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Fugacity Coefficients Of Gases In Binary Mixtures, David W. H. Roth

Theses

Fugacity coefficients of components in gaseous mixtures have been calculated by a method proposed by Joffe which is based on the use of generalized thermodynamic functions, and on Kay's rule for definition of the pseudocritical points of a gaseous mixture. The method should be applicable to compounds which can be correlated by the theory of corresponding states.

The method was tested by application to 255 experimental points comprised of four gaseous systems, and included Argon-Ethylene, Hydrogen - Nitrogen, Methane - Ethane, and Methane n Butane. Thermodynamic functions from two recent generalized correlations, that of Pitzer et al., and that of …

Power Requirements For Agitation In Fully Baffled Vertical Cylinders, Leo Francis Ryan

Theses

The decrease in power number with increasing Reynolds number sought in this thesis was observed. However, the majority of the data is not an indication of this phenomenon. Only with a relatively high ratio of turbine diameter to vessel diameter could a power number fall-off be obtained. The power number fall-off thus appears to be dependent upon this ratio of turbine diameter to vessel diameter. When the power number fall-off was evidenced, a deep vortex existed despite the presence of full baffling, and large quantities of air were entrained by the liquid.

Even after applying pseudo corrections for both entrained …

Esterification Of Technical Grade Lactic Acid, George John Swier

Theses

A step in the method for manufacturing a purified grade of lactic acid from the technical grade lactic acid (44%) was investigated. In this method, technical grade lactic acid was reacted with normal butyl alcohol, the water formed during esterification was azeotropically removed. The ester formed, was separated from the excess butanol by vacuum distillation. The final step, the hydrolysis of the distilled ester to a purified grade of lactic acid was not covered in this investigation.

In this study, several features are reported, which to the best of knowledge, appear in a publication for the first time. They are …

Thermodynamic Properties Of Methyl Isobutyl Ketone, Lionel James Sirois

Theses

The thermodynamic properties of methyl isobutyl ketone (4-methy1-2-pentanone, hexone) have been determined for the saturated region from 32°F to the critical temperature, 569°F. Properties in the superheated region were determined for temperatures from 200°F to 2000°F and over a pressure range from 5 psia to 1000 psia. Enthalpies, entropies, and specific volumes are reported for both phases where applicable. The datum point for all calculations was zero enthalpy and entropy for a unit mass of saturated liquid at 32°F and 0.083 psia.

Pressure-volume-temperature relations were predicted using the equation of state of Martin and Hou.⁽⁶⁾ This equation of state …

A Study Of The Flow Characteristics In The Core Region Of The Sandia Engineering Reactor, James A. Moeller

Chemical and Biological Engineering ETDs

The core region of a nuclear rector is an extremely compact area with a capability of providing a very high heat output. Regardless of the type of coolant used, the heat transfer characteristics of this region must be adequately designed to prevent any undesirable "hot-spots" from developing. The Sandia Engineering Reactor has one of the most compact cores of any in currently operating nuclear reactors. For this reason it is necessary to investigate fully the heat transfer characteristics of the core. The rate of heat transfer from the fuel elements to the coolant is directly dependent upon the temperature difference …

Absolute Viscosity Of The N-Paraffin Liquids, Gerald Permutt

Theses

The absolute viscosity of the normal paraffins C₅H₁₂ to C₂₀H₄₂ was studied to determine a relationship more useful in predicting liquid viscosities than existing correlations such as the methods of Andrade, Souders, Thomas, and Doolittle.

It was found that a function of corresponding liquid states could be designed which related viscosity to the number of carbon atoms. This function, here called liquidity, is defined as the extent to which a substance exists as a liquid with respect to temperature. This function can be expressed mathematically as:

L_c = (t - t_m)/(t …

Correlation Of Maximum Air Velocity With Angle Of Installation For Wire Mesh Mist Eliminators, John Lawrence Reid

Theses

Wire mesh entrainment separators were installed in a vertical cylindrical column at varying angles from the horizontal. With a fixed liquid loading, air flow rates were varied in order to determine the maximum capacity of the mist eliminator for any given angle of installation. Mist eliminators studied were 4" thick and constructed of 0. 011" diameter Type 304 stainless steel wire with a density of 12 lbs. per cubic foot and 5 lbs. per cubic foot.

For normal installations of mist eliminators in the horizontal plane, the following equation is used to determine maximum allowable design capacity:

V = K …

Single Particle Crushing Of Glass, John Boyd Painter

Theses

An investigation was made to determine the relationship between new surface formed and energy input in the slow compression crushing of single glass particles at levels of high energy input.

Particle geometry, as represented by various sized hollow and solid cylinders, showed no effect on the energy-area relationship obtained.

Using an average particle size relationship as a measure of surface area, a definite relationship was found to exist between the new surface formed and the energy input for the slow compression crushing of glass.

Surface area measurements were attempted by employing gas adsorption techniques using a continuous flow method. This …

Aetna Furnace And Ohio Valley Iron Industry, Department Of Library Special Collections

Research Collections

Clippings and other information related to the first iron furnace in western half of Kentucky. Charles Wilkins, Ruggles Whiting, and Jacob Holderman are noted as well as Thomas Lincoln. A presentation paper has the history of the Ohio Valley Iron industry with the Pittsburg area, Wheeling and Mahoning and Shenanto Valleys. Also Hanging Rock Iron Region and the regions of the Cumberland, Tennessee and Green Rivers. Names mentioned are: Richard Deering, David Trimble, John Trimble, William Shreve, Murtry and Ward, A. Pogue, George Poague, John Means Seaton, Jame Rodgers, Lillie and Rose Means, Greenup County furnaces, Carter County furnaces. Also …

The Separation And Microdetermination Of Cobalt In High Purity Nickel, John Richard Knapp Jr.

Masters Theses

"It has been found that many substances in an extremely pure form or containing certain trace impurities exhibit many unique physical and chemical properties. Investigators studying these properties have encountered many difficulties, especially in preparing the extremely pure substance and/or in accurately determining the quantity of impurities present. These problems arise chiefly from the very similar chemical properties of the constituents being separated and the possibility of contamination during the necessary processing of the substance for purification or analysis.

Trace analysis, therefore, has become very important in recent years. Where previously analyses based upon parts per hundred were adequate, now …

The Lattice Constants Of Chromium And Vanadium Containing Dissolved Gases, Paluri Bhimeswara Rao

Masters Theses

"The physical properties of chromium and vanadium are so important that a study of their lattice constants and their coefficients of thermal expansion, requires special consideration.

A number of research workers, over a period of about forty years, have done considerable work in determining the above constants. Some of the previous investigators found an anomaly in the thermal expansion, electrical resistivity and other physical properties of chromium. They observed that at about 37°C, chromium showed a discontinuity in the above physical properties. However it is not known what causes the discontinuity in the expansivity curve of chromium. The discontinuity may …

The Redesign And Construction Of A Rotating Disc Contactor, Richard Henry Okenfuss

Masters Theses

"Liquid-liquid extraction has played a major role in the processing of nuclear fuels. The Department of Chemical Engineering of the Missouri School of Mines and Metallurgy realizing this, petitioned the Atomic Energy Commission for funds to design and construct an instructional facility representing the chemical processing of nuclear fuels. With this unit and its solvent recovery equipment, in which stress is placed on extraction and distillation, not only are the principles of nuclear fuels processing demonstrated, but the more basic concepts of mass and energy transfer are also illustrated. Extraction depends upon solubility differences to achieve a transfer of a …

Determination Of Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium Data By Continuous Distillation, David William Bunch

Masters Theses

"The procuring of experimental vapor-liquid equilibrium data has been a problem of considerable importance to chemical engineers for a number of years. Modern distillation theory and practice have made accurate vapor-liquid equilibrium data practically a necessity.

Using conventional methods for determining vapor-liquid equilibrium data, an experimenter can obtain only a single vapor-liquid equilibrium composition per trial. Ramalho working with Tiller has developed a new method which makes possible the determination of all values of the vapor and liquid concentrations in a single experiment.

The work done by Ramalho indicated that the necessity for very precise temperature measurements presented a serious …

The Separation Of Selected Radioactive Fission Products By Electrodialysis, Jerry David Vie

Masters Theses

"The recent advent of nuclear energy has opened an era of almost unlimited power and countless problems. A problem of extreme importance is the recovery of unburned nuclear fuel and the claiming of transmutation products, such as Pu²³⁹ and U²³³, from the irradiated fuel elements. The chemical processing must also separate the fission products from the fissionable material if the fuel is to be used again.

At present, the irradiated fuel elements are stored for 90 to 120 days to allow the intense short half-life activity to decay. After "cooling down", the nuclear fuels are separated from …

Construction Of A Pulsed Perforated-Plate Extraction Unit, Clarence James Vetter Jr.

Masters Theses

"Liquid-liquid extraction is an important operation in the production and reprocessing of nuclear fuels. In the purification of uranium by liquid-liquid extraction, uranyl nitrate is separated from impurities by extraction into an organic solvent, followed by re-extraction into an aqueous phase. Further processing of the aqueous uranyl nitrate solution is tailored to yield uranium metal or any desired uranium compound.

In order that students in nuclear and chemical engineering may have an understanding of the practical as well as theoretical aspects of liquid-liquid extraction, a model of a uranium purification plant was designed and built in the Unit Operations Laboratory …

Construction Of Distillation Solvent Recovery System, Joseph Richard Aid Iii

Masters Theses

"When a nuclear fuel is “burnt” in an atomic reactor it is not possible to completely utilize the fissionable material present due to build-up of fission products (which act as poisons), depletion of the fissionable material, and radiation damage to the fuel elements. Chemical processing of nuclear fuels is concerned with the recovery of the fissionable materials, specifically uranium, plutonium, and thorium, from the spent fuel elements. There are two general methods of reprocessing nuclear fuels: aqueous and non-aqueous. The aqueous methods include solvent extraction, ion exchange, and precipitation. Comprising the non-aqueous methods are fluoride volatility and pyrometallurgy. At the …

The Electrolytic Reduction Of Ethyl Paranitrobenzoate, Matthew Felix Lipworth

Theses

The factors governing the electrolytic reduction of ethyl para-nitrobenzoate have been investigated, and conditions established for the optimum yield of the end-product benzocaine. The formation of intermediate compounds was studied, and a mechanism for the reduction favoring the mono-molecular route has been suggested. The material costs of the electrolytic reduction have been shown to compare favorably with the material costs of a chemical reduction, such as the Bechamp process.

Fugacity And Activity Coefficients For Methane-Carbon Dioxide System, Robert J. Capik

Theses

The Redlich and Kwong equation of state has been used along with the method derived by H. C. Van Ness (18) to calculate the fugacity and activity coefficients of the components of the methane-carbon dioxide system. Calculations have been carried out for the pure gases and four mixture compositions at 160°F. and 280°F. with pressures up to 600 atmospheres.

The method of Van Ness was used because it offered an accurate and simple way of calculating the fugacity and activity coefficients. This is accomplished by a combination of analytical and graphical procedures in which the graphical error is minimized by …

Reductive Dehalogenation Of Alkyl Iodides, Vsevolod Gruenman

Theses

The rates of reductive dehalogenation reactions of alkyl iodides with zinc and acetic acid relative to the rate of deiodination of methyl iodide were investigated.

The order of ease of replacement of the iodine for the various substituents on the carbon atom of methyl iodide was found to be;

Exploratory Study High Purity Colbalt Using An Anion Exchange Resin, Charles Edward Hoffman

Theses

This investigation accounts for the exploratory phase of a program to develop a commercial or semi-commercial process for producing high purity cobalt; in effect, a separation of cobalt and nickel.

An extensive review of all published literature, patents, etc. from 1900 to 1958 of all known commercial, semi-commercial and analytical methods of separating cobalt and nickel was completed. Qualitative evaluation of these methods to determine the possibility of one being practically extended and/or developed to produce high purity cobalt yielded one potential commercial method. Developed for analytical purposes by Moore and Kraus (1), use is made of the fact that …

Alkylation With Some Alkyl Borate By The Friedel-Crafts Methods, Richard Ernest Huber

Theses

Normal butyl, allyl, methylbutyne and 2-chloroethyl borates were synthesized in yields above 90.0% from their corresponding alcohols and boric acid. Using some of the above alkyl borates, and others commercially available, as alkylating agents, benzene was alkylated by the Friedel-Crafts method, using aluminum chloride as the catalyst. Yields were dependent on catalyst concentration. The alkyl benzenes were identified by means of: 1) physical constants, 2) infrared spectra, 3) melting points of derivatives, and 4) chemical analysis. Starting with normal alkyl borates, the formation of isomeric and dialkylated products was established through the analytical data.

Diffusion Coefficient From Hydrogen Ion Exchange Studies, Michael Maxwell Kahn, Norman A. Martin

Theses

The study of monovalent and bivalent ion diffusion coefficients was undertaken to determine the practicability of using the Reichen berg equation to calculate a film thickness from a single diffusion coefficient and through the use of this film thickness to predict the diffusion coefficient of any monovalent or bivalent ion.

Experimentation employed the use of a mixing vessel with a two bladed propellor into which a solution of known ion concentration was kept at a constant temperature and mixing speed. Dowex 50 x -8 hydrogen ion type resin was added to the solution and by means of a pH meter …

Collection Of Germanium From Acid Etch Waste By Ion Exchange, Robert Welsh Meyler

Theses

This report is an investigation of the use of ion exchange resins to recover germanium from acid etch wastes encountered in transistor manufacture.

Most of the experiments were performed with acid etch waste of unknown germanium content. The object was to determine if the ion exchange technique were applicable, and to select the most practical operating procedure.

When a satisfactory procedure had been established, later experimental runs were made with an acid etch solution of known germanium concentration to determine the yields of recovered germanium.

Yields of 60 per cent to 75 per cent recovery of germanium from the etch …

Vapor Liquid Equilibria Of Diacetone Alcohol In Various Solvents, John A. Mulligan

Theses

This paper presents the initial study of vapor-liquid equilibria data for the systems (a) diacetone alcohol-methanol (b) diacetone alcohol-ethanol and (c) diacetone alcohol-benzene at 100mm and 200mm and confirms the data reported by Hack and Van Winkle (6) on the system (d) diacetone alcohol-water at the same pressures. Margules and Redlich and Kister constants have been determined from the data, and are presented for use in future studies.

A comparison has been made between Redlich and Kister constants determined from laboratory data, and Redlich and Kister constants predicted from the physical properties of the components. Redlich and Kister constants predicted …

Enthalpies And Partial Molal Enthalpies For Methane-Carbon Dioxide System, Isaac Pass

Theses

Enthalpies and partial molal enthalpies have been calculated by a combination of analytical and graphical procedures for the methane carbon dioxide binary system at 160°F, and at pressures from 200 to 9000 psia.

Mixtures containing .0852, .19912, .3583 and .6685 weight fraction of methane in carbon dioxide, as well as the pure components were used. The method for calculation of the enthalpies was outlined by Van Ness (1) and involves the application of residuals to the Redlich-Kwong equation of state (2).

The results of this paper illustrate the value of the method as an accurate and reasonably convenient tool. Excellent …

Salt Effects On Distribution Of Fatty Acids, John Henry Sivori

Theses

Data are reported on the extraction of formic, acetic, propionic, and butyric acids from water with methyl isobutyl ketone. Prime consideration is given to the effect of an added inorganic salt, calcium chloride, and also to the effect of the presence of a common ion on the distribution of the acids in the solvent-water system. Extraction into the solvent phase is increased by the addition of calcium chloride, but only slightly affected by the addition of a common ion.

Batch Heating And Cooling Nomographs, Stephen Zakanycz

Theses

Heat transfer problems associated with batch heating and cooling processes are relatively complex since conditions of unsteady state prevail. Complex mathematical equations are available which relate the time required to heat or cool a quantity of material in a specific piece of equipment or to design heat exchangers to transfer the desired amount of heat in a specified time. By the use of alignment charts, these equations are solved graphically with speed and accuracy. Nomographs are presented for equations dealing with heating and cooling agitated batches, counterflow and nonisothermal medium for two cases: coil-in-tank or jacketed vessel and external heat …

The Volumetric Analysis Of Nitrocompounds Using Chromous Chloride, Charles Caslin Jamison

Theses

Chromous chloride has been shown to be more efficient than titanous chloride in the reduction of refractory nitro and nitramine groups in both aromatic and aliphatic compounds.

It was found that concentrated hydrochloric acid increases the efficiency of chromous chloride to a point where it would reduce the most difficult to deduce nitro-campounds.

The compounds studied were p-Nitromethylaniline, 2,4-Dinitrotoluene, 2,4-Dinitroaniline, 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene, Nitroguanidine, I,9-Di4cetoxy-2,4,6,8-penta-methylenetetranitramine, Sym-Cyclotrimethylenetrinitrimine, and Sym-Cyclotetramethylenetetranitramine.

Heat Transfer By Natural Convection In Horizontal Fluid Layers : A Statistical Correlation Of Experimental Data, John Lawrence O'Toole

Theses

The rate of heat transfer due to natural convection in confined, horizontal, fluid layers can be expressed by equations involving the dimensionless parameters Nusselt No., Rayleigh No., and Prandtl No., where Rayleigh No. equals the product of Grashof and Prandtl Nos.

Statistical correlation by stepwise multiple regression of experimental data obtained from four different investigators, on both gases and liquids, yields three separate equations corresponding to three distinct regimes of convection. The total range spanned by the data is from the onset of convection to Rayleigh = 109.

The equations are Regime Ra Range Equation Std. Error of Estimate Initial …

Evaluation Of The Force Constants Of Non-Polar Gases From Viscosity Data, Charles Warren Keller

Masters Theses

"Studies of the intermolecular forces and potential energy functions have been largely of a theoretical nature. Various empirical statements representing these theories have been developed and tested. Of these, the Lennard-Jones (6-12) potential is one of the more realistic and has become the most favored when dealing with non-polar molecules.

The values of these “force constants” or the values of the Lennard-Jones (6-12) potential parameters, have been determined from both diffusion and viscosity data. Although these “force constants” can be determined from diffusional measurements as well as viscosity data, the literature is predominately filled with values of force constants which …