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Articles 31 - 60 of 151
Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network
The Modern Pilgrimage Of Umrah: The Convergence Of Spiritual Devotion And Pop-Consumer Culture In Indonesia, Syamsu Madyan, Habil Abyad, Imam Wahyudi Karimullah
The Modern Pilgrimage Of Umrah: The Convergence Of Spiritual Devotion And Pop-Consumer Culture In Indonesia, Syamsu Madyan, Habil Abyad, Imam Wahyudi Karimullah
International Journal of Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage
This study explores Umrah’s significant growth as a religious tourism model in Indonesian Muslim society. The discussion examines factors that influence that growth, from the increased income levels of Indonesian middle-class Muslims to the Umrah propaganda generated by the wave of social media. This study will also capture Umrah as a solution for Indonesian Muslims to the long waiting queue for Hajj quota in Indonesia, as it is seen as a good opportunity for religious commodification through the touristic market being exercised by stakeholders such as policymakers and travel agencies. As the Umrah tourist market will be analysed in this …
Ua12/2/2 Talisman: Connection, Wku Student Affairs
Ua12/2/2 Talisman: Connection, Wku Student Affairs
WKU Administration Documents
Spring 2025 Talisman:
- Alali, Cecilia & Ragan Harrington. Connection
- Hardesty, Emma. On a Roll – Dungeons & Dragons
- Muscutt, Carson. Grinding Through Life – Molotov Skateshop
- Cox, Kate. Stopwatch
- Harrington, Ragan. 1 Campus, 7 Strangers – Logan Hesse, Nicholas Basile, Spencer Winterbottom, Alliyah Jones, Alex Gehring, Annie McClurg, Rowan Finley
- Vickers, Abigail. Forged in Combat – Mixed Martial Arts
- Wood-Morris, Oli. Survivors to Neighbors – Bosnian Refugees
- Jordan, Shylin. Severed Roots
- Bivens, Emily. Behind the Screen – Social Media
- Dean, Clarissa. Shear Talent – Shake Rag Barbershop
- Sutton, Avery. For the Love of the Old – Thrift Shopping
- Phelps, Maggie. …
Strategic Leadership And Their Impact On The Quality Of Work Life: An Analytical Study In The Directorate Of Intelligence And Counter-Terrorism, Omar Abdul Rasool Abdul Karim, Tala Asim Faiq
Strategic Leadership And Their Impact On The Quality Of Work Life: An Analytical Study In The Directorate Of Intelligence And Counter-Terrorism, Omar Abdul Rasool Abdul Karim, Tala Asim Faiq
Journal of Economics and Administrative Sciences
The present study investigates the linkage between strategic leadership practices and quality of work life (QWL) within the Intelligence and Counter-Terrorism Directorate. Data was drawn from 115 freshly acquired respondents from senior and middle management by means of a multi-item questionnaire. The analysis that follows - SPSS, AMOS and SMART PLS V.4 - shows that the Directorate's clear defining of strategic direction and decisive decision making largely affects QWL. The study deduces critical issues pertaining to strategic leadership towards the improvement of work conditions and job security and human capital development where all will lead to better performance by the …
Repositioning North Atlantic Treaty Organization (Nato): The New Security Dilemma On Trans–Atlantic Relations Amid Shifting Global Geopolitics, Daniel C. George, Indra Alverdian
Repositioning North Atlantic Treaty Organization (Nato): The New Security Dilemma On Trans–Atlantic Relations Amid Shifting Global Geopolitics, Daniel C. George, Indra Alverdian
Journal of Strategic and Global Studies
The shifting global geopolitics have led to a new security dilemma in Europe, especially in trans–Atlantic relations. NATO as the vanguard of the trans–Atlantic defense pact is faced with transitional conditions of non-conventional threats that return to conventional threats. Due to the shift in the new global order, these threats require a repositioning for NATO to counter the new security dilemma amidst shifting global geopolitics. By referring to the three asserted pillars–the return of conventional warfare on the European continent; a more assertive Russia in the European continent under Vladimir Putin; and the geopolitical of China's rise impacted trans–-Atlantic …
The History And Manifestations Of The Metaverse In Contemporary Literature, Marlon Semuel Contantin Kansil, Wanting Sun
The History And Manifestations Of The Metaverse In Contemporary Literature, Marlon Semuel Contantin Kansil, Wanting Sun
Journal of Strategic and Global Studies
The metaverse, an interactive and immersive virtual world, has emerged as a critical theme in contemporary literature, significantly impacting narratives and character development. This paper explores the history and literary manifestations of the metaverse, investigating its influence on identity, space, and social interactions. We find that the metaverse supports flexible and individualistic identities, reshaping how characters and readers understand themselves. The digital space of the metaverse provides a dynamic setting for moral and emotional conflicts, enriching the literary aesthetics of space. Furthermore, literature plays a crucial role in both shaping and reflecting the concept of the metaverse, employing symbolism and …
How Halal Certification And Islamic Ethics Tackle Greenwashing: New Solutions For A Sustainable Economy, Muhammad Afif Ryan Pratama
How Halal Certification And Islamic Ethics Tackle Greenwashing: New Solutions For A Sustainable Economy, Muhammad Afif Ryan Pratama
Journal of Middle East and Islamic Studies
This research explores the role of halal certification and Islamic ethics in addressing greenwashing within the financial sector. Greenwashing, the practice of exaggerating environmental responsibility, undermines genuine sustainability efforts and trust among consumers and investors. Islamic finance, based on principles of transparency, social justice, and ethical business practices, provides a robust framework to counter such deceptive practices. The study proposes expanding halal certification to incorporate environmental standards, ensuring that companies demonstrate both ethical and sustainable practices. This integrated approach offers a unique solution to combat greenwashing and aligns with broader sustainability goals. By including sustainability in halal certification, the credibility …
Islam Across Cultures: The International Islamic University Of Indonesia Through A Western Lens, Elizabeth Summerfield
Islam Across Cultures: The International Islamic University Of Indonesia Through A Western Lens, Elizabeth Summerfield
The Journal of Values-Based Leadership
Since the September 11th tragedy in the United States, Islam has become associated with many in the West with unpredictable menace, a significant threat to the civilised order. This article presents a preliminary exploration of a counter narrative to that conception of Islam. Indonesian Islam challenges that common perception, even while it has also been the site of Islamic extremist violence. The big picture of Islam in Indonesia reveals a different story, one where such militancy is aberrant. It is not reflective of deep principles of Islam as it is practised by the vast majority of Indonesian Muslims. To take …
واقع ضوابط الاستثمار, Safa Fleih
واقع ضوابط الاستثمار, Safa Fleih
Al Jinan الجنان
This study came under the title of the reality and controls of investment in investment funds in Islamic banks in Iraq, and the problem was summarized by the following main question: What is the reality and controls of investment in investment funds in Islamic banks in Iraq? The importance of the topic is highlighted by not singling out this topic for independent research in this way according to the researcher’s knowledge, and the need of Islamic societies to study these urgent topics and know the position of Islamic Sharia regarding them, and the large number of types of investment funds …
دور أسواق الأوراق المالية الإسلامية في تدارك الأزمات المالية في الأسواق التقليدية, Safa Fleih, Hilal Darwich
دور أسواق الأوراق المالية الإسلامية في تدارك الأزمات المالية في الأسواق التقليدية, Safa Fleih, Hilal Darwich
Al Jinan الجنان
This research came under the title of the role of Islamic stock markets in redressing financial crises in traditional markets, and the research problem was summarized in the following main question: Is the Islamic stock market qualified to be an alternative to the traditional stock market in order to avoid the recurrence of financial crises, and the research derives its importance from the importance of the topic, In terms of the ability of the Islamic stock market to treat and avoid falling into the financial crises that occur in the traditional stock markets resulting from the activities of these markets, …
How To Overcome Poverty With Zakat, Eiman Ahmed Khaleel Alhashmi
How To Overcome Poverty With Zakat, Eiman Ahmed Khaleel Alhashmi
All Works
This research paper explores the multifaceted role of Zakat in alleviating poverty within the Islamic economic framework. Emphasizing its significance in preserving wealth and promoting economic stability, the paper delves into various dimensions of Zakat, ranging from its impact on economic cycles to its flexible provisions that safeguard against inflation and recession. The study underscores Zakat's contribution to poverty eradication through the development of human capital, morally and materially, and its role in fostering goodwill and compassion in society. Additionally, the paper discusses Zakat as a tool for preserving wealth, demonstrating its ability to prevent economic crises and redirect money …
Integration Of Islamic Religious Values And Javanese Culture In The Development Of Pilgrimage Tourism In Ngawonggo, Indonesia, Mahatva Yoga Adi Pradana, Darsono Wisadirana, Muhammad Lukman Hakim, Ahmad Imron Rozuli
Integration Of Islamic Religious Values And Javanese Culture In The Development Of Pilgrimage Tourism In Ngawonggo, Indonesia, Mahatva Yoga Adi Pradana, Darsono Wisadirana, Muhammad Lukman Hakim, Ahmad Imron Rozuli
International Journal of Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage
Spiritual tourism prioritising religious aspects, is one of East Java’s oldest forms of tourism, especially in Malang district. This form of tourism has long developed since combining Islamic and Javanese values. The concept emerged along with the Indonesian halal tourism brand. As a form of contribution to the development of religious tourism, this study seeks to show the existence of traditional relations in aspects of Islamic pilgrimage as a form of tourist behaviour which involves visiting historical tourism in tourist villages. This research uses a qualitative methods with a case study which includes interviews and participatory observation that aims to …
Review Of: Neo-Traditionalism In Islam In The West Orthodoxy, Spirituality And Politics, By Walaa Quisay, Sri Dewi Priwarti Siregar
Review Of: Neo-Traditionalism In Islam In The West Orthodoxy, Spirituality And Politics, By Walaa Quisay, Sri Dewi Priwarti Siregar
International Journal of Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage
Review of: Neo-Traditionalism In Islam In The West Orthodoxy, Spirituality and Politics, by Walaa Quisay
The Impact Of Economic Indicators On The Decreasing Popularity Of Labor Unions In The Us, Patrick Ritz
The Impact Of Economic Indicators On The Decreasing Popularity Of Labor Unions In The Us, Patrick Ritz
Senior Honors Projects
No abstract provided.
Dad’S New Car, Ahmed Ali Siddiqui
Impact Of The Relationship Among Financial Development, Ict And English Proficiency On Income Inequality: Evidence From Malaysia, Norhasimah Shaharuddin, Abdul Hafiz Mohd Azam, Mohd Hafiz Abdul Wahab, Norzitah Abdul Karim, Nurul Hilmiyah, Sharul Shahida Shakrein, Adibah Alawiah Osman
Impact Of The Relationship Among Financial Development, Ict And English Proficiency On Income Inequality: Evidence From Malaysia, Norhasimah Shaharuddin, Abdul Hafiz Mohd Azam, Mohd Hafiz Abdul Wahab, Norzitah Abdul Karim, Nurul Hilmiyah, Sharul Shahida Shakrein, Adibah Alawiah Osman
The Indonesian Capital Market Review
Income inequality is a persistent phenomenon and fundamental issue of concern, especially in this new digital era, because unequal access to finance has long been recognized as a critical mechanism for generating persistent income inequality. ICT tools and approaches are being used widely today due to their convenience, omnipresence and economy. This study examines the influence of financial development, ICT, and English proficiency on income inequality in Malaysia during the period of 1979-2019. The empirical results based on the ARDL bounds test indicated that financial develop- ment and English proficiency support the hypothesis that both factors can reduce the income …
The Impact Of Covid-19 Outbreaks On The Profits Of Islamic Banks In Indonesia, Sabri Rahman Siregar
The Impact Of Covid-19 Outbreaks On The Profits Of Islamic Banks In Indonesia, Sabri Rahman Siregar
Journal of Middle East and Islamic Studies
Abstract
The Covid-19 outbreaks hit various business lines in Indonesia. The banking sector has yet to escape the impact of this outbreak. The emergence of the Coci-19 outbreaks in Indonesia can result in the emergence of risks to the performance of Islamic Commercial Banks. This study aims to analyze what factors influenced the level of profitability of Islamic Commercial Banks in the 2020-2022 period when the Covid-19 outbreaks took place in Indonesia. The method used in this research is quantitative by using panel data regression analysis. In this study, there are three categories of variables used. The first category is …
"Here's What's Not Changing": Institutional Adaptations That Respond To A Crisis But Preserve The Core, Hozami A. Helwani
"Here's What's Not Changing": Institutional Adaptations That Respond To A Crisis But Preserve The Core, Hozami A. Helwani
Graduate Doctoral Dissertations
An enduring tension in the study of institutions is between the micro level of agents’ activities that shape institutions and the macro level of institutions as enduring entities that tend to resist change. Institutions in crisis offer opportunities to look at urgent and adaptive changes. I study an Islamic organization that is representative of a religious institution, which has deep traditions and meaningfulness to its members. In a time of crisis, in the urban area in the United States where it is located, the organization is pressed by external parties, such as government, media, and leaders from other religions, to …
Relationship Between Transformational Leadership And Employees' Creativity With Psychological Empowerment As Mediator, Nurshahira Ibrahim, Azman Ismail, Norazila Mat, Tugba Erhan
Relationship Between Transformational Leadership And Employees' Creativity With Psychological Empowerment As Mediator, Nurshahira Ibrahim, Azman Ismail, Norazila Mat, Tugba Erhan
The South East Asian Journal of Management
Research Aims: This study examines the mediating effect of psychological empowerment on the relationship between transformational leadership and employee creativity in a financial organisation in Peninsular Malaysia.
Design/Methodology/Approach: Quantitative methods were employed in this study. Two hundred questionnaires were distributed to employees of Islamic financial institutions in Malaysia. Of these, only 153 questionnaires were usable. Random sampling and partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) techniques were utilised in data analysis.
Research Findings: The results of the analysis showed that psychological empowerment had an indirect effect on the impact of transformational leadership on employee creativity in the organisation under …
Mapping Pilgrimage In The Marketplace: Social Contexts Of Bisnis Hajj Dan Umroh In Indonesia, Shin Yasuda
Mapping Pilgrimage In The Marketplace: Social Contexts Of Bisnis Hajj Dan Umroh In Indonesia, Shin Yasuda
International Journal of Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage
in which private commercial tour operators organise pilgrimages to Makkah (hajj and umrah). As a result, the development of these religious tour operators has formed a market, which is described as bisnis hajj dan umroh (pilgrimage business). Thus, this study examines social space and context in the commodification of Islam in Indonesia, by analysing the bisnis hajj dan umroh. In conclusion, the study shows that the development of the pilgrimage market in Indonesia has cultivated new social space among stakeholders, and creates social context based on individual piety, connecting economic development with personal spiritual commitment. The quality, popularity, and …
Perceptions Of Islamic Banking Among Post Millennials: A Study On Muslim Students, Aysa Siddika, Abdullah Sarwar, Fouzia Khan
Perceptions Of Islamic Banking Among Post Millennials: A Study On Muslim Students, Aysa Siddika, Abdullah Sarwar, Fouzia Khan
International Journal of Management, Finance and Accounting
This study aimed to understand the perception of Islamic banking among post millennials Muslim students and explore their expectations towards Islamic Shariah compliant banking. The study uses qualitative method to understand respondents’ subjective views. Semi-structured interviews are used among the Muslim students studying at public and private universities in Malaysia. Twelve students were selected using purposive sampling. The analysis revealed that religious motives, efficient services, and convenience in terms of online banking and ATM services are factors in bank selection. The study found that the students’ perceptions of their understanding of Islamic banking are not sufficient, and there is a …
اسهام الذكاء التنافسي في تحقيق الميزة التنافسية المستدامة: دراسة استطلاعية, عبدالعزيز بشار حسيب زكريا, عبدالله هاني صالح
اسهام الذكاء التنافسي في تحقيق الميزة التنافسية المستدامة: دراسة استطلاعية, عبدالعزيز بشار حسيب زكريا, عبدالله هاني صالح
Muthanna Journal of Administrative and Economics Sciences
يسعى البحث الحالي الى اختبار الدور الذي يمكن ان يسهم به الذكاء التنافسي في تحقيق الميزة التنافسية المستدامة من خلال دراسة استطلاعية في مجموعة شركات كرونجي للمشروبات الغازية والمياه الصحية والعصائر والالبان ومشروبات الطاقة المحدودة، اذ تمثلت المشكلة البحثية بعدم ادراك عينة البحث لأهمية استخدام الذكاء التنافسي لأجل بناء ميزة تنافسية مستدامة، وللحصول على البيانات اللازمة لاستكمال متطلبات البحث تم بناء استبانة بوصفها اداة البحث الرئيسة وزعت على عينة البحث التي تمثلت ب (56) من الافراد العاملين ممن هم بدرجة (مدير عام، مدير قسم/ وحدة، مشرفي الخطوط الانتاجية، فنيين)، وتم اعتماد البرمجيات الاحصائية (SPSS V26) و (AMOS V24) لتحليل تلك …
Tariqa Shattariyya (Ts) And Spiritual Tourism In Pariaman, Indonesia, Ziaulhaq Hidayat
Tariqa Shattariyya (Ts) And Spiritual Tourism In Pariaman, Indonesia, Ziaulhaq Hidayat
International Journal of Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage
Tariqa Shattariyya (TS) is a transnational spiritual flow that has become part of the Pariaman community’s culture in Indonesia. This movement exists at all levels of the people, and is exemplivied in the Basapa ceremony, which is an example of spiritual tourism in the TS tradition. The Basapa ceremony has succeeded in engaging the local community and visitors in a range of spiritual activity performances. This study aims to evaluate Tariqa Shattariyya (TS) in Pariaman, Indonesia. A qualitative approach is used to explore, understand, and interpret the data obtained. The data collected were sourced from pilgrims, grave managers, traders, and …
Displacement Of The Rohingyas Of Myanmar, Land Grabbing, And Extractive Capital, Afroza Anwary
Displacement Of The Rohingyas Of Myanmar, Land Grabbing, And Extractive Capital, Afroza Anwary
The Journal of Social Encounters
Research on the displacement of the Rohingya from their property has paid little attention to how the government’s land policies encourage various actors to seize that land and extract resources. This research is based on interviews with Rohingya refugees, reports from the United Nations and humanitarian agencies, and published academic work. Economic, social, and political factors are responsible for the displacement of Rohingyas. To argue that a single factor is responsible for their displacement would be incorrect, as research reveals a more complicated interaction of social forces. However, this paper considers the unique dynamics of land grabbing, land laws, ethnic …
Obedience To Uli’L-Amr And Tax Compliance: Islamic Scholarly Perceptions, Prianto B. Saptono, Ismail Khozen, Ferry Jie
Obedience To Uli’L-Amr And Tax Compliance: Islamic Scholarly Perceptions, Prianto B. Saptono, Ismail Khozen, Ferry Jie
Research outputs 2022 to 2026
For Muslims, all aspects of human life including politics and leadership are governed by the Holy Qur’an. One of the well-known verses is QS. An-Nisa 4:59 which instructs the Muslims to obey uli’l-amr. The literature, however, shows that the scope of obedience is not absolute. Resultantly, the current research aims to understand the tax compliance in the context of obedience to authority. It provides a contemporary viewpoint from the Islamic boarding school (pesantren) communities in Depok, Indonesia about enrichment. Both quantitative research and field observations have been used to accomplish the research goals. Focusing on the pesantren communities’ support for …
The Role Of School Administration In Developing Health Awareness Among Primary School Students In Bani Kinana District In Irbid Governorate From The Point Of View Of Teachers, Lana Rateb Mohammad Obiedat
The Role Of School Administration In Developing Health Awareness Among Primary School Students In Bani Kinana District In Irbid Governorate From The Point Of View Of Teachers, Lana Rateb Mohammad Obiedat
Journal of the Association of Arab Universities for Research in Higher Education مجلة اتحاد الجامعات العربية للبحوث في التعليم العالي
The study aimed to identify the role of school administration in developing health awareness among primary school students in Bani Kenana District, Irbid Governorate, from the teachers’ point of view. To achieve the aim of the study, the descriptive method was used. A sample of (200) primary school teachers in Bani Kenana District, Irbid Governorate, was selected. A questionnaire was applied to measure the role of school administration in developing health awareness among primary school students. The results concluded that The role of school administration in developing health awareness among primary school students in the Bani Kinana District in Irbid …
Indonesian Halal Msme Open Innovation With Islamic Fintech Adoption, Muhammad Alfarizi, Ngatindriatun Ngatindriatun
Indonesian Halal Msme Open Innovation With Islamic Fintech Adoption, Muhammad Alfarizi, Ngatindriatun Ngatindriatun
Jurnal Akuntansi dan Keuangan Indonesia
The Fourth Industrial Revolution has led to the development of Islamic FinTech innovations to meet the needs of the Muslim community. This study analyzes the factors that determine the adoption of Sharia FinTech by halal MSME owners. The study utilized an exploratory method based on an online survey of halal MSME owners with 319 samples. The PLS-SEM analysis technique was chosen to prove the research hypothesis. This research finds that variables such as religiosity, Islamic financial literacy, and perception of risk affect the intention to adopt Islamic FinTech. The UTAUT2 variable has a positive effect on knowledge of Sharia FinTech …
The Pilgrimage To The Grand Magal In Ṭūbā, Senegal, Tahar Abbou
The Pilgrimage To The Grand Magal In Ṭūbā, Senegal, Tahar Abbou
International Journal of Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage
The Grand Magal in Ṭūbā, in Senegal is the third biggest religious event in the Muslim community after the pilgrimage to the mausoleum of Imam al-Hussayn in Karbala, Iraq and the pilgrimage to Mecca, Saudi Arabia. This paper deals with the pilgrimage to Ṭūbā that celebrates the life and teachings of Shaykh Amadou Bamba, the founder of the Sufi Murīdiyya Brotherhood. The event takes place on the 18th of Safar, the second month in the Islamic lunar calendar. Murīds (novices committed to spiritual enlightenment), pilgrims, and visitors from over the world descend onto the city of Ṭūbā to visit the …
Wellness Practices’ Contribution To Social Sustainability: A Review Of The Literature, Zeina Mazloum
Wellness Practices’ Contribution To Social Sustainability: A Review Of The Literature, Zeina Mazloum
BAU Journal - Creative Sustainable Development
Despite being emphasized as one of the main pillars of global sustainable development, social sustainability has been vastly neglected in research, and its importance has been undervalued. This paper aims to highlight the important role that wellness practices play in enhancing social sustainability by uplifting individuals and progressing communities. In turn, social sustainability strengthens the circular economy, resulting in global sustainable development. The paper also raises questions about future sustainable communities, quality of life, and wellness programs, which open up new avenues for future research and implications.
Tourism And Crisis: Comparing The Impacts Of Covid-19 And Natural Disasters On The Hajj And Umrah Industry, Udin Supriadi Dr, Mohammad Rindu Fajar Islamy Mr, Ahmad Fuadin Mr, Muhammad A. Rahkman Mr
Tourism And Crisis: Comparing The Impacts Of Covid-19 And Natural Disasters On The Hajj And Umrah Industry, Udin Supriadi Dr, Mohammad Rindu Fajar Islamy Mr, Ahmad Fuadin Mr, Muhammad A. Rahkman Mr
International Journal of Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage
This study aims to compare the impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic and Natural Disasters on the Hajj and Umrah industries. This pilgrimage substantially contributes to foreign exchange earnings; therefore, the negative potential caused by disasters must be a significant concern for policymakers in this sector. In recent years, religious-based tourism, especially the hajj and umrah (the out-of-season pilgrimage to Mecca), has experienced significant rise of demand worldwide. To explore the impact of various disasters on this industry, using the purposive sampling method, semi-structured interviews were conducted with travel agents in Bandung over the course of two months. The findings from …
Islamic Hospitality Philosophy, Islamophobia Host-Guest Relationships, Traveler Psychographic And Archetype In The Muslims World, Jamaliah Jamil, Zulhasni A. Rahim
Islamic Hospitality Philosophy, Islamophobia Host-Guest Relationships, Traveler Psychographic And Archetype In The Muslims World, Jamaliah Jamil, Zulhasni A. Rahim
University of South Florida (USF) M3 Publishing
The Islamic hospitality emerged within the cultural transformation between tradition and religion context. Throughout history, the Islamic hospitality it spreads to all parts of the world together with the adoption of Islamic faith and lifestyle. Today, the it is visible to identify the Islamic hospitality in many shapes and form of social activities and also commercial industries sectors. Once of the significant form of brand of the Islamic hospitality is the halal industries, which covers food, services, tourism and more based on the increasing demand on the Muslim market. However, the negative concept of Islamophobia that are dominantly prompted by …