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Articles 3301 - 3330 of 39322
Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network
Spatial Ecology Of Mule Deer Migrations From Grand Teton National Park And The Teton Range, Justin K. Schwabedissen
Spatial Ecology Of Mule Deer Migrations From Grand Teton National Park And The Teton Range, Justin K. Schwabedissen
All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Fall 2023 to Present
The Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem hosts several of the longest, fully intact ungulate migrations remaining in the continental United States. However, expanding development and an increasing human footprint continue to truncate migratory routes. While the endpoints are often a seasonal range on protected lands, these migration corridors frequently cross other jurisdictional boundaries, including large tracts of private or multiple-use lands, with varying levels of protection. Thus, it is critical resource managers understand the dynamics of migratory movements to define population-level corridors and prioritize appropriate conservation strategies. Mule deer in Wyoming have been documented traveling long distances between summer and winter ranges; …
Gopher Tortoises In Protected Natural Areas: Effects Of Natural Area Characteristics On Populations, Taryn Lagor
Gopher Tortoises In Protected Natural Areas: Effects Of Natural Area Characteristics On Populations, Taryn Lagor
Graduate Student Dissertations, Theses, Capstones, and Portfolios
The gopher tortoise (Gopherus polyphemus) is native to the Southeast region of the United States. The burrows it digs supports the survival and wellbeing of over 350 other species, with over 60 of those being other vertebrates, making it a keystone species. It is ranked threated to rare by differing organizations with the main threat throughout its entire natural range being habitat loss. The Florida Scrub is the natural habitat of Florida gopher tortoise populations and is one of the fastest declining ecosystems in Florida, particularly in South Florida, due to rapid urban development. Many of the remaining …
The Optimal Timing Of Abscisic Acid Treatment In Arabidopsis Under Drought And Salt Stress, Khelia Gihozo
The Optimal Timing Of Abscisic Acid Treatment In Arabidopsis Under Drought And Salt Stress, Khelia Gihozo
Graduate Student Dissertations, Theses, Capstones, and Portfolios
As climate change intensifies, harsh environmental conditions, such as increased drought and salt levels, will pose significant challenges to agricultural productivity globally. It is important to develop strategies for plants to tolerate these adverse conditions. This study aims to investigate how well the timing of abscisic acid (ABA) treatment can promote resistance to salt and drought in Arabidopsis thaliana grown on Murashige and Skoog agar medium. The study evaluates both wild-type and transgenic lines overexpressing the DREB2A gene, a transcriptional activator involved in the stress response of plants. Plants were exposed to drought and salt stress as they matured. Followed …
Analysis Of Water Pollutants Across Greater Omaha, Desmond Marshall
Analysis Of Water Pollutants Across Greater Omaha, Desmond Marshall
Theses/Capstones/Creative Projects
Water is a finite resource, and most water has the potential to become contaminated in sitting bodies. Health complications have an increased chance of occurring when these water sources have pollutants. Preventative and treatment methods are components of the legislation put in place to prevent concentrations from reaching levels capable of causing these ailments. However, sites sometimes fail to keep them under tolerated levels. This study is intended to examine if several locations across Omaha are keeping pollutants under legal concentrations and analyze any trends in the data. Locations (n=10) are sampled twice, with exactly two-weeks between collections. The water …
Survey Of The Bolctes From Fish River Nature Preserve, Noah T. Nelson
Survey Of The Bolctes From Fish River Nature Preserve, Noah T. Nelson
Honors Theses
Boletes are a special kind of mushroom inside of the Kingdom Fungi that are distinguished from other mushrooms by their uniquely pored hymenium, as opposed to gills. Many boletes are ectomycorrhizal, meaning they are mutualists with vascular plants, and thus beneficial to the overall health of the terrestrial ecosystem. Some are well-known for their edibility and are of economic importance. In the United States 59 genus-level clades comprising 290 operational taxonomic units have been reported. The southeastern US and Gulf Coast regions however are less researched and recorded for their mushroom ecology. In Alabama, only 56 bolete species have been …
Genetic Analysis Of Global Sawfish Populations, Kylie Faulkner
Genetic Analysis Of Global Sawfish Populations, Kylie Faulkner
Honors Theses
Family Pristidae contains five of the most critically endangered elasmobranch species: Anoxypristis cuspidata, Pristis pristis, Pristis pectinata, Pristis zijsron, and Pristis clavata. The species of this family have suffered drastic population declines and range reductions due to historic patterns of overexploitation, accidental entanglement, and habitat disruption. The conservation of this taxa has been historically complicated by taxonomic uncertainty, as similar morphologies across species make them exceedingly difficult to identify. A morphological and genetic comparison of sawfish specimens collected globally was conducted in 2013, which supported a reduction in the number of described species from seven to …
College Of Natural Sciences Newsletter, Spring 2024, College Of Natural Sciences
College Of Natural Sciences Newsletter, Spring 2024, College Of Natural Sciences
College of Natural Sciences Newsletters and Reports
Page 1 Dean's Message
Page 2 New Faculty and New Club on Campus
Page 3 2024 URSCAD Awards
Page 4 Day of Scholars 2024
Page 5 SDSU's First Representation at the Association for Anatomy's 2024
Annual Conference
Page 6-7 2024 Honor's College Convocation
Page 8 Other Student Activities
Page 9 Faculty Awards
Page 10-11 Other News
Page 12 2024 Drone Day and American Association of Geographers Convention - Hawaii
Page 13 55th Annual Geography Convention
Page 14 2024 Stethoscope Ceremony
Page 15 Open PRAIRIE Data
Clonal Growth And Trait Variation In The Colorado Front Range: The Influence Of Elevation And Ecosystem, Jordan Conley
Clonal Growth And Trait Variation In The Colorado Front Range: The Influence Of Elevation And Ecosystem, Jordan Conley
Master's Theses
Amid global climate change, exploring adaptive strategies among alpine flora, particularly through clonal growth, becomes critical for biodiversity conservation. This study aims to explore the patterns of dominance and distributions among clonal species across environmental gradients in the Colorado Front Range, employing a trait-based comparative analysis to understand the adaptive strategies of alpine flora and their implications for conservation amid rapid climate change. We focused on two species, studying traits like lateral spread, bud count, and bulbil numbers. Advanced statistical methods such as Permutational Multivariate Analysis of Variance (PerMANOVA) and Multi-Response Permutation Procedures (MRPP) were used to evaluate community compositions …
Investigating The Role Of Mybl1 Gene Variants In Triple Negative Breast Cancer Cells, Ayah Alnakhalah
Investigating The Role Of Mybl1 Gene Variants In Triple Negative Breast Cancer Cells, Ayah Alnakhalah
Theses (2016-Present)
Several years ago our laboratory identified the MYBL1 gene as over-expressed in a subset of triple negative breast cancer cells. Since then we have applied a number of different approaches in an attempt to better define the presence of the gene in these cancers. There is clear and convincing evidence both by other investigators and from experimental observations in our laboratory that alternate splice sequences of a gene can code for variants with different biological roles. We are considering such a duality for the MYBL1 gene in breast samples. The first step towards these studies requires careful analyses of the …
Biosorption Of Lithium Using Microbes, Adebola Daisy Olade
Biosorption Of Lithium Using Microbes, Adebola Daisy Olade
Theses (2016-Present)
Lithium (Li) is a very valuable metal that is used across several industries including ceramics, glass, batteries, pharmaceuticals, and polymers. However, in recent years, the global demand for Li and its market price have increased considerably, due to its application as a critical component in the production of rechargeable Li-ion batteries and energy storage systems that are used in electric vehicles and a variety of electronic devices. Although Li occurs as a mineral in hard rocks and salt brines, substantial amounts are found in our environment as part of industrial wastes and oil-field wastewaters. Despite its importance, Li is also …
Inhibition Of Foxo Induces Oxidative Stress In Osteosarcoma, Kai K. Brown
Inhibition Of Foxo Induces Oxidative Stress In Osteosarcoma, Kai K. Brown
Theses (2016-Present)
Redox homeostasis is a balance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and neutralization by antioxidants. Oxidative stress (OS) results when the generation of ROS exceeds the neutralizing capacity of endogenous antioxidants. Reactive oxygen species are generated during cellular processes such as mitochondrial activity or metabolism of drugs. Expression of endogenous antioxidants is driven by redox-sensitive transcription factors; therefore, redox-sensitive transcription factors are essential for the maintenance of cellular redox homeostasis. There are several redox-sensitive transcription factors that contribute to the expression of endogenous antioxidants. These redox-sensitive transcription factors include nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factors (Nrf-2), hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF), activator protein-1 …
Investigating Large Repeats In The Arabidopsis Thaliana Mitochondrial Genome Using Mitotalens, Megan Gusso
Investigating Large Repeats In The Arabidopsis Thaliana Mitochondrial Genome Using Mitotalens, Megan Gusso
Honors Program: Senior Projects (Public)
This lab project explores the complexity of the mitochondrial genome by investigating large genomic repeats and their effect on flowering plants’ reproduction and viability. Mitochondria are the site of cellular respiration to create energy and contain their own DNA. This is counterintuitive because the byproducts of cellular respiration impose a threat of mutation for the stored DNA. The mitochondrial genome differs in size between animals and plants. Plant mitochondrial DNA is larger due to the presence of large, noncoding repeated sequences, and a large amount of DNA of unknown function. These sequences undergo high levels of recombination and rearrangement. The …
Pipecolic Acid And Novel Insights Into Cerebral Malaria, Akua E. Mensah
Pipecolic Acid And Novel Insights Into Cerebral Malaria, Akua E. Mensah
Theses and Dissertations
Cerebral malaria (CM), a severe manifestation of Plasmodium infection, prompts our investigation into the nuanced role of pipecolic acid in its pathophysiology. To unravel the molecular intricacies, we conducted in vitro lysine labeling techniques of mice infected with P. berghei ANKA parasites, and human P. falciparum grown in vitro, aiming to discern the impact of Plasmodium on pipecolic acid production. Previous observations indicated an elevation in pipecolic acid levels correlating with neurological decline in children with CM. In our study, confirming elevated pipecolic acid presence in the plasma and brain tissues of CM patients and the animal model of CM, …
Bcl2 Mediated Targeted Drug Delivery For The Treatment Of Kidney Fibrosis And Stomach Cancer, Humayra Afrin
Bcl2 Mediated Targeted Drug Delivery For The Treatment Of Kidney Fibrosis And Stomach Cancer, Humayra Afrin
Open Access Theses & Dissertations
Apoptosis, the programmed death of cells, is primarily regulated by a delicate balance between pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic signals. The Bcl-2 (B-cell lymphoma 2) family of proteins acts as anti-apoptotic agents, promoting cell survival. Dysregulation of these proteins is a common occurrence in conditions such as cancer and fibrosis, where overexpression of anti-apoptotic members can foster tumor cell survival and fibroblast activation. In this study, our aim was to explore the therapeutic potential of Bcl-2 inhibitors, both as a small molecule (specifically Navitoclax (Navi)), inhibitor and as Bcl-2 siRNA, for targeted treatment. Intravenous administration of Navi often leads to thrombocytopenia, necessitating …
Prelimbic Cortex Neuronal Assemblies In Behaviors Predictive Of Drug-Seeking Before And After Cocaine Self-Administration, Karla J. Galvan
Prelimbic Cortex Neuronal Assemblies In Behaviors Predictive Of Drug-Seeking Before And After Cocaine Self-Administration, Karla J. Galvan
Open Access Theses & Dissertations
Literature has established that there are certain behaviors that are predictive of drug seeking and relapse such as impulsivity, distress tolerance (DT), Pavlovian conditioned approach (PCA), anxiety, and sensation-seeking. However, few studies have examined the behavioral interactions among these tasks and drug-seeking, and none have examined the neural interactions in the prelimbic cortex, which has an essential role in drug-seeking and is implicated in each of the aforementioned behaviors of interest.We therefore hypothesized that certain behaviors including high impulsivity, low distress tolerance, high anxiety, and high locomotor activity would predict high cocaine-seeking. We further hypothesized that the neuronal activity in …
Characterizing The Mentoring Landscape In An Online Biology Cure: An Examination Of Student And Graduate Teaching Assistant Perspectives And Outcomes, Karen Alejandra Santillan
Characterizing The Mentoring Landscape In An Online Biology Cure: An Examination Of Student And Graduate Teaching Assistant Perspectives And Outcomes, Karen Alejandra Santillan
Open Access Theses & Dissertations
Both undergraduate research experiences (UREs) and course-based undergraduate research experiences (CUREs) provide students with benefits and opportunities such as improving technical skills and making connections that provide resources. Where these two experiences differ is accessibility. Similar to their URE counterpart, CUREs entail mentorship on the part of the faculty/graduate teaching assistant (GTA) instructor (Dolan, 2016). There is general agreement that mentoring has many benefits for undergraduate STEM students, such as an improvement in retention rates, increased confidence and self-efficacy, and a more established sense of belonging and science identity (Dolan, 2016). CURE instructors often adopt the role of “mentor” in …
Atlas-Based Analysis Of The Neural Projections From The Lateral Hypothalamic Area To The Lower Brainstem In The Adult Male Rat, Jessica Valeria Salcido Padilla
Atlas-Based Analysis Of The Neural Projections From The Lateral Hypothalamic Area To The Lower Brainstem In The Adult Male Rat, Jessica Valeria Salcido Padilla
Open Access Theses & Dissertations
Within the last decade, the number of diseases associated with dysregulation of the neural circuits responsible for energy balance, glucosensing, and feeding control has increased. One brain region containing these circuits is the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA), which plays an important role in the sleep/wake cycle, energy balance, and motivated behavior. Although the LHA has been termed a â??feeding centerâ??, other regions within the hindbrain are known for the regulation of similar functions including energy balance, glucosensing, and feeding control. While many studies have explored and reported projections from the LHA to the hindbrain, few have further investigated the interconnections …
Adipose Stem Cell Response To Borophosphate Bioactive Glass, Nada A. Abokefa, Bradley A. Bromet, Rebekah L. Blatt, Makenna S. Pickett, Richard K. Brow, Julie A. Semon
Adipose Stem Cell Response To Borophosphate Bioactive Glass, Nada A. Abokefa, Bradley A. Bromet, Rebekah L. Blatt, Makenna S. Pickett, Richard K. Brow, Julie A. Semon
Materials Science and Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
Silicate and Borate Bioactive Glasses Have Been Reported to Create Alkaline Conditions by Rapidly Releasing Ions When Reacting in Aqueous Solution. at Certain Levels, This Alkaline Solution Can Negatively Affect Cell Viability. Adding Phosphate Ions to the Glass Composition Can Control the Degradation Rate of Bioactive Glasses and Create a Neutral PH Environment. This Study Evaluated a Series of Boro phosphate Bioactive Glasses (BPBGs) with Nominal Molar Compositions 16Na2O-24CaO-XB2O3-(60-X) P2O5, Where X = 0, 40, or 60. the Phosphate (X0) Glass (PBG) Produced an Acidic Solution When Dissolved …
Evaluating Embryo Survival Of Surrogate Fish Species Using Multiple Incubators: Continuing Efforts Towards Reintroducing Arctic Grayling (Thymallus Arcticus) Into Lower Michigan Streams, Joshua Mutchler
All NMU Master's Theses
Arctic Grayling Thymallus arcticus have been successfully reintroduced to the Upper Missouri River Basin of Montana using Remote Site Incubators (RSI). Widespread use of RSIs as part of reintroduction efforts in Michigan is challenged by low gradient streams, which limit deployment success. In this study, I evaluated the utility of an alternative instream rearing device, the Floating Basket Incubator (FBI), by directly comparing the survival of Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, Brook Trout Salvelinus fontinalis, and Walleye Sander vitreus (as Arctic Grayling surrogates) between RSI and FBI in stream and hatchery environments. In addition, I assessed how abiotic and …
The Evaluation Of Compound X In A Mouse Model In Chikv Disease, Kaitlyn Blotter
The Evaluation Of Compound X In A Mouse Model In Chikv Disease, Kaitlyn Blotter
Undergraduate Honors Capstone Projects
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an infectious alphavirus spread by Aedes aegypti and Aedes alpopictus mosquitoes. Recently, there have been various outbreaks in the Americas, the Caribbean, and across Asia and Africa (Bettis et al., 2022). Although mortality rates of Chikungunya disease are relatively low, the disease has been shown to have high morbidity and chronic effects. Currently, there are no approved antivirals for treatment of CHIKV infection. The goal of this study was to identify whether Compound X is an effective treatment in a mouse model of CHIKV infection. Compound X was active in cell culture models of CHIKV infection, …
An Analysis Of Targeted Physical Therapy Against Medial Epicondylitis, Rylie Howe
An Analysis Of Targeted Physical Therapy Against Medial Epicondylitis, Rylie Howe
Undergraduate Honors Capstone Projects
Medial epicondylitis, more commonly known as "golfer's elbow", is a musculoskeletal condition involving the common flexor tendon in the forearm at the attachment point of the medial epicondyle of the humerus bone. The repeated use of this tendon causes inflammation, swelling, as well as other types of straining that results in minute damage that accumulates to the overall strain and complications that come with medial epicondylitis. Targeted physical therapy is the overall recommended treatment for this condition. However, there is limited consensus to the most effective interventions. Mixed methods were used to investigate the possibility of the success of certain …
Stability Of Dna In Saliva Evidence Collected With Two Different Swabbing Solutions, Kuanwei Lu
Stability Of Dna In Saliva Evidence Collected With Two Different Swabbing Solutions, Kuanwei Lu
Student Theses
As the significance of trace DNA has increased over time, it has become more important to optimize each process to avoid any loss of genetic material. Factors that could negatively affect the quality and quantity of DNA during transport or storage include environmental temperature, the DNA collection devices, the packaging, and possible contamination. This study compared the DNA stability of saliva stain swabs collected by moistening the swab with deionized water or Sample Keeper and stored at room temperature. Sample Keeper (Microread Genetics, Beijing) is a proprietary buffer marketed as a DNA stabilizing agent. We swabbed 110 saliva stains from …
Thamnophis And Their Toxic Relationship: Testing For Intraspecific Venom Variation In The Common Garter Snake, Thamnophis Sirtalis, Grace E. Coppinger
Thamnophis And Their Toxic Relationship: Testing For Intraspecific Venom Variation In The Common Garter Snake, Thamnophis Sirtalis, Grace E. Coppinger
Poster Presentations
Project Objective - Estimate intraspecific venom variation between male and female garter snakes collected from the University of South Alabama of different sizes.
Foxo4 Impacts Akt In Glioblastoma Multiforme, David Uribe
Foxo4 Impacts Akt In Glioblastoma Multiforme, David Uribe
Theses and Dissertations
Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) is an aggressive cancer with patients surviving 13 months on average after diagnosis. The PI3K-PKB/AKT pathway is conserved from flies to mammals. The PI3K signaling pathway aids in the growth and survival of tumor cells. Forkhead box transcription factors subclass O (FOXO1, FOXO3, and FOXO4) act as tumor suppressors in some contexts. In GBM, our group and others showed that FOXO transcription factors drive stem gene expression to promote growth and survival. We disrupted the FOXO4 gene in U87MG cells using CRISPR Cas9 genome editing and performed RNA-seq to identify targets of this …
Role Of Arabidopsis Ltp12 In Environmental Stress Response, Bikram Giri
Role Of Arabidopsis Ltp12 In Environmental Stress Response, Bikram Giri
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Lipid transfer proteins (LTPs) constitute a pervasive class of small proteins implicated in many biological and physiological processes, including seed development, germination, cuticle formation, and abiotic stress responses. In this study, we explored the role of Arabidopsis LTP12 protein in mitigating environmental stresses. To address this, we analyzed the T-DNA knockout mutant ltp12, focusing on its responses to salinity and osmotic stress. Utilizing antioxidant enzyme assays, phenotypic analyses (including water loss, chlorophyll content, seed germination rates, root length, and relative water content), and lipid profile analysis via Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC), we found that ltp12 mutants showed reduced catalase and …
Characterization Of The Role Of Tobacco Deacetylase Enzyme Sip-428 In Mediating Environmental Stress, Zahra Barati
Characterization Of The Role Of Tobacco Deacetylase Enzyme Sip-428 In Mediating Environmental Stress, Zahra Barati
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Abiotic stress poses a significant threat to crop productivity and food security. In this study, we focused on understanding the role of SIP-428, a SABP2-interacting protein, in mediating plant responses to environmental stresses. Transgenic tobacco plants overexpressing SIP-428 were subjected to salinity and drought stress. The overexpression of SIP-428 led to diminished growth under both stress conditions, indicating a negative impact on stress tolerance. Specifically, SIP-428 overexpression resulted in a reduction in catalase activity, while peroxidase activity remained unaffected. These findings suggest that SIP-428 plays a negative regulatory role on the catalase activity during abiotic stress, which may contribute to …
The Role Of Abu Dhabi's Nearshore Marine Environments In The Ecology Of Elasmobranch Fishes, Stephan Bruns
The Role Of Abu Dhabi's Nearshore Marine Environments In The Ecology Of Elasmobranch Fishes, Stephan Bruns
Dissertations
This dissertation investigated the role of inshore habitats in the ecology of elasmobranch fishes, with a specific focus on the wider Khor Fardiah Region on the eastern site of Abu Dhabi City. Once the vulnerability of these environments to anthropogenic pressure and climate change is recognised, it is clear that nearshore environments are susceptible to adverse outcomes. Hence, this dissertation aims to provide informative data that can help in devising effective conservation strategies. The study used a multi-survey technique approach, including stereo-BRUVS, acoustic telemetry, and satellite tracking, in combination with local ecological knowledge to explore the species diversity and habitat …
Optimization Of Coral Restoration Along The Florida Reef Tract, Raymond Barry Banister
Optimization Of Coral Restoration Along The Florida Reef Tract, Raymond Barry Banister
Theses and Dissertations
Historically, the reefs of Florida were dominated by two framework-building corals, Acropora cervicornis and A. palmata. However, these two populations have declined by 95% since the 1970s. The predominant contributors to the coral decline have been ocean warming and disease. In response to the decline, restoration organizations were established to improve survival, growth, and reproduction. Yet, there are gaps in current restoration practices and our knowledge of effective restoration techniques. This study uses large datasets to develop models that predict the most optimal locations for coral restoration in Florida and examines the relationships between the occurrence of wild acroporids …
Persistence And Evolution Of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Following Initiation Of Highly Effective Modulator Therapy In Cystic Fibrosis, Catherine R. Armbruster, Yasmin K. Hilliam, Anna C. Zemke, Samar Atteih, Christopher Marshall, John Moore, Junu Koirala, Leah Krainz, Jordan R. Gaston, Stella E. Lee, Vaughn S. Cooper, Jennifer M. Bomberger
Persistence And Evolution Of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Following Initiation Of Highly Effective Modulator Therapy In Cystic Fibrosis, Catherine R. Armbruster, Yasmin K. Hilliam, Anna C. Zemke, Samar Atteih, Christopher Marshall, John Moore, Junu Koirala, Leah Krainz, Jordan R. Gaston, Stella E. Lee, Vaughn S. Cooper, Jennifer M. Bomberger
Biological Sciences Faculty Research and Publications
Today, more than 90% of people with cystic fibrosis (pwCF) are eligible for the highly effective cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) modulator therapy called elexacaftor/tezacaftor/ivacaftor (ETI) and its use is widespread. Given the drastic respiratory symptom improvement experienced by many post-ETI, clinical studies are already underway to reduce the number of respiratory therapies, including antibiotic regimens, that pwCF historically relied on to combat lung disease progression. Early studies suggest that bacterial burden in the lungs is reduced post-ETI, yet it is unknown how chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa populations are impacted by ETI. We found that pwCF remain infected throughout their …
Indoor Tent Management For Extending Honey Bee Research Season: Benefits And Caveats, Trevor Bawden, Adam G. Dolezal, Chelsea N. Cook
Indoor Tent Management For Extending Honey Bee Research Season: Benefits And Caveats, Trevor Bawden, Adam G. Dolezal, Chelsea N. Cook
Biological Sciences Faculty Research and Publications
Honey bees are important organisms for research in many fields, including physiology, behavior, and ecology. Honey bee colonies are relatively easy and affordable to procure, manage, and replace. However, some difficulties still exist in honey bee research, specifically that honey bee colonies have a distinct seasonality, especially in temperate regions. Honey bee colonies transition from a large society in which workers have a strict temporal division of labor in the summer, to a group of behaviorally flexible workers who manage the colony over winter. Furthermore, opening colonies or collecting bees when they are outside has the potential to harm the …