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A Scanning Electron Microscopic Study Of The Morphology Of Scyphidia Physarum Lachmann, 1856 (Ciliophora: Peritrichida), A. Warren

Scanning Microscopy

The morphology of Scyphidia physarum was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Both contracted and uncontracted zooids were examined. The pellicular striations encircled the body at mean intervals of 1.1 µm. Pores were randomly distributed over the body surface with a mean density of 21 pores per 100 µm 2. The telotroch band was represented by three closely spaced striations. The adoral ciliature consisted of a single row of cilia in the haplokinety and three rows in the polykinety. The two sets of cilia were separated by a pellicular ridge. At the end of each row of cilia was a …

Macroinvertebrate Drift Abundance Below Bonneville Dam And Its Relation To Juvenile Salmonid Food Habits, William Douglas Muir

Dissertations and Theses

There is a paucity of information concerning the invertebrate food resources available to juvenile salmonids in the Columbia River as they migrate seaward. Construction of mainstream dams has altered the temperature cycle, flow regime, and substrate which indigenous invertebrates were adapted to. Studies on how the macroinvertebrate community has adapted to these alterations have been neglected. This study was undertaken to help fill this void.

Macroinvertebrate drift samples were collected over a three year period in the Columbia River downstream from Bonneville Dam. Samples were collected with a D-ring plankton net fished on the bottom for one-half hour. Two sites …

Crystal-Induced Inflammation: Studies Of The Mechanism Of Crystal-Membrane Interactions, Helen M. Burt, John K. Jackson, Wendy Wu

Scanning Microscopy

Studies of the interactions of monosodium urate monohydrate (MSUM) crystals and calcium Pyrophosphate dihydrate triclinic (CPPD) crystals with biomembranes have been reviewed. Crystalmembrane binding and crystal-induced membranolysis have been studied using human erythrocytes as a model membrane system. The extent of MSUM-membrane binding was determined by incorporating a hydrophobic, fluorescent probe into the membranes, centrifugation to separate free membranes from membranes with bound crystals and quantitation of free membranes by measuring the total fluorescence intensity. The ability of MSUM and CPPD to hemolyse red cells was used as a measure of the membranolytic potential of the crystals. Fluorescence polarization studies …

Changes In Sodium Concentration In Cardiac Myocytes From Diabetic Rats, Alice Warley

Scanning Microscopy

The effects of streptozotocin induced diabetes on rats were studied. The animals showed an increase in blood glucose concentration and a loss of weight from both the body and the heart. Loss of weight from the heart was less severe leading to an increased heart to body weight ratio. Study of element concentrations by X-ray microanalysis showed that there was an increase in intracellular Na concentration in cardiac myocytes from the diabetic animals, but no change in Mg. These results agree with studies which show changes in Na/K ATPase after the onset of diabetes.

Detectors For Fluorescence Microscopy, Kenneth R. Spring

Scanning Microscopy

The low light levels originating from living cells viewed in the fluorescence microscope place significant limitations on the spatial and temporal resolution which can be achieved . The development of intensified video cameras has enabled the detection , visualization and measurement of these low level signals . The performance characteristics of popular intensified video cameras are compared and guidelines are given for the selection of the appropriate detector for various experimental requirements. Intensified or cooled CCD cameras appear to be the most suitable device for quantitative imaging at low light levels in fluorescence microscopy.

X-Ray Microanalytical Studies Of Freshwater Biota: Changes In The Elemental Composition Of Anabaena Spiroides During Blooms Of 1988 And 1989, S. Clay, D. C. Sigee, E. Bellinger

Scanning Microscopy

Samples of Anabaena spiroides were collected from a eutrophic freshwater lake (Rostherne Mere, Cheshire) during the bloom periods of 1988 and 1989, and analysed by SEM electron probe X-ray microanalysis. Vegetative cells, akinetes and heterocysts consistently had clear peaks of Mg, Si, P, S, Cl, Kand Ca.

In comparison to vegetative cells, akinetes had generally higher elemental mass fractions (particularly K and P) while heterocysts had significantly lower levels of Mg, P, and Ca.

For both years, elemental mass fractions in vegetative cells showed significant changes during the course of the bloom, but these were not consistent from one year …

A Straightforward Scanning Electron Microscopy Technique For Examining Non-Metal Coated Dental Hard Tissues, S. M. Mccormack, F. J. Tormo, J. D. B. Featherstone

Scanning Microscopy

Modifications to the standard operating settings for accelerating voltage , condenser lens current, scan rate, working distance and tilt on the conventional scanning electron microscope (SEM) enabled non-metal coated dental hard tissues and synthetic apatite pellets to be viewed free of charging effects . Well -resolved images at magnifications as high as 35,000x were achieved using accelerating voltages less than 5 kV . The methodology detailed here allowed for serial SEM examination of the same sample at various points during an experimental procedure , and may be applied to other sample types. The procedure is non-destructive to the sample and …

Microcirculatory Pathways And Blood Flow In Spleen: New Insights From Washout Kinetics, Corrosion Casts, And Quantitative Intravital Videomicroscopy, A. C. Groom, E. E. Schmidt, I. C. Macdonald

Scanning Microscopy

The dynamics of splenic microcirculatory blood flow and the role of the spleen with respect to red blood cells (RBCs) have been elucidated by means of several different experimental approaches. First, the organ was treated as a 'black box' and input/output relationships were studied, such as the kinetics of RBC and plasma washout during Ringer perfusion. Second, micro-corrosion casts were prepared from minimal amounts of injected material, such that 'fast' pathways for flow were selectively identified. Third, high-resolution video-microscopy was carried out in rat and mouse spleens transilluminated in vivo, with subsequent quantitative analysis of the data. New insights were …

Microprobe Analyses Of The Potassium-Calcium Distribution Relationship In Predentine, H. J. Höhling, H. Mishima, Y. Kozawa, T. Daimon, R. H. Barckhaus, K. -D. Richter

Scanning Microscopy

Apex regions of continuously growing incisors of Wistar rats were quickly dissected, shock-frozen in liquid nitrogen-cooled propane, freeze-dried at -80 °C and infiltrated with Spurr's resin . 400nm thick dry sections were cut with a diamond knife on an ultramicrotome . Relatively flat sections were transferred with an eye lash onto collodium coated aluminum grids. They were flattened with a glass stick and by placing another collodi um coated aluminum grid just on top of the first one, exerting a uniform pressure . After carbon coating the sections were observed using the backscattered and secondary electron signals in a scanning …

The Hall Method In The Quantitative X-Ray Microanalysis Of Biological Specimens: A Review, Godfried M. Roomans

Scanning Microscopy

In the two decades since its inception by T.A. Hall, the continuum theory of quantification has become the general method for quantitative analysis of biological specimens. Although the method was originally developed for thin specimens, its use has been extended to thicker specimens, and it has also been used in quantitative determinations of local water content. The single most important difficulty in the application of the "Hall method" is the accurate calculation of the extraneous continuum, i.e., the continuum due to non-specimen sources. The different variations in methods for quantitative analysis of local water content are critically compared and a …

Hrpf, A Human Sequence-Specific Dna-Binding Protein Homologous To Xrpfl, A Xenopus Iaevis Oocyte Transcription Factor, Giorgio Lagna, Fabrizio Loreni, Elena Beccari, Francesca Carnevali

Biology

The identification in HeLa nuclei of a novel DNA-binding protein, designated HrpF, is presented. This factor recognizes and binds a sequence of the Xenopus Iaevis L14 ribosomal protein (r-p) gene promoter bound by the Xenopus r-p transcription factor I (XrpFl) (1). We show here that XrpFl and HrpF share a conserved DNA-binding domain. We also present evidences suggesting that the two factors perform similar functions in the cell. We discuss the hypothesis that closely related factors might be involved in the control of rp-gene transcription in vertebrates.

High Energy Proton Induced X-Ray Emission And Its Applications, J. S. C. Mckee, G. R. Smith, A. A. Mirzai, M. S. Mathur, N. M. Halden, C. Pinsky, R. Bose

Scanning Microscopy

High energy protons of energies between 30 and 60 MeV are particularly valuable in particle induced X-ray analysis of elements in the rare earth region and above. Transmission samples of thickness up to 100 μm can be used, and damage to both biological and mineral samples is minimal. Detection limits are estimated, and the use of Fourier transformation techniques in the analysis of data is discussed in some detail. The quality of the raw data from mineralogical and biological experiments is such as to permit immediate identification of all elements above Germanium present at the part per million level or …

Digital Correlation Of Ion And Optical Microscopic Images: Application To The Study Of Thyroglobulin Chemical Modification, J. C. Olivo, E. Kahn, S. Halpern, P. Fragu

Scanning Microscopy

A method has been developed in order to digitally correlate ion and optical microscopic images of the same sample areas. Serial cross-sections of human thyroid tissue were analyzed by secondary ion mass microscopy and by light microscopy. The resulting chemical and immunochemical map images were superimposed and correlated by means of a two-pass registration algorithm which allows to correct for geometrical distortions introduced by the ion microscope. Results are presented for the study of thyroglobulin chemical modification in pathological thyroid tissue that demonstrates heterogeneous molecular activity.

The Divergent Receptors For Tnf, Stephen R. Sprang

Biological Sciences Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Analysis Of Bacterial Genome Organization And Replication Using Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis, A. Dingwall, L. Shapiro, Bert Ely

Faculty Publications

The techniques described in this chapter provide a framework with which to begin an analysis of important features of bacterial genome organization and gene function. In this report we describe the preparation of chromosomal DNA, conditions for digestion with restriction endonucleases, and electrophoretic methods that result in the optimal resolution of large DNA restriction fragments. The sizes of the separated fragments can be summed to accurately determine genome size. The fragments can also be probed in hybridization experiments to produce low-resolution genomic restriction maps, and the precise locations of insertion or deletion mutations can be rapidly identified. In addition, PFGE …

Assessment Of Lipid Extraction From Human Bone On Subsequent Demineralization, Jaeeun Lee

Biological Sciences Theses & Dissertations

The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of various solvents m removal of lipids from human bone, and to determine the effects of lipid extraction on subsequent acid solubilization of the mineral components of bone. Specifically, the following processing steps were studied; 1) ground human bone was de fatted in various ethanol / water mixtures, and / or chloroform / methanol ( 2: 1, v:v ), 2) ground human bone which had lipids extracted ( in absolute ethanol ) and bone which had not had lipids extracted were demineralized using vanous concentrations of hydrochloric acid to assess …

Direct Observations Of Surface Diffusion, Gert Ehrlich

Scanning Microscopy

The field ion microscope, with its ability to depict individual metal atoms on crystals, has made it possible to measure diffusivities of individual atoms. After a brief sketch of the technical problems in such quantitative studies of surface diffusion, data on the effects of different surface structures upon the diffusion characteristics of individual a toms are presented for both bee and fee metals. Through the use of the field ion microscope the mechanisms of atomic motion have for the first time become accessible to direct examination; recent studies are presented which indicate that the traditional view of surface diffusion as …

Characteristics Of Granulation Tissue Which Promote Hypertrophic Scarring, C. Ward Kischer, Jana Pindur, Peggy Krasovitch, Eric Kischer

Scanning Microscopy

Hyper trophic scars and keloids are characterized by nodules of collagen that originate in granulation tissue arising from full thickness or deep 2° injuries to the skin. Fifty-six granulation tissues of varying ages post-injury were examined morphologically for evidences of how the nodules and, thus, the scar form. New microvessels grow in ascension towards the free surface in a milieu of inflammatory cells and fibroblasts. Collagen deposition increases with time from the base of the wound to the free surface and begins to concentrate between lateral branching of the new microvessels. Computer derived serial reconstructions of hypertrophic scar nodules indicate …

Scanning Electron Microscopy Of The Celloidin-Embedded Inner Ear Sections, Kunihiro Mizuta, Tomoyuki Hoshino, Hirofumi Morita

Scanning Microscopy

The nerve fibers running inside the organ of Corti were studied in cats by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The fixed temporal bones were decalcified and embedded in celloidin according to the conventional method. Thick serial sections (100-150 μm) were cut parallel to the basilar membrane. After removing the celloidin, the sections were freeze-dried in t-butyl alcohol. Though some outer hair cells had been deformed, the nerve fibers were well preserved for analysis.

Some new findings were observed in the present SEM study. The tunnel spiral bundle in a kitten took an atypical course on the floor of Corti's tunnel apart …

Fine Structure Of The Inner Enamel In Human Permanent Teeth, T. Kodaka, M. Kuroiwa, M. Abe

Scanning Microscopy

Using SEM after EDTA etching, the mid-coronal inner enamel of human permanent teeth was classified into three regions of the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd zones. The 1st zone showing a highly negative birefringence was the innermost 10 - 15 μm enamel. This zone consisted of arcade and circular initial prisms, and the succeeding arcade prisms only. These initial prisms arising perpendicularly to the dentine surface resembled pseudoprisms because these prisms showed a somewhat centripetal arrangement of crystal lites and indistinct prism boundaries. The succeeding prisms were frequently bent following a faint slit within the prism. The 2nd zone adjacent to …

Scanning Electron Microscopy Of Vascular Corrosion Casts - Technique And Applications: Updated Review, A. Lametschwandtner, U. Lametschwandtner, T. Weiger

Scanning Microscopy

The present paper states very briefly the main steps leading to the technique of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of vascular corrosion casts. From the terms presently used (injection method, microcorrosion cast, injection replica, vascular corrosion cast, vascular cast) the use of "vascular corrosion cast" for lymphatic and blood vessels is recommended. Specification and pretreatment (kind, volume, dosage of anticoagulants, vasoactive substances and spasmolytica used) of the animals examined are referenced as they are available from the literature. The recommendation is given to pay more attention to these parameters than done so far. The steps necessary for producing reasonable and suitable …

Backscattered Electron Imaging And Windowless Energy Dispersive X-Ray Microanalysis: A New Technique For Gallstone Analysis, H. S. Kaufman, K. D. Lillemoe, T. H. Magnuson, P. Frasca, H. A. Pitt

Scanning Microscopy

Scanning electron microscopy with or without conventional energy dispersive x-ray microanalysis is currently used to identify gallstone microstructure and inorganic composition. Organic calcium salts are among many biliary constituents thought to have a role in gallstone nidation and growth. However, current analytical techniques which identify these salts are destructive and compromise gallstone microstructural data. We have developed a new technique for gallstone analysis which provides simultaneous structural and compositional identification of calcium salts within gallstones. Backscattered electron imaging is used to localize calcium within cholesterol at minimum concentrations of 0.01%. Windowless energy dispersive x-ray microanalysis produces elemental spectra of gallstone …

Ultrastructural Investigations Of The Bone And Fibrous Connective Tissue Interface With Endosteal Dental Implants, David E. Steflik, Ralph V. Mckinney, Allen L. Sisk, David L. Koth, Baldev B. Singh, Gregory R. Parr

Scanning Microscopy

The interface between the tissues of the oral cavity and ceramic and titanium cylindrical endosteal dental implants was investigated with correlated light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. This study suggested that mandibular bone can directly interface and form an intimate association with one-stage endosteal dental implants. This potential attachment matrix is composed of a composite of calcified bone, and an osteoid unmineralized matrix in association with an apparent osteogenic connective tissue. Further, results from this study suggested that at a level inferior to the junctional epithelium, and superior to the level of crestal bone, fibrous connective tissue …

Scanning Electron Microscopic Studies Of The Oral Tissue Responses To Dental Implants, David E. Steflik, Ralph V. Mckinney, Allen L. Sisk, Gregory R. Parr, David L. Koth

Scanning Microscopy

Scanning electron microscopy ( SEM) and its associated technologies have proven invaluable in elucidating the interfacial oral tissue responses to dental implants. Since the dental implant must extend from the mandibular or maxillary jaw, through the oral mucosa, and into the oral cavity, these tissue responses include epithelium, connective tissue and bone. The continual occlusal forces acting upon these tissues reinforce the dynamic character of these tissue responses. Immediately upon implantation, a healing phase begins as a response to the implanted biomaterial. Following this immediate response a longer healing phase occurs, beginning approximately 1 week after implantation, resulting in the …

Scanning Electron Microscopic Quantitative Study Of Changes With Age In Closing Pattern Of Openings Of Dentinal Tubules On Worn Occlusal Surfaces Of Japanese Permanent Mandibular Incisors, Teruyuki Hojo

Scanning Microscopy

Age-related changes in the closing of dentinal tubules of Japanese permanent mandibular incisors were surveyed using a non-destructive replication technique suitable for SEM analysis at the magnifications of up to X3,000. The areas of openings of dentinal tubules on occlusal surfaces decreased significantly between a 20-39-year age group and a 40+ age group, but the number of the openings tended to decrease. Heavy toothwear on occlusal surfaces of these Japanese permanent incisors was evident even at 27 years of age. A subject or 30 years of age showed surprisingly small number of the opening of dentinal tubules on occlusal surface. …

Kidney Structure Investigations Using Scanning Electron Microscopy Of Corrosion Casts - A State Of The Art Review, H. Ditrich, H. Splechtna

Scanning Microscopy

The corrosion casting technique using acrylic resins in the scanning electron microscope (SEM), was originally developed to investigate renal microvascular structure and is now also successfully used in studies on various other organs. However, in the last two decades nearly 100 papers have been published on the renal vascular anatomy of various taxa of vertebrates or on pathomorphological structures of kidneys, using this technique. Analyzing these works, trends and developments in this field can be summed up as follows: The majority of studies are anatomical works on the vascular system of kidneys from all vertebrate classes. In addition, experimental pathological …

Equations Of Charge Distribution In The Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope (Esem), G. D. Danilatos

Scanning Microscopy

In the environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM), the electron beam together with various signals emanating from the beam-specimen interaction ionize the gaseous medium in the specimen chamber. A detailed derivation of equations describing the charge density and current flow in the system is presented. It is shown that the various causes of ionization operate over distinct regions, which can be separated out by suitable electrode configuration. The electron probe retains a fraction of electrons with the original charge distribution; this is surrounded by a widespread electron skirt, which, in turn, is surrounded by charge created by the secondary electrons, beyond …

Tests Of Three Hypotheses Of Hatching Asynchrony In The Common Tern, Patricia Bollinger, Eric Bollinger, Richard Malecki

Faculty Research & Creative Activity

We examined three hypotheses concerning hatching asynchrony in the Common Tern (Sterna hirundo). Survival of third-hatching "C-chicks" was significantly lower than that of "A-" and "B-chicks" in broods of three. In 2 yr when conditions did not appear favorable, survival was significantly higher in manipulated broods in which chicks hatched synchronously (73%) than in nonmanipulated broods (56%). Chicks in synchronous broods grew significantly faster than C-chicks and at a rate similar to A- and B-chicks. These results were inconsistent with the brood-reduction hypothesis, which predicts that hatching asynchrony will maximize brood success under conditions of food limitation. Chicks hatching from …

Tests Of Three Hypotheses Of Hatching Asynchrony In The Common Tern, Patricia B. Bollinger, Eric K. Bollinger, Richard A. Malecki

Faculty Research & Creative Activity

We examined three hypotheses concerning hatching asynchrony in the Common Tern (Sterna hirundo). Survival of third-hatching "C-chicks" was significantly lower than that of "A-" and "B-chicks" in broods of three. In 2 yr when conditions did not appear favorable, survival was significantly higher in manipulated broods in which chicks hatched synchronously (73%) than in nonmanipulated broods (56%). Chicks in synchronous broods grew significantly faster than C-chicks and at a rate similar to A- and B-chicks. These results were inconsistent with the brood-reduction hypothesis, which predicts that hatching asynchrony will maximize brood success under conditions of food limitation. Chicks hatching from …

Hypertension In The Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat Is Linked To The Y-Chromosome, Daniel Ely, Monte E. Turner

Biology Faculty Research

The objective of our study was to determine the genetic influence on blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats using genetic crosses. Blood pressure was measured by tail sphygmomanometry from 8 to 20 weeks of age. Blood pressure was significantly higher from 12 to 20 weeks in the male offspring derived from WKY mothers x SHR fathers as compared with male offspring derived from SHR mothersxWKY fathers (180±4 versus 160±5 mm Hg, /?<0.01). There was no significant difference between the blood pressure of the F, females, further supporting Y chromosome linkage and not parental imprinting. The blood pressure data from F2 males derived from reciprocal crosses of parental strains were consistent with the presence of a Y-Iinked locus, but not with an X-linked locus controlling blood pressure. The data strongly suggest that hypertension in the SHR has two primary components of equal magnitude, one consisting of a small number of autosomal loci with a second Y-linked component.