tumours, Seona Rossi, Timothy E. Murray, John Cassidy, Michael J. Lee, Helena M. Kelly

Articles

Introduction

Thermoresponsive hydrogels are gels which have different properties at varying temperatures. The objective of this study was to assess the material characteristics, imaging properties and chemotherapeutic drug release profile of a novel radiopaque thermoresponsive hydrogel, which is liquid at room temperature but solidifies at body temperature, to determine potential suitability for intratumoral delivery.

Materials and Methods

An iodinated radiopaque thermoresponsive hydrogel was formulated using iodixanol at a range of concentrations and assessed for sol-gel transition, radiopacity and imaging using CT and US. A lead formulation containing 9.22% w/w iodixanol was evaluated for injectability, disintegration and dual drug release of …

Preliminary Results From The Farce 2015 Campaign: Multidisciplinary Study Of The Forest–Gas–Aerosol–Cloud System On The Tropical Island Of Laréunion, Valentin Duflot, Pierre Tulet, Olivier Flores, Christelle Barthe, Aurélie Colomb, Laurent Deguillaume, Mickael Vaïtilingom, Anne Perring, Alex Huffman, Markt. Hernandez, Karine Sellegri, Ellis Robinson, David J. O'Connor, Odessa M .Gomez, Frédéric Burnet, Thierry Bourrianne, Dominique Strasberg, Manon Rocco, Allan K Bertram, Patrick Chazette, Julien Totems, Pierre Stamenoff, Jean-Marc Metzger, Mathilde Chabasset, Clothilde Rousseau, Eric Bourrianne, Martine Sancelme, Anne-Marie Delort, Rachel E. Wegener, Cedric Chou, Pablo Elizondo

Articles

The Forests gAses aeRosols Clouds Exploratory (FARCE) campaign was conducted in March–April 2015 on the tropical island of La Réunion. For the first time, several scientific teams from different disciplines collaborated to provide reference measurements and characterization of LaRéunionvegetation,volatileorganiccompounds(VOCs), biogenic VOCs (BVOCs), (bio)aerosols and composition of clouds, with a strong focus on the Maïdo mountain slope area. The main observations obtained during this 2-month intensivefieldcampaignaresummarized.Theyincludecharacterizations of forest structure, concentrations of VOCs and precursors emitted by forests, aerosol loading and optical properties in the planetary boundary layer (PBL), formation of new particles by nucleation of gas-phase precursors, icenucleatingparticlesconcentrations,andbiologicalloadingin bothcloud-freeandcloudyconditions.SimulationsandmeasurementsconfirmthattheMaïdoObservatorylieswithinthe PBL from …

Experimental And Computational Studies Of Gas-Phase Metal Ion Catalysts, Elettra Ludovica Piacentino

Graduate Research Theses & Dissertations

In this thesis, the chemistry of three groups of transition metal coordination complexes

is reported: A series of zinc–based catalysts was evaluated for efficiency in decomposing

formic acid into molecular hydrogen and carbon dioxide in the gas phase. The effectiveness

of the catalysts in the series [LZn(H)]+, where L = terpyridine (tpy), phenantroline (phen)

or 2,2’-bipyrydine (bpy) was found to depend on the ligand used, which turned out to be fun

damental in tuning the catalytic properties of the zinc complex. Specifically, [(tpy)Zn(H)]+

displayed the fastest formic acid decomposition as observed inside a quadrupole ion trap mass

spectrometer. The catalysts …

Developing X-Ray Spectromicroscopic Techniques To Quantitatively Determine Population Statistics And Individual Particle Composition Of Complex Mixed Aerosols, Matthew Fraund

University of the Pacific Theses and Dissertations

Aerosols are a major source of uncertainty in estimates of anthropogenic effects on global radiative forcing and can pose serious health concerns. While many instrumental techniques capable of analyzing aerosol samples are available, individual-particle spectromicroscopic techniques like the ones presented here are the only ones to offer morphological and compositional measurements together. Studying the composition and mixing state of aerosol populations allowed for important aspects to be uncovered, such as: aerosol source, formation mechanism, hygroscopicity, optical properties, level of aging, and inhalation dangers. Ambient aerosols from the Amazon, both biogenic and anthropogenic, were apportioned based on their individual composition. Recently …

Approaches To The Search Of Platinum Anticancer Agents: Derivatizing Current Drugs And Incorporating Hdac Inhibition, Chao Feng

University of the Pacific Theses and Dissertations

Platinum-based anticancer drugs, such as cisplatin, carboplatin, and oxaliplatin, have been approved for clinical use worldwide for decades. Despite their enormous success, their widespread application is hindered by either cross-resistance or toxic side effects, including nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity. The need to overcome these drawbacks has stimulated the search for new platinum-based drugs.

This dissertation will start with the accidental discovery of cisplatin, followed by an introduction of other platinum-based anticancer agents, including the action mechanism, general structures, and development history. Picoplatin is a newer generation of platinum-based anticancer agent. The bulky 2-methylpyridine as a non-leaving group on picoplatin could reduce …

Volume 11, Jacob Carney, Ryan White, Joseph Hyman, Jenny Raven, Megan Garrett, Ibrahim Kante, Summer Meinhard, Lauren Johnson, William "Editha" Dean Howells, Laura Gottschalk, Christopher Siefke, Pink Powell, Natasha Woodmancy, Katharine Colley, Abbey Mays, Charlotte Potts

Incite: The Journal of Undergraduate Scholarship

Table of Contents:

Introduction, Dr. Roger A. Byrne, Dean

From the Editor, Dr. Larissa "Kat" Tracy

From the Designers, Rachel English, Rachel Hanson

Synthesis of 3,5-substituted Parabens and their Antimicrobial Properties, Jacob Coarney, Ryan White

Chernobyl: Putting "Perestroika" and "Glasnot" to the Test, Joseph Hyman

Art by Jenny Raven

Watering Down Accessibility: The Issue with Public Access to Alaska's Federal Waterways, Meagan Garrett

Why Has the Democratic Republic of the Congo outsourced its Responsibility to Educate its Citizens? Ibrahim Kante

Art by Summer Meinhard

A Computational Study of Single Molecule Diodes, Lauren Johnson

Satire of …

Avoiding Adverse Effects: New Ideas In Drug Discovery For Targeting Pparγ, Trey M. Patton

Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) has been a drug target to treat type 2 diabetes for the last 20 years when rosiglitazone and pioglitazone were approved by the FDA in 1999. While effective at increasing insulin sensitivity, these drugs cause serious adverse effects due to their full agonist characteristics. For that reason, drug discovery efforts have attempted to reduce or prevent the amount of agonist character of new PPARγ targeting ligands. Unfortunately, there have been no new FDA approved drugs for the receptor. There is a need for new ideas to produce better quality pharmaceuticals that lessen the impact of …

Metastable-State Photoacids: Synthesis, Properties, And Applications, Parth Patel

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Reversible photochromic compounds have the ability to reversibly change its color when it absorbs photons of a particular wavelength. This process of color change is a consequence of structural changes within the compound, such as cis-trans photo-isomerization. Some examples of photochromic compounds are spiropyrans, spirooxazines, diarylethenes and azobenzenes. These compounds have been extensively studied for decades, and are used in various applications such as biomedicine, chemical sensors and harvesting solar energy. However, majority of photochromic compounds are initially activated by ultraviolet (UV) light. The use of UV light is harmful for biological applications and photo-degrade the compound over repeated use. …

The Characterization Of Condom Lubricants And Personal Hygiene Products Using Dart-Tofms And Gc- Ms And The Investigation Of Gold Nanoparticle Behavior In Water And The Interaction With Blood Serum Proteins, Yasmine Moustafa

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

This dissertation is divided into two independent research projects. First, condom lubricants, sexual lubricants, and personal hygiene products (PHPs) were studied using direct analysis in real time-time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (DART-TOFMS) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The purpose addressed the concern of perpetrators resorting to new tactics, i.e. using condoms to remove seminal fluid that could provide a DNA link to a suspect, leading to the need of the consideration of condom lubricants as pieces of sexual assault evidence. Due to condom lubricants having a chemical composition resembling PHPs, the investigation of both sample groups was analyzed to prevent false positives. Although …

Tumor-Targeted Conjugated Polymer Nanoparticles With Encapsulated Iron And Its Biomedical Application For In Vitro Killing Of Melanoma Cell Lines Through Ferroptosis Assisted Chemodynamic Therapy (Cdt), Khalaf Jasim

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Melanoma represents one of the most aggressive and lethal forms of skin cancer, with annually rising incidences throughout the world. Although chemotherapy modalities remain the mainstay of treatment, the therapeutic potential of chemotherapy typically is hampered by multidrug resistance (MDR) and nonspecific drug distribution that causes side-effects. To surmount such limitations, novel nanoformulations of low band-gap poly ({4,8-bis [(2-ethylhexyl) oxy] benzo [1,2-b:4,5-b?] dithiophene-2,6-diyl}{3-fluoro-2-[(2-ethylhexyl) carbonyl] thieno [3,4-b] thiophenediyl}) (PTB7) and poly [2,1,3-benzothiadiazole- 4,7- diyl [4,4-bis (2-ethylhexyl)- 4H-cyclopenta [2,1-b:3,4-b'] dithiophene-2,6-diyl]] (PCPDTBT) were fabricated by a reprecipitation method. These conjugated polymer nanoparticles were functionalized with the polypeptide endothelin-3 (EDN3-CPNPs) to target melanoma. The …

Magnesium-Based Treatment For The Degradation Of Octachlorodibenzofuran And Trinitrotoluene, Amal Mogharbel

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

The aim of the present research is to investigate the efficacy of using ball-milled zero-valent magnesium (ZVMg) with and without activated carbon (AC) for the dechlorination of polychlorinated dibenzofurans. Three different solvent systems are presented here which are ethanol, ethanol/ethyl lactate (90:10), and 2-butoxyethanol. These solvents in combination with ZVMg with and without activated carbon were tested towards the degradation of octachlorodibenzofuran (OCDF, the most highly chlorinated PCDF congener). All the tested systems were very powerful and reductively dechlorinated OCDF to less chlorinated congeners. However, the system of ball-milled ZVMg and ethanol was the only system which converted OCDF and …