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Articles 31861 - 31890 of 39352
Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network
Elimination Of Foreign Dna During Somatic Differentiation In Tetrahymena Thermophila Shows Position Effect And Is Dosage Dependent, Yifan Liu, Xiaoyuan Song, Martin A. Gorovsky, Kathleen M. Karrer
Elimination Of Foreign Dna During Somatic Differentiation In Tetrahymena Thermophila Shows Position Effect And Is Dosage Dependent, Yifan Liu, Xiaoyuan Song, Martin A. Gorovsky, Kathleen M. Karrer
Biological Sciences Faculty Research and Publications
In the ciliate Tetrahymena thermophila, approximately 15% of the germ line micronuclear DNA sequences are eliminated during formation of the somatic macronucleus. The vast majority of the internal eliminated sequences (IESs) are repeated in the micronuclear genome, and several of them resemble transposable elements. Thus, it has been suggested that DNA elimination evolved as a means for removing invading DNAs. In the present study, bacterial neo genes introduced into the germ line micronuclei were eliminated from the somatic genome. The efficiency of elimination from two different loci increased dramatically with the copy number of the neo genes in the …
Dimeric Novel Hsp40 Is Incorporated Into The Radial Spoke Complex During The Assembly Process In Flagella, Chun Yang, Mark M. Compton, Pinfen Yang
Dimeric Novel Hsp40 Is Incorporated Into The Radial Spoke Complex During The Assembly Process In Flagella, Chun Yang, Mark M. Compton, Pinfen Yang
Biological Sciences Faculty Research and Publications
The radial spoke is a stable structural complex in the 9 + 2 axoneme for the control of flagellar motility. However, the spokes in Chlamydomonas mutant pf24 are heterogeneous and unstable, whereas several spoke proteins are reduced differentially. To elucidate the defective mechanism, we clone RSP16, a prominent spoke protein diminished in pf24 axonemes. Unexpectedly, RSP16 is a novel HSP40 member of the DnaJ superfamily that assists chaperones in various protein-folding-related processes. Importantly, RSP16 is uniquely excluded from the 12S spoke precursor complex that is packaged in the cell body and transported toward the flagellar tip to be …
Functional Analysis Of Subunit E Of The F1FO-Atp Synthase Of The Yeast Saccharomyces Cerevisiae: Importance Of The N-Terminal Membrane Anchor Region, Valerie Everard-Gigot, Cory D. Dunn, Brigid M. Dolan, Susanne Brunner, Robert E. Jensen, Rosemary A. Stuart
Functional Analysis Of Subunit E Of The F1FO-Atp Synthase Of The Yeast Saccharomyces Cerevisiae: Importance Of The N-Terminal Membrane Anchor Region, Valerie Everard-Gigot, Cory D. Dunn, Brigid M. Dolan, Susanne Brunner, Robert E. Jensen, Rosemary A. Stuart
Biological Sciences Faculty Research and Publications
Mitochondrial F1Fo-ATP synthase complexes do not exist as physically independent entities but rather form dimeric and possibly oligomeric complexes in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Stable dimerization of two F1Fo-monomeric complexes involves the physical association of two membrane-embedded Fo-sectors. Previously, formation of the ATP synthase dimeric-oligomeric network was demonstrated to play a critical role in modulating the morphology of the mitochondrial inner membrane. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, subunit e (Su e) of the Fo-sector plays a central role in supporting ATP synthase dimerization. The Su e protein is anchored …
Development And Validation Of A Food-Frequency Questionnaire For The Determination Of Detailed Fatty Acid Intakes, Maria Cantwell, Michael Gibney, Denis Cronin, Katherine Younger, John O'Neill, Linda Hogan, Mary Flynn
Development And Validation Of A Food-Frequency Questionnaire For The Determination Of Detailed Fatty Acid Intakes, Maria Cantwell, Michael Gibney, Denis Cronin, Katherine Younger, John O'Neill, Linda Hogan, Mary Flynn
Articles
Objective: To validate a fat intake questionnaire (FIQ) developed to assess habitual dietary intake while focusing on the assessment of detailed fatty acid intake including total trans unsaturated fatty acids (TUFA). Design: An 88 food item/food group FIQ was developed using a meal pattern technique. Validation was achieved by comparison with dietary intake assessed by a modified diet history (DH) in a cross-over design. Eighty-four individuals supplied adipose tissue biopsies for linoleic acid and total TUFA analysis as an independent validation of the FIQ and DH. Setting: Medical Centre, Dublin Airport, Republic of Ireland. Subjects: One hundred and five healthy …
Ua1b1/7 Complex For Engineering & Biological Sciences Dedication, Western Kentucky University
Ua1b1/7 Complex For Engineering & Biological Sciences Dedication, Western Kentucky University
WKU Administration Documents
Program for the Complex for Engineering & Biological Sciences dedication, includes image of the building and floor plans.
The Genetics Of Ray Pattern Variation In Caenorhabditis Briggsae, Scott Everet Baird, Cynthia R. Davidson, Justin C. Bohrer
The Genetics Of Ray Pattern Variation In Caenorhabditis Briggsae, Scott Everet Baird, Cynthia R. Davidson, Justin C. Bohrer
Biological Sciences Faculty Publications
Background: How does intraspecific variation relate to macroevolutionary change in morphology? This question can be addressed in species in which derived characters are present but not fixed. In rhabditid nematodes, the arrangement of the nine bilateral pairs of peripheral sense organs (rays) in tails of males is often the most highly divergent character between species. The development of ray pattern involves inputs from hometic gene expression patterns, TGFβ signalling, Wnt signalling, and other genetic pathways. In Caenorhabditis briggsae, strain-specific variation in ray pattern has provided an entrée into the evolution of ray pattern. Some strains were fixed for a derived …
Correlational Selection Leads To Genetic Integration Of Body Size And An Attractive Plumage Trait In Dark-Eyed Juncos, Joel Mcglothlin, Patricia Parker, Val Nolan, Ellen Ketterson
Correlational Selection Leads To Genetic Integration Of Body Size And An Attractive Plumage Trait In Dark-Eyed Juncos, Joel Mcglothlin, Patricia Parker, Val Nolan, Ellen Ketterson
Biology Department Faculty Works
When a trait's effect on fitness depends on its interaction with other traits, the resultant selection is correlational and may lead to the integration of functionally related traits. In relation to sexual selection, when an ornamental trait interacts with phenotypic quality to determine mating success, correlational sexual selection should generate genetic correlations between the ornament and quality, leading to the evolution of honest signals. Despite its potential importance in the evolution of signal honesty, correlational sexual selection has rarely been measured in natural populations. In the dark‐eyed junco (Junco hyemalis), males with experimentally elevated values of a plumage trait (whiteness …
Effects Of Food Deprivation On Blood Lipid Concentration And Composition In Steller Sea Lions (Eumetopias Jubatus), Michelle Lea Berman
Effects Of Food Deprivation On Blood Lipid Concentration And Composition In Steller Sea Lions (Eumetopias Jubatus), Michelle Lea Berman
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Steller sea lions, the largest Otariid, fast during their breeding season; during this time they refrain from ingesting food for a period of 12-43 days. Fasting, while undertaking an extremely energetically demanding activity (breeding and pupping), requires specific physiological adaptations. This study examined the physiological response to fasting of two age classes, juveniles and sub-adults, during the breeding and non-breeding seasons to determine how these animals utilize lipids and the pattern of fatty acid mobilization from lipid stores during fasting. Four juveniles and 5 sub-adults were fasted for one and two weeks, respectively, and blood samples were collected approximately every …
Responses Of The Florida Mouse (Podomys Floridanus) To Habitat Management, Jason Depue
Responses Of The Florida Mouse (Podomys Floridanus) To Habitat Management, Jason Depue
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The Florida mouse (Podomys floridanus), a species restricted to the Lake Wales Ridge and the Atlantic Coastal Ridge, is recognized by the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission as a species of special concern, highlighting its status as a species that is threatened by habitat loss statewide. Publicly owned lands offer protection for the species, but management is generally focused on protecting biodiversity in general and not a particular species. The response of the Florida mouse to land management practices such as mechanical treatment and prescribed fires is poorly documented. This research examined the population responses of Florida mice on …
Appendix C. Physical Measurements And Chemical Analyses Of China Lake Water Quality, Problems In Environmental Science Course (Biology 493), Colby College, Colby Environmental Assessment Team, Colby College
Appendix C. Physical Measurements And Chemical Analyses Of China Lake Water Quality, Problems In Environmental Science Course (Biology 493), Colby College, Colby Environmental Assessment Team, Colby College
Colby College Watershed Study: China Lake (2005, 1989)
No abstract provided.
A Watershed Analysis Of China Lake [Presentation], Problems In Environmental Science Course (Biology 493), Colby College, Colby Environmental Assessment Team, Colby College
A Watershed Analysis Of China Lake [Presentation], Problems In Environmental Science Course (Biology 493), Colby College, Colby Environmental Assessment Team, Colby College
Colby College Watershed Study: China Lake (2005, 1989)
No abstract provided.
Diversity Of The Unionidae In The Rocky River, Ohio, Robert A. Krebs, Louie J. Rundo
Diversity Of The Unionidae In The Rocky River, Ohio, Robert A. Krebs, Louie J. Rundo
Biological, Geological, and Environmental Faculty Publications
We surveyed the freshwater mussels (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Unionidae) of the Rocky River, Ohio, USA, a river surrounded by suburban development. The survey produced 253 live unionid specimens and 572 empty shells. Most occurred in the west branch. Species living in the West Branch Rocky River included Anodontoides ferussacianus, Elliptio dilatata, Lampsilis cardium, Lampsilis radiata luteola, Lasmigona compressa, Lasmigona costata, Pyganodon grandis grandis, Strophitus undulatus undulatus, and Toxolasma parvus. Two additional species (Utterbackia imbecillis and Villosa iris iris) were represented as dead shells. Three species (Potamilis alatus, Quadrula quadrula and Leptodea fragilis) were found only near the …
Analytical Solutions For Vertical Flow In Unsaturated, Rooted Soils With Variable Surface Fluxes, Fasong Yuan, Zhiming Lu
Analytical Solutions For Vertical Flow In Unsaturated, Rooted Soils With Variable Surface Fluxes, Fasong Yuan, Zhiming Lu
Biological, Geological, and Environmental Faculty Publications
Analytical solutions to Richards' equation have been derived to describe the distribution of pressure head, water content, and fluid flow for rooted, homogeneous soils with varying surface fluxes. The solutions assume that (i) the constitutive relations for the hydraulic conductivity and water content as function of the pressure head are exponential, (ii) the initial water content distribution is a steady-state distribution, and (iii) the root water uptake is a function of depth. Three simple forms of root water uptake are considered, that is, uniform, stepwise, and exponential functional forms. The lower boundary of the rooted soil profile studied is a …
Density And Cover Preferences Of Black-And-Rufous Elephant-Shrews (Rhynchocyon Petersi) In Chome Forest Reserve, Tanzania, Stephanie Coster, David O. Ribble
Density And Cover Preferences Of Black-And-Rufous Elephant-Shrews (Rhynchocyon Petersi) In Chome Forest Reserve, Tanzania, Stephanie Coster, David O. Ribble
Biology Faculty Research
The objective of this study was to determine the density and habitat preference of the Black-andrufous elephant-shrew (Rhynchocyon petersi) in Chome Forest Reserve, Tanzania. Chome Forest (143km2) is located in the South Pare Mountains and provides critical habitat for endangered R. petersi. Twelve 300m transects were cut through the centre of the forest in an east-west direction and the number of elephant-shrew nests within 2.5 meters on each side of the transects was recorded. The mean number of nests per 100m transect (0.39 ± 0.47 [1SE]) translated to a density estimate of 19 elephant-shrews per …
Assessing Cultural And Ecological Variation In Ethnobiological Research: The Importance Of Gender, Jeanine M. Pfeiffer
Assessing Cultural And Ecological Variation In Ethnobiological Research: The Importance Of Gender, Jeanine M. Pfeiffer
Faculty Publications, Environmental Studies
Contending that a significant portion of current ethnobiological research continues to overlook cultural variation in traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) and practice, this paper explores the potential impacts of gender-imbalanced research on data collection, hypothesis testing, and the formulation and application of ethnobiological inventories and theories. A multidisciplinary review of over 220 studies addresses commonly held stereotypes underlying gender-imbalanced field research and demonstrates the need for more inclusive, finely-tuned studies which disaggregate indigenous knowledge and practice by gender. The paper outlines factors underlying gender-based spatial and temporal variation in ecosystem exposure and traditional ecological knowledge in rural societies worldwide, and discusses …
The 19th Century Excavation Of Kent's Cavern, England, Donald A. Mcfarlane, Joyce Lundberg
The 19th Century Excavation Of Kent's Cavern, England, Donald A. Mcfarlane, Joyce Lundberg
WM Keck Science Faculty Papers
Between 1858 and 1880, William Pengelly developed revolutionary new techniques for the archeological and paleontological excavation of cave deposits. His work at Brixham Cave and Kent’s Cavern, England, yielded tens of thousands of specimens from the mid-Pleistocene to the Holocene, settled the intellectual debate over the co-existence of humans and extinct mammals, and accumulated an unparalleled resource for continued study. Although the Brixham Cave work was thoroughly summarized in print, Pengelly never published the plans of his much more thorough and extensive excavations at Kent’s Cavern. Here we present a reconstructed plan of the Pengelly excavations that we hope will …
The Effects Of Ecotourism On Polar Bear Behavior, Gillian Eckhardt
The Effects Of Ecotourism On Polar Bear Behavior, Gillian Eckhardt
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Polar bears spend the majority of their lives on the sea ice, where they gain access to seals and mates. In western Hudson Bay, the sea ice melts for three to four months in the summer, and polar bears there are forced onto land. These bears live on their fat reserves for the duration of the iceless period, until temperatures get colder in the fall and freeze up begins. The aggregation of polar bears near Churchill, Manitoba during the ice free period has led to a thriving tourist industry, with a large influx of tourists visiting Churchill in the fall …
Site Preparation Methods For Restoration Of Non-Native Pasturelands To Native Upland Habitat, Krisann Joie Kosel
Site Preparation Methods For Restoration Of Non-Native Pasturelands To Native Upland Habitat, Krisann Joie Kosel
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The flatwoods ecosystem of Florida has been heavily depleted over time but remains one of the most important systems to many threatened and endangered species. Areas that have been converted into non-native pastures may be restored to provide not only this invaluable ecosystem but also restore connectivity of the surrounding ecosystems. The pasture areas on The Disney Wilderness Preserve in central Florida were surveyed, and a conceptual plan for restoration was written in 1996. That same year a pilot study was developed to assess five methods for removing non-native pasture grasses. The treatments studied were single herbicide, single disc, multiple …
Seed And Seedling Ecology Of Acer Saccharum And Acer Platanoides: A Contrast Between Native And Exotic Congeners, Scott J. Meiners
Seed And Seedling Ecology Of Acer Saccharum And Acer Platanoides: A Contrast Between Native And Exotic Congeners, Scott J. Meiners
Faculty Research & Creative Activity
The exotic tree, Acer platanoides, is increasing in forests of northeastern North America, largely within the range of its native congener, Acer saccharum. A combination of field and controlled experiments was used on seeds and seedlings of these congeners to determine species characteristics that may be contributing to these floristic changes. Acer platanoides experienced lower rates of seed predation than A. saccharum in field experiments. Differences in the dispersal and allocation characteristics of the two species were small and not likely to explain the relative success of A. platanoides. Greenhouse- grown seedlings of A. platanoides were much larger than those …
The Social Environment Affects Mate Guarding Behavior In Japanese Beetles, Popillia Japonica, Yoriko Saeki, Kipp C. Kruse, Paul Switzer
The Social Environment Affects Mate Guarding Behavior In Japanese Beetles, Popillia Japonica, Yoriko Saeki, Kipp C. Kruse, Paul Switzer
Faculty Research & Creative Activity
The effect of the social environment on post-copulatory mate guarding duration in Japanese beetles, (Popillia japonica Newman), was examined in a laboratory experiment. The mate guarding durations of beetles in different sex ratios and densities were observed for 10 hours. Guarding duration was longer when females were larger, suggesting the presence of ‘cryptic’ male mate choice. Densities, but not sex ratio, affected the duration of guarding bouts, with males guarding for longer at higher densities. This result implies that males increase their guarding duration under conditions in which their female may be likely to be encountered by other males. The …
A Theoretical Approach To Assessing Annual Energy Balance In Gray Whales (Eschrichtius Robustus), Nathalie Lucie Elizabeth Greenwald
A Theoretical Approach To Assessing Annual Energy Balance In Gray Whales (Eschrichtius Robustus), Nathalie Lucie Elizabeth Greenwald
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
While direct measurements of energetic demands are nearly impossible to collect on large cetaceans, comprehensive bioenergetic models can give insights on such parameters by combining physiological and ecological knowledge. This model was developed to estimate necessary food intake of gray whales, Eschrichtius robustus, of the Eastern North Pacific stock. Field Metabolic Rates (FMR) for gray whales were first estimated based on various assumptions (e.g. volumetric representation of gray whales, extent of their feeding season, and blubber depth distribution) using morphometric data, energetic costs, and food assimilation according to age and gender specific requirements. Food intake rates for gray whales of …
Vegetation And Flora Of American Beech Woods Nature Preserve, Clark County, Illinois, Bob Edgin, Gordon Tucker, John Ebinger
Vegetation And Flora Of American Beech Woods Nature Preserve, Clark County, Illinois, Bob Edgin, Gordon Tucker, John Ebinger
Faculty Research & Creative Activity
No abstract provided.
Historical Responses Of Marine Turtles To Global Climate Change And Juvenile Loggerhead Recruitment In Florida, Joshua Reece
Historical Responses Of Marine Turtles To Global Climate Change And Juvenile Loggerhead Recruitment In Florida, Joshua Reece
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Marine turtle conservation is most successful when it is based on sound data incorporating life history, historical population stability, and gene flow among populations. This research attempts to provide that information through two studies. In chapter I, I identify historical patterns of gene flow, population sizes, and contraction/expansion during major climatic shifts. In chapter II, I reveal a life history characteristic of loggerhead turtles previously undocumented. I identify a pattern of juvenile recruitment to foraging grounds proximal to their natal nesting beach. This pattern results in a predictable recruitment pattern from juvenile foraging ground aggregations to local rookeries. This research …
Native And Invasive Competitors Of The Eastern Oyster Crassostrea Virginica In Mosquito Lagoon, Florida, Michelle Boudreaux
Native And Invasive Competitors Of The Eastern Oyster Crassostrea Virginica In Mosquito Lagoon, Florida, Michelle Boudreaux
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Populations of Crassostrea virginica within Mosquito Lagoon, Florida have recently undergone significant die-offs, which are a subject of major concern. Restoration efforts within Mosquito Lagoon are focusing on reconstructing the three-dimensional reef habitats. Before effective protocols can be established, however, important questions about the sources of juvenile and adult oyster mortality must be answered. Potential causes of Crassostrea virginica mortality in the Indian River Lagoon system include sediment loads, competition, predation, and disease. My research focused on the interactions between oysters and the competitors that may affect the settlement, growth, and survival of Crassostrea virginica. The four objectives of my …
Seed And Seedling Ecology Of Acer Saccharum And Acer Platanoides: A Contrast Between Native And Exotic Congeners, Scott Meiners
Seed And Seedling Ecology Of Acer Saccharum And Acer Platanoides: A Contrast Between Native And Exotic Congeners, Scott Meiners
Faculty Research & Creative Activity
The exotic tree, Acer platanoides, is increasing in forests of northeastern North America, largely within the range of its native congener, Acer saccharum. A combination of field and controlled experiments was used on seeds and seedlings of these congeners to determine species characteristics that may be contributing to these floristic changes. Acer platanoides experienced lower rates of seed predation than A. saccharum in field experiments. Differences in the dispersal and allocation characteristics of the two species were small and not likely to explain the relative success of A. platanoides. Greenhouse- grown seedlings of A. platanoides were much larger than those …
Habitat And Exposure Modelling For Ecological Risk Assessment: A, T. Edwin Chow, Karen F. Gaines, Michael E. Hodgson, Machelle D. Wilson
Habitat And Exposure Modelling For Ecological Risk Assessment: A, T. Edwin Chow, Karen F. Gaines, Michael E. Hodgson, Machelle D. Wilson
Faculty Research & Creative Activity
Contamination has a dramatic impact on the health of ecosystem and habitat suitability for the inhabited flora and fauna. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) mandates an ecological risk assessment (ERA) that evaluates the potential adverse impact of any anthropogenic activities on the ecosystem (US Environmental Protection Agency, 1997. Ecological Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund: Process for Designing and Conducting Ecological Risk Assessment. EPA/630/R-021011, Washington, DC). This study provides a general framework and specific procedures to predict the contaminant exposure of midsized mammals using a geographical information system (GIS)-based Monte Carlo simulation model. The model was applied to the raccoons (Procyon …
Temporal Patterns In Fall Migrant Communities In Yucatan, Mexico, Jill Deppe, John Rotenberry
Temporal Patterns In Fall Migrant Communities In Yucatan, Mexico, Jill Deppe, John Rotenberry
Faculty Research & Creative Activity
We quantified temporal turnover in the composition of fall migrant landbird communities along the northern coast of the Yucatan Peninsula using Detrended Correspondence Analysis. The presence of winter residents of many migrant species at the site prevented turnover from being complete. However, early and late season transient communities shared few, if any, species in common. Point-count surveys showed greater compositional change than net surveys that included winter residents. The rate of species turnover was generally slow until the middle of the season, when it reached a maximum, and decreased again toward the end of the season as species composition began …
Allosteric Models For Multimeric Proteins: Oxygen-Linked Effector Binding In Hemocyanin, Michael A. Menze, Nadja Hellman, Heinz Decker, Manfred K. Grieshaber
Allosteric Models For Multimeric Proteins: Oxygen-Linked Effector Binding In Hemocyanin, Michael A. Menze, Nadja Hellman, Heinz Decker, Manfred K. Grieshaber
Faculty Research & Creative Activity
In many crustaceans, changing concentrations of several low molecular weight compounds modulates hemocyanin oxygen binding, resulting in lower or higher oxygen affinities of the pigment. The nonphysiological effector caffeine and the physiological modulator urate, the latter accumulating in the hemolymph of the lobster Homarus Vulgaris during hypoxia, increase hemocyanin oxygen affinity and decrease cooperativity of oxygen binding. To derive a model that describes the mechanism of allosteric interaction between hemocyanin and oxygen in the presence of urate or caffeine, studies of oxygen, urate, and caffeine binding to hemocyanin were performed. Exposure of lobster hemocyanin to various pH values between 7.25 …
Trehalose Loading Through The Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore Enhances Desiccation Tolerance In Rat Liver Mitochondria, Xiang-Hong Liu, Alptekin Aksan, Michael A. Menze, Steven C. Hand, Mehmet Toner
Trehalose Loading Through The Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore Enhances Desiccation Tolerance In Rat Liver Mitochondria, Xiang-Hong Liu, Alptekin Aksan, Michael A. Menze, Steven C. Hand, Mehmet Toner
Faculty Research & Creative Activity
Trehalose has extensively been used to improve the desiccation tolerance of mammalian cells. To test whether trehalose improves desiccation tolerance of mammalian mitochondria, we introduced trehalose into the matrix of isolated rat liver mitochondria by reversibly permeabilizing the inner membrane using the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP). Measurement of the trehalose concentration inside mitochondria using high perfOrmance liquid chromatography showed that the sugar permeated rapidly into the matrix upon opening the MPTP. The concentration of intra matrix trehalose reached 0.29 mmoVmg protein (-190 mM) in 5 min. Mitochondria, with and without trehalose loaded into the matrix, were desiccated in a …
The Relationship Between Community Diversity And Exotic Plants: Cause Or Consequence Of Invasion?, Scott J. Meiners, Mary L. Cadenasso
The Relationship Between Community Diversity And Exotic Plants: Cause Or Consequence Of Invasion?, Scott J. Meiners, Mary L. Cadenasso
Faculty Research & Creative Activity
Invasion ecology has suffered from the artificial separation of invasibility and impact processes in understanding the ationship between diversity and plant invasion. By studying these independently functioning stages of invasion in concert, we can gain great insight into the biological causes and consequences of invasions, and develop crucial information for the generation of adequate management strategies. Our conceptual framework provides a structure to synthesize the current body of research, suggests research needed to fill the gaps in understanding and to organize results from future research. The framework is a powerful tool to guide ecological understanding of the relationship between invasion …