Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
- Institution
-
- Singapore Management University (1752)
- Walden University (1679)
- University of Mississippi (1236)
- Morehead State University (780)
- Kennesaw State University (729)
-
- University of Nebraska - Lincoln (712)
- Brigham Young University (689)
- Technological University Dublin (685)
- Edith Cowan University (577)
- University of Nevada, Las Vegas (570)
- Georgia Southern University (529)
- Old Dominion University (462)
- University of South Florida (452)
- Universitas Indonesia (450)
- Nova Southeastern University (424)
- Valparaiso University (397)
- California State University, San Bernardino (396)
- Western Kentucky University (370)
- Liberty University (362)
- Case Western Reserve University (359)
- University of Texas Rio Grande Valley (353)
- East Tennessee State University (346)
- Marquette University (325)
- University of Central Florida (310)
- Asia Marketing Journal (AMJ) (302)
- University of Arkansas, Fayetteville (296)
- Seton Hall University (287)
- Lindenwood University (276)
- Bowling Green State University (265)
- University of South Carolina (250)
- Keyword
-
- Leadership (1001)
- Marketing (509)
- Management (497)
- Entrepreneurship (316)
- Business (294)
-
- Motivation (277)
- Trust (274)
- Social media (244)
- Job satisfaction (235)
- Innovation (231)
- Sustainability (227)
- Gender (224)
- Education (219)
- COVID-19 (218)
- Communication (218)
- Culture (213)
- Performance (207)
- Western Kentucky University (204)
- Higher education (198)
- Advertising (192)
- Consumer behavior (189)
- Ethics (182)
- Technology (180)
- Diversity (176)
- Retention (167)
- Women (160)
- Training (156)
- Engagement (148)
- Workforce (147)
- Creativity (137)
- Publication Year
- Publication
-
- Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies (1587)
- Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business (1167)
- Theses and Dissertations (753)
- Faculty Publications (681)
- Dissertations (348)
-
- Theses (312)
- Electronic Theses and Dissertations (308)
- Asia Marketing Journal (302)
- Student Scholarship (294)
- ETSU News (268)
- Organization Management Journal (268)
- Morehead State Press Release Archive, 1961 to the Present (267)
- The Journal of Values-Based Leadership (262)
- International Journal of Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage (251)
- Research outputs 2022 to 2026 (248)
- UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones (242)
- Dissertations and Theses Collection (Open Access) (241)
- Management Faculty Publications (240)
- Doctoral Dissertations and Projects (225)
- Honors Theses (197)
- WKU Administration Documents (195)
- Journal of Accountancy (194)
- LSU Doctoral Dissertations (194)
- Atlantic Marketing Journal (175)
- USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations (174)
- Department of Management: Faculty Publications (166)
- Atlantic Marketing Association Proceedings (159)
- Journal of International Technology and Information Management (155)
- Graduate Theses and Dissertations (154)
- Articles (153)
- Publication Type
Articles 2131 - 2160 of 29291
Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network
Disinformation Attacks And Nonprofit Communication Strategies, Elise Lael Kieffer, Kevin M. Carr
Disinformation Attacks And Nonprofit Communication Strategies, Elise Lael Kieffer, Kevin M. Carr
Journal of Nonprofit Innovation
This study explores how disinformation attacks on social media can affect nonprofit organizations, a topic that has received limited scholarly attention compared to similar impacts in the for-profit sector. Through a review of existing literature and two in-depth case studies—Save the Children and the American Red Cross—this research analyzes how nonprofit organizations are uniquely vulnerable to reputational damage in the face of disinformation. The case studies highlight different motivations behind disinformation campaigns, including political agendas and deliberate efforts to harm brand credibility, and assess the effectiveness of various response strategies, including denial, debunking, attacking the source, and public education. Findings …
Sustainable Advertising And Brand Engagement: The Role Of Consumer Minimalism And Scepticism, Hesham O. Dinana, Donato Masi, Reza Marvi, Farbod Fakhreddin
Sustainable Advertising And Brand Engagement: The Role Of Consumer Minimalism And Scepticism, Hesham O. Dinana, Donato Masi, Reza Marvi, Farbod Fakhreddin
Faculty Journal Articles
Recognizing the significance of sustainable advertising practices and their influence on consumer behaviour, this study explores their capacity to not only enhance consumer engagement with the brand but also strengthen brand reputation. Additionally, it examines how these practices can promote more conscious consumption patterns, contributing to broader sustainability goals. In this line, we propose a theoretical conceptual model highlighting how customers perceive sustainability-related activities and how these perceptions can influence brand engagement, ultimately enhancing brand reputation and fostering mindful consumption. Furthermore, we also investigated the moderating roles of consumer minimalism, scepticism towards advertising, and brand value congruence in relation to …
United States: National Bank Holiday, 1933, Ayodeji George
United States: National Bank Holiday, 1933, Ayodeji George
Journal of Financial Crises
By mid-February 1933, the United States was in the depths of the Great Depression and the banking system faced sustained depositor runs and currency hoarding. On February 14, the governor of Michigan declared a holiday for all banks and trusts in the state. There followed a wave of declared bank holidays and bank runs across the country. The public withdrew $1.8 billion in gold and currency from banks in February and early March, with nearly two-thirds of those withdrawals occurring in the week ended Friday, March 3. By that date, 25 of 48 states had implemented bank holidays or restricted …
The City As The Classroom: The Case Of “Start ‘Em Young Advocacy” At Silliman University, Philippines, Novee Elarmo Maestrecampo Jr., Giovanni Tuballa Macahig
The City As The Classroom: The Case Of “Start ‘Em Young Advocacy” At Silliman University, Philippines, Novee Elarmo Maestrecampo Jr., Giovanni Tuballa Macahig
CSID Journal of Infrastructure Development
This case study highlights the value of engaging with communities as real-world environments for practical and reflective learning. It suggests that students can develop insights and acquire knowledge through interactions with diverse groups and locations, even within urban settings. The paper presents the experience of implementing the “Start ‘em Young Advocacy,” a student-led, environment-focused, and project-based initiative within the Civic Welfare Training Service (CWTS) under the National Service Training Program (NSTP) at Silliman University, Philippines. In collaboration with the City Social Welfare and Development Office (CSWDO), CWTS students worked with thirty daycare centers. Using Kolb’s Experiential Learning Theory as a …
Acceptability Of The Proposed Congestion Charging System In The Central Business District Of Baguio City, Philippines, Ericka Renee A. Lanigt, Sandra S. Samantela, Ma. Catriona E. Devanadera, Casper Boongaling Agaton
Acceptability Of The Proposed Congestion Charging System In The Central Business District Of Baguio City, Philippines, Ericka Renee A. Lanigt, Sandra S. Samantela, Ma. Catriona E. Devanadera, Casper Boongaling Agaton
CSID Journal of Infrastructure Development
The City Government of Baguio is proposing a congestion charging system in the Central Business District (CBD) to address the ongoing issue of traffic congestion in the city. Although it is an effective tool, low public acceptability hinders its implementation. This study aims to assess Baguio City residents' acceptability regarding the CBD's congestion charging system. Specifically, it seeks to (1) identify the factors that influence residents’ acceptability of the proposed system, (2) evaluate whether there is a significant difference in acceptability across different road users (private vehicles, public transportation, cycling, and walking), and (3) provide recommendations for transportation policy planning …
Key Job Demands And Resources In The Digital Environment Of Publishing Employees, Małgorzata Libuda
Key Job Demands And Resources In The Digital Environment Of Publishing Employees, Małgorzata Libuda
Studia i Materiały Wydział Zarządzania Uniwersytet Warszawski
Purpose: The main objective of this article is to discuss the results of a study of the key requirements and work resources of ICT-intensive people in the Polish publishing environment.
Methodology: The process was carried out through qualitative research, i.e. semi-structured interviews conducted with managers managing teams in different departments and divisions.
Results: Based on the interviews, key (a) resources were identified, i.e. factors that account for employees’ willingness to use technology, treating it as a support in their daily work, and (b) work requirements that are considered to be major impediments during task completion.
Limitations: …
Resilience: Panacea, Trend, Or Deception? The Significance And Application Of The Concept In Organizational Management, Aleksandra Spik
Resilience: Panacea, Trend, Or Deception? The Significance And Application Of The Concept In Organizational Management, Aleksandra Spik
Studia i Materiały Wydział Zarządzania Uniwersytet Warszawski
Objective: The primary aim of this article is to analyse the significance and application of the concept of resilience within management sciences, to identify factors contributing to high organizational resilience, and to examine a case study of the Aksam company. Additionally, anathe article seeks to highlight the limitations of the conceptual construct of resilience and the negative aspects associated with the phenomenon of resilience.
Methodology: A systematic review method was employed to analyse selected articles, alongside a case study analysis and a descriptive method, which facilitated the presentation of the origins and development of the concept of resilience. …
Attitudes Towards Family Business – Personality Of A Ceo In A Family Business, Justyna Domanowska
Attitudes Towards Family Business – Personality Of A Ceo In A Family Business, Justyna Domanowska
Studia i Materiały Wydział Zarządzania Uniwersytet Warszawski
Purpose: The purpose of this article is to analyse the attitude of students towards family business.
Design/methodology/approach: The study was based on a prepared questionnaire and literature research.
Results: The survey showed that most students are not interested in continuing their parents’ family business. Half of them hail from families where family entrepreneurship exists.
Research limitations/implications: The study had its limitations. It was conducted at only one university faculty, which does not allow for far-reaching generalizations. It would be interesting to repeat the research on the same group after two years, i.e. during the third year of …
Quantum Management: A Revolution In The Future Of Management Science And Business Practice, Bartosz Niedzielski
Quantum Management: A Revolution In The Future Of Management Science And Business Practice, Bartosz Niedzielski
Studia i Materiały Wydział Zarządzania Uniwersytet Warszawski
Purpose: The article aims to propose a nominal definition of quantum management and analyze the differences between the classical and quantum paradigms of management, with particular emphasis on their impact on organizational structure and decision-making processes.
Methodology: The article is based on a synthetic literature review concerning the application of quantum theory in management sciences, including publications from bibliometric databases such as Scopus, Web of Science, and Elsevier. The review focuses on the theoretical and practical differences between the classical and quantum approaches to management. Additionally, a comparative method is used to identify key differences between these two …
Customer Lifetime Value: Dimensionalities And Conceptual Connections, Sharmistha Bhattacharyya, Mrinmoy Kumar Sarma
Customer Lifetime Value: Dimensionalities And Conceptual Connections, Sharmistha Bhattacharyya, Mrinmoy Kumar Sarma
Markets, Globalization & Development Review
Customer Lifetime Value (CLV) has a strong relationship to customer satisfaction and firm profitability . This review indicates that once such a relationship is developed and cemented, multiple benefits accrue to the brand and the firm. The review lays the groundwork for further studies of CLV, especially in the emerging economies.
Global Trends In Youth Employment: Key Statistics And Cultural Commentary, Anatolii Mazaraki, Tetiana Melnyk, Oksana Losheniuk
Global Trends In Youth Employment: Key Statistics And Cultural Commentary, Anatolii Mazaraki, Tetiana Melnyk, Oksana Losheniuk
Markets, Globalization & Development Review
The issue of youth employment receives constant attention of global organizations, governments, and researchers. Young people have the potential to positively reshape the national and global economies. Furthermore, the youth also constantly reshape the social, cultural, technological, and political environments. Global unemployment rate among youth, however, is three times higher than among older workers. In 2023, one in five young people did not work, study, or acquire professional skills. The negative factors of the Ukrainian youth labor market have been significantly exacerbated by the war, which has caused an economic crisis in the country, a huge migration of young people, …
Exploring The Potential Of Large Language Models (Llms) To Simulate Social Group Dynamics: A Case Study Using The Board Game "Secret Hitler", Kaj Hansteen Izora, Christof Teuscher
Exploring The Potential Of Large Language Models (Llms) To Simulate Social Group Dynamics: A Case Study Using The Board Game "Secret Hitler", Kaj Hansteen Izora, Christof Teuscher
Northeast Journal of Complex Systems (NEJCS)
This study explores the capacity of large language model-powered agents to simulate human-like behavior in multi-agent social systems. Using Secret Hitler — a hidden-role board game centered on trust, deception, and strategic communication — we evaluate how LLM agents navigate dynamic group interactions. Our findings show that agents exhibit human-like behaviors, including strategic temporal adaptation, contextual reasoning, and complex social cognition such as theory of mind and implicit coordination. Notably, 85% of agent decisions factored in at least two other players’ mental states, highlighting their capacity for multi-agent mental state inference. However, they struggled with key aspects of human gameplay, …
University As A Platform: Systems And Platform Thinking For Business Model Innovation And Ai Transformation In Higher Education, Evangelos Katsamakas, Oleg V. Pavlov
University As A Platform: Systems And Platform Thinking For Business Model Innovation And Ai Transformation In Higher Education, Evangelos Katsamakas, Oleg V. Pavlov
Northeast Journal of Complex Systems (NEJCS)
Higher education institutions (HEIs), such as colleges and universities, face many challenges and competitive pressures and must innovate. How can ideas from complexity and a systems approach help a HEI understand how it creates value and potentially drive business model innovation? This article provides a university-as-a-platform (UaaP) framework that integrates platform thinking and systems thinking to help HEIs think about value creation, innovation, and the design of new business models. Platform thinking is used to provide a platform conceptualization of the university and define the framework's main elements. A HEI creates value by facilitating the participation and value-creating interactions of …
The Tax Adviser, Volume 13, Number 1, January 1982, American Institute Of Certified Public Accountants
The Tax Adviser, Volume 13, Number 1, January 1982, American Institute Of Certified Public Accountants
Tax Adviser
No abstract provided.
Qualified Research Contributions Under The ’81 Act, Robert Feinschreiber
Qualified Research Contributions Under The ’81 Act, Robert Feinschreiber
Tax Adviser
No abstract provided.
Using Augmented Reality To Improve Tourism Marketing Effectiveness, Wael Kortam Prof., Alaa Aggag
Using Augmented Reality To Improve Tourism Marketing Effectiveness, Wael Kortam Prof., Alaa Aggag
Business Administration
This study investigates the impact of web-based augmented reality (Web AR) on destina-
tion visit intention through the lens of a stimulus–organism–response (SOR) framework, a
technology acceptance model (TAM) and flow theory into an integrated theoretical frame-
work. This study aims to address gaps in the literature by providing insights about the
relevance of augmented reality to tourism marketing effectiveness. Structural equation
modeling was used to test this conceptual framework using AMOS23 on quantitative
data collected from questionnaires distributed locally and internationally and applied to
384 participants after going through a Web AR destination experience. The findings con-
firmed that …
2025-06-20 Agenda Book, Morehead State University. Board Of Regents.
2025-06-20 Agenda Book, Morehead State University. Board Of Regents.
Morehead State Board of Regents Agenda Books and Meeting Minutes
Agenda booklet for the Board of Regents meeting of June 20, 2025, which includes the minutes of the meeting held on March 28, 2025.
Views From The Cheap Seats: Understanding The Key Motivators Behind Sport Volunteering, Nicholas Paul Smith, Tiberio Garza
Views From The Cheap Seats: Understanding The Key Motivators Behind Sport Volunteering, Nicholas Paul Smith, Tiberio Garza
The COSMA Journal
Sport volunteers are imperative to the success of sport mega events. Knowing why volunteers continue to help events was the purpose of this study. This study aimed to investigate the motivations of sport volunteers post Covid-19. Data were collected from 30 volunteers at the 2023 NCAA College World Series. Inductive qualitative analysis and descriptive statistics found that community support was the reason the respondents were most glad to volunteer. The findings offered insight into how communication factors between supervisors, law enforcement, and other volunteers affected volunteer motivation. The theoretical and practical implications of these results are discussed in more detail …
Leveraging Public-Private Partnerships In Music Industry Education: A Mixed Methods Exploration Of The Music Industry Technical Camp In Trinidad And Tobago, Farley J. Joseph
Leveraging Public-Private Partnerships In Music Industry Education: A Mixed Methods Exploration Of The Music Industry Technical Camp In Trinidad And Tobago, Farley J. Joseph
Journal of Arts Entrepreneurship Education
The Music Industry Technical Camp (MITC) is a public-private partnership designed by DianJen and delivered in collaboration with the Ministry of Tourism, Culture and the Arts in Trinidad and Tobago. Its focus is on providing intensive practical training on the business and technical aspects of the music industry to persons 18-65 years of age and comprises 90 hours of instruction delivered over a six-week period. Between 2014 and 2018, 89 participants graduated from the MITC. Some have established new or improved their existing arts enterprises, whereas others are currently employed as full-time and part-time professionals in the local music industry. …
Integrating Motivational Traits Into The Approach-Avoidance Distinction, Wesley D. Gardiner
Integrating Motivational Traits Into The Approach-Avoidance Distinction, Wesley D. Gardiner
USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations
This thesis investigates the potential for integrating motivational traits into the established approach-avoidance motivational framework, which describes individuals’ general tendencies to seek pleasure and avoid pain. Although various theories and empirical studies have advanced our understanding of approach-avoidance motivation, critical constructs such as achievement motivation and trait anxiety have often been overlooked or misoperationalized. Addressing these gaps, the current study integrates Kanfer and Heggestad’s (1997) motivational trait taxonomy with constructs from achievement goal orientation, regulatory focus theory, and reinforcement sensitivity theory. This research evaluated a hypothesized two-factor model of approach and avoidance motivation using confirmatory and exploratory factor analyses with …
A Multidimensional Model Of Attitudes Toward Sponsorship, Zachary C. T. Evans, Terry Eddy
A Multidimensional Model Of Attitudes Toward Sponsorship, Zachary C. T. Evans, Terry Eddy
Global Sport Business Journal
Sport sponsorship is an important marketing tool, with many of its elements having received previous research attention. Although researchers have examined attitudes toward sport sponsorship, the theoretical grounding of attitudes is often incomplete, and theoretically distinct terms are frequently used interchangeably (e.g., attitudes and beliefs). The purpose of this study was to critically examine the literature regarding attitudes toward, and beliefs about, sponsorship to review the common frameworks utilized in examining the constructs, and analyze their theoretical appropriateness. A systematized review methodology was undertaken, through which a definition for attitude toward sponsorship was developed using the tripartite framework for attitude …
Proceedings Of The Cuny Games Conference 11.0, Robert O. Duncan, Grace Axler-Diperte, Joe Bisz, Christina Boyle, Devorah Kletenik, Carolyn Stallard
Proceedings Of The Cuny Games Conference 11.0, Robert O. Duncan, Grace Axler-Diperte, Joe Bisz, Christina Boyle, Devorah Kletenik, Carolyn Stallard
Publications and Research
The CUNY Games Conference combines workshops, idea exchanges, interactive participant presentations, playtesting, and playing tabletop games into a one-day online event to promote and discuss game-based learning. The conference focuses on creative pedagogy, such as playful learning activities or games, that teachers can use in the classroom every day. The conference is online and features interactive presentations by attendees, informal idea exchange sessions, and workshops by the conference organizers.
Neil S. Braun, Dean Emeritus, Neil S. Braun
Neil S. Braun, Dean Emeritus, Neil S. Braun
Oral History
Neil Braun, Dean Emeritus of the Pace University Lubin School of Business, talks about his life, career, and experiences as Dean, from the year 2010 to 2020. He also spoke about his initiation of the mentorship program, and its rewarding impact on students, as well as himself.
Sense Of Belonging In The Workplace: Development And Validation Of A Scale, Campbell C. Dunson
Sense Of Belonging In The Workplace: Development And Validation Of A Scale, Campbell C. Dunson
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
In this dissertation, I describe the development and validation of the Sense of Belonging in the Workplace Scale (SBWS). A comprehensive, multidisciplinary review of the belonging construct revealed five key components of a sense of belonging in the workplace: (1) accepted/liked, (2) known/understood, (3) purpose/status, (4) respected/voice, and (5) safety/trust. Scale validation began with a review of 40 initial items by a panel of 12 subject matter experts (SMEs). The items were then revised, and a pilot study involving 67 participants was conducted to test these 40 items through exploratory factor analysis and construct validation. The top-performing 25 items were …
Ethical Leadership And The Nelson Mandela Model, Abeer Mahmood Awwad
Ethical Leadership And The Nelson Mandela Model, Abeer Mahmood Awwad
Journal of the Association of Arab Universities for Research in Higher Education مجلة اتحاد الجامعات العربية للبحوث في التعليم العالي
This study explores the concept of ethical leadership through the model of Nelson Mandela, a prominent figure in the fight against apartheid in South Africa. It focuses on how Mandela applied principles of forgiveness, reconciliation, and social justice to achieve a peaceful transition from an oppressive regime to a democratic society. Through a comprehensive analysis of Mandela's leadership style, the study illustrates how his commitment to ethical integrity contributed to national unity and alleviated social tensions. The study employs a qualitative methodology, including the analysis of historical records, speeches, and academic articles, and provides insights into how contemporary leaders can …
Continuum Of Academic Collaboration: Issues Of Inconsistent Terminology In Multilingual Context, Cristo Leon Ph.D., James Lipuma Ph.D., Marcos O. Cabobianco, Maria B. Daizo
Continuum Of Academic Collaboration: Issues Of Inconsistent Terminology In Multilingual Context, Cristo Leon Ph.D., James Lipuma Ph.D., Marcos O. Cabobianco, Maria B. Daizo
STEM for Success Resources
Journal of Systemics, Cybernetics and Informatics
1690-4524 (Online)
Game, Set, Empower: A Comparative Instagram Analysis Of Branding And Engagement In The Confederation Of African Football (Caf) Women’S And Men’S Champions League, Nour Abdelkader Ms
Game, Set, Empower: A Comparative Instagram Analysis Of Branding And Engagement In The Confederation Of African Football (Caf) Women’S And Men’S Champions League, Nour Abdelkader Ms
Theses and Dissertations
The rise of women’s football has placed new emphasis on digital branding, with social media becoming a vital space for visibility, engagement, and representation. This thesis investigates how Instagram content strategies influence fan engagement during the CAF Women’s and Men’s Champions League tournaments. Specifically, it examines the role of content type (match, behind-the-scenes, off-the-pitch, promotional), marketing orientation (organic, sponsored, collaborative), and post format (reel, carousel, photo, graphic) in shaping audience interaction.
Using an explanatory sequential mixed methods approach, the study analyzed 674 Instagram posts (276 CAFWCL, 398 CAFCL) and conducted semi-structured interviews with five digital sports professionals, including CAF digital …
Narrativas Y Convergencias Transdisciplinarias: Contribuciones Académicas Relevantes, Desafíos Y Horizonte Editorial, Cristo Leon Ph.D.
Narrativas Y Convergencias Transdisciplinarias: Contribuciones Académicas Relevantes, Desafíos Y Horizonte Editorial, Cristo Leon Ph.D.
Journal of Roleplaying Studies and STEAM
La Revista de Estudios sobre Juegos de Rol y STEAM (JRPSSTEAM) se ha consolidado como un espacio transdisciplinario, multilingüe y de acceso abierto que articula investigación, práctica y comunidad en torno a los juegos de rol. En esta editorial, se reflexiona sobre los aprendizajes y patrones emergentes de los tres volúmenes y cinco números publicados hasta la fecha, abordando tanto aciertos como áreas de mejora. Se ofrecen lineamientos prácticos para autores potenciales, destacando errores comunes, criterios de relevancia temática y aspectos que enriquecen la comunicación entre disciplinas. Además, se revaloriza el carácter abierto e inclusivo del JRPSSTEAM, que acoge desde …
History In Motion: Applying The Archival Collections Of Frank And Lillian Gilbreth’S Time And Motion Studies To Business Education, Annette Bochenek
History In Motion: Applying The Archival Collections Of Frank And Lillian Gilbreth’S Time And Motion Studies To Business Education, Annette Bochenek
Libraries Faculty and Staff Scholarship and Research
No abstract provided.
Entropy In Leadership: Reframing Performance Decline As A Failure Of Internal Growth, Joshua M. K. Simmons
Entropy In Leadership: Reframing Performance Decline As A Failure Of Internal Growth, Joshua M. K. Simmons
M.S. in Leadership
This project explored leadership degradation among mid-to-senior enlisted members (E5–E9) of the United States Air Force using the concept of leadership entropy, the gradual decline of psychological and relational capacity in the absence of sustained support. The topic was selected to address a gap in understanding how internal leadership resilience erodes despite continued performance. A convergent mixed methods design was used, integrating quantitative survey constructs such as burnout, psychological capital, and perceived organizational support with open-ended narrative responses. Twenty-four participants contributed data. Results showed that while leaders remain outwardly effective, internal motivation and connection often deteriorate over time, especially at …